Soft Computing
th
(AIML- 5 Sem)
ARM-303
SYLLABUS
SYLLABUS
UNIT-II
Fuzzy Rules
FUZZY RULES AND REASONING
The degree of an element in a fuzzy set corresponds to the truth value
of a proposition in fuzzy logic systems.
LINGUISTIC VARIABLES
A linguistic variable is a fuzzy variable.
• The linguistic variable speed ranges between 0 and 300 km/h and
includes the fuzzy sets slow, very slow, fast, …
• Fuzzy sets define the linguistic values.
Hedges are qualifiers of a linguistic variable.
• All purpose: very, quite, extremely
• Probability: likely, unlikely
• Quantifiers: most, several, few
• Possibilities: almost impossible, quite possible
LINGUISTIC HEDGES
In linguistics, fundamental atomic terms are often modified with adjectives
(nouns) or adverbs (verbs) like very, low, slight, more or less, fairly, slightly,
almost, barely, mostly, roughly, approximately , and so many more that it
would be difficult to list them all. We will call these modifiers ‘‘ linguistic
hedges ’’: that is, the singular meaning of an atomic term is modified, or
hedged, from its original interpretation. As an example, let us look at the
basic linguistic
atom, α, and subject it to some hedges.
Concentrations
dilations
LINGUISTIC HEDGES
Intensification
Intensification (Extremely) increases the contrast between the elements of the set that
have more than half-membership and those that have less than half-membership.
LINGUISTIC HEDGES
Parentheses may be used to change the precedence order and ambiguities may be
resolved by the use of association-to-the-right.
For example, ‘‘plus very minus very small’’ should be interpreted as
plus (very (minus (very (small))))
LINGUISTIC HEDGES
LINGUISTIC HEDGES
Suppose we want to construct a linguistic variable ‘‘intensely small’’
(extremely small); we will make use of Eq. (5.31) to modify ‘‘small’’
as follows:
Fuzzy Rules
A fuzzy rule is defined as the conditional statement of the form
If x is A THEN y is B
where x and y are linguistic variables and A and B are linguistic values
determined by fuzzy sets on the universes of discourse X and Y.
The decision-making process is based on rules with sentence conjunctives AND,
OR and ALSO.
Each rule corresponds to a fuzzy relation.
Rules belong to a rule base.
Example: If (Distance x to second car is SMALL) OR (Distance y to obstacle is
CLOSE) AND (speed v is HIGH) THEN (perform LARGE correction to steering
angle θ) ALSO (make MEDIUM reduction in speed v).
Three antecedents (or premises) in this example give rise to two outputs
(consequences).
Fuzzy Rules
FORMATION OF FUZZY RULES
Three general forms are adopted for forming fuzzy rules. They are:
Assignment statements,
Conditional statements,
Unconditional statements.
Assignment Statements Unconditional Statements
Conditional Statements
Fuzzy Rules
Fuzzy Rules
DECOMPOSITION OF FUZZY RULES
A compound rule is a collection of several simple rules combined
together.
Multiple conjunctive antecedent,
Multiple disjunctive antecedent,
Conditional statements (with ELSE and UNLESS).
Multiple Conjunctive Antecedants
Fuzzy Rules
Multiple disjunctive antecedent
Conditional Statements ( With Else and Unless)
Fuzzy Rules
AGGREGATION OF FUZZY RULES
Aggregation of rules is the process of obtaining the overall consequents from
the individual consequents provided by each rule.
Conjunctive system of rules.
Disjunctive system of rules.
Conjunctive system of rules
Fuzzy Rules
Disjunctive system of rules
Fuzzy Rules
Fuzzy Rules
Fuzzy Rules
Fuzzy Inference System:-
Fuzzy rule-based systems, fuzzy models, and fuzzy expert systems are generally
known as fuzzy inference systems. The key unit of a fuzzy logic system is FIS.
The primary work of this system is decision making. FIS uses “IF … THEN”
rules along with connectors “OR” or “AND” for making necessary decision
rules. The input to FIS may be fuzzy or crisp, but the output from FIS is
always a fuzzy set. When FIS is used as a controller, it is necessary to have crisp
output. Hence, there should be a defuzzification unit for converting fuzzy
variables into crisp variables along FIS.
Graphical Techniques of Inference
Fuzzifier-
Graphical Techniques of Inference
Inference Engine:-
Inference Engine:-
Fuzzy Rule Base:-
Defuzzifier:-
1. MAMDANI FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEMS (FIS)
Fuzzify input variables:
• Determine membership values.
Evaluate rules:
• Based on membership values of (composite) antecedents.
Aggregate rule outputs:
• Unify all membership values for the output from all rules.
Defuzzify the output:
• COG: Center of gravity (approx. by summation).
1. Mamdani FIS Method
Graphical Techniques of Inference
Fuzzy Inference System:-
1. Mamdani Method
2. Sugeno Method
3. Tsukamoto Method
Graphical Techniques of Inference
Graphical Techniques of Inference
Graphical Techniques of Inference
Now, Apply a defuzzification method to find the crisp output.
Graphical Techniques of Inference
Sample Screenshot of Mamdani Max Min Inference Method
Now, Apply a defuzzification method to find the crisp output.
Graphical Techniques of Inference
Graphical Techniques of Inference
Now, Apply a defuzzification method to find the crisp output.
Graphical Techniques of Inference
Sample Screenshot of Mamdani Max Product Inference Method
Now, Apply a defuzzification method to find the crisp output.
2. Sugeno Method
Graphical Techniques of Inference
Graphical Techniques of Inference
Sugeno Method – Solved Example
Graphical Techniques of Inference
Sugeno Method – Solved Example
We can directly apply Weighted Average defuzzification method with Sugeno Method.
Graphical Techniques of Inference
Sample Screenshot of Sugeno Method
Graphical Techniques of Inference
Another Solved Example by
Mamdani and Sugeno Method
Graphical Techniques of Inference
Solved Example by
Mamdani and Sugeno Method
Graphical Techniques of Inference
Solved Example by
Mamdani and Sugeno Method
Comparison between Mamdani and Sugeno Method
The main difference between Mamdani and Sugeno methods lies
in the output membership functions. The Sugeno output
membership functions are either linear or constant.
The difference also lies in the consequents of their fuzzy rules and
as a result their aggregation and defuzzification procedures differ
suitably. A large number of fuzzy rules must be employed in
Sugeno method for approximating periodic or highly oscillatory
functions. The configuration of Sugeno fuzzy systems can be
reduced and it becomes smaller than that of Mamdani fuzzy
systems if nontriangular or nontrapezoidal fuzzy input sets are
used. Sugeno controllers have more adjustable parameters in the
rule consequent and the number of parameters grows
exponentially with the increase of the number of input variables.
There exist several mathematical results for Sugeno fuzzy
controllers than for Mamdan controllers. Formation of Mamdani
FIS is more easier than Sugeno FIS.
The main advantages of Mamdani method are:
1. it has widespread acceptance;
2. it is well-suitable for human input;
3. it is intuitive.
The advantages of Sugeno method include:
1. It is computationally efficient.
2. It is compact and works well with linear technique,
optimization technique and adaptive technique.
3. It is best suited for mathematical analysis.
4. It has a guaranteed continuity of the output surface
FUZZY EXPERT SYSTEM
An expert fuzzy system is a concept that is much like an expert
for a particular problem in humans.
There are two major functions of expert systems:
1. It is expected to deal with uncertain and incomplete
information.
2. It possess user-interaction function, which contains an
explanation of systems intentions and desires as well as decisions
during and after the application has been solved.
FUZZY EXPERT SYSTEM
Fuzzy expert system contains three major blocks:
1. Knowledge base that contains the knowledge specific to the
domain of application.
2. Inference engine that uses the knowledge in the knowledge
base for performing suitable reasoning for user’s queries.
3. User interface that provides a smooth communication
between the user and the system.
FUZZY CONTROL SYSTEM / Fuzzy Controller Design
FUZZY CONTROL SYSTEM / Fuzzy Controller Design
FUZZY CONTROL SYSTEM / Fuzzy Controller Design
FUZZY CONTROL SYSTEM / Fuzzy Controller Design
FUZZY CONTROL SYSTEM / Fuzzy Controller Design
FUZZY CONTROL SYSTEM / Fuzzy Controller Design
