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Ai 1

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myeswanth2811
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What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science focused on


developing systems that mimic human intelligence and problem-solving. These
systems learn from data, improve over time, and adapt to enhance their future
performance.

A Brief History of AI
Birth of AI (1950-1956)
AI's foundations were laid when Alan Turing introduced the concept of machine
intelligence in his paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". This era
saw the creation of the Turing Test, designed to assess a machine's ability to
exhibit intelligent behavior.

 1950: Alan Turing published “Computer Machinery and Intelligence”


which proposed a test of machine intelligence called The Imitation
Game.
 1952: A computer scientist named Arthur Samuel developed a
program to play checkers, which is the first to ever learn the game
independently.
 1955: John McCarthy held a workshop at Dartmouth on “artificial
intelligence” which is the first use of the word, and how it came into
popular usage.

AI Maturation (1957-1979)
The term "artificial intelligence" was coined, and the field saw rapid
development. Innovations included Japan's first anthropomorphic robot and an
early prototype of an autonomous vehicle.

 1958: John McCarthy created LISP (acronym for List Processing), the
first programming language for AI research, which is still in popular
use to this day.
 1959: Arthur Samuel created the term “machine learning” when
doing a speech about teaching machines to play chess better than
the humans who programmed them.
 1961: The first industrial robot Unimate started working on an
assembly line at General Motors in New Jersey, tasked with
transporting die casings and welding parts on cars (which was
deemed too dangerous for humans).
 1965: Edward Feigenbaum and Joshua Lederberg created the first
“expert system” which was a form of AI programmed to replicate
the thinking and decision-making abilities of human experts.
 1966: Joseph Weizenbaum created the first “chatterbot” (later
shortened to chatbot), ELIZA, a mock psychotherapist, that used
natural language processing (NLP) to converse with humans.1968:
Soviet mathematician Alexey Ivakhnenko published “Group Method
of Data Handling” in the journal “Avtomatika,” which proposed a
new approach to AI that would later become what we now know as
“Deep Learning.”
 1973: An applied mathematician named James Lighthill gave a
report to the British Science Council, underlining that strides were
not as impressive as those that had been promised by scientists,
which led to much-reduced support and funding for AI research from
the British government.
 1979: James L. Adams created The Standford Cart in 1961, which
became one of the first examples of an autonomous vehicle. In ‘79,
it successfully navigated a room full of chairs without human
interference.
 1979: The American Association of Artificial Intelligence which is
now known as the Association for the Advancement of Artificial
Intelligence (AAAI) was founded.

AI Boom (1980-1987)
This period, dubbed the “AI boom,” saw significant advancements in deep
learning and expert systems, fueled by increased government funding and
growing public interest.

 1980: First conference of the AAAI was held at Stanford.


 1980: The first expert system came into the commercial market,
known as XCON (expert configurer). It was designed to assist in the
ordering of computer systems by automatically picking components
based on the customer’s needs.
 1981: The Japanese government allocated $850 million (over $2
billion dollars in today’s money) to the Fifth Generation Computer
project. Their aim was to create computers that could translate,
converse in human language, and express reasoning on a human
level.
 1984: The AAAI warns of an incoming “AI Winter” where funding
and interest would decrease, and make research significantly more
difficult.
 1985: An autonomous drawing program known as AARON is
demonstrated at the AAAI conference.
 1986: Ernst Dickmann and his team at Bundeswehr University of
Munich created and demonstrated the first driverless car (or robot
car). It could drive up to 55 mph on roads that didn’t have other
obstacles or human drivers.
 1987: Commercial launch of Alacrity by Alactrious Inc. Alacrity was
the first strategy managerial advisory system, and used a complex
expert system with 3,000+ rules.

AI Winter (1987-1993)

As the AAAI warned, an AI Winter came. The term describes a period of low
consumer, public, and private interest in AI waned due to limited progress and
high costs. Both private and public funding decreased, slowing research and
innovation.

AI Agents Era (1993-2011)

Despite setbacks, breakthroughs emerged. Notable achievements included


IBM’s Deep Blue defeating a world chess champion and the introduction of
practical AI applications like the Roomba and speech recognition software.

Artificial General Intelligence (2012-Present)

AI has since advanced rapidly, integrating into daily life. Key milestones
include:

 2012: Google trained a neural network to recognize cats from unlabeled


images.
 2016: Hanson Robotics unveiled Sophia, the first humanoid robot citizen.
 2020: OpenAI introduced GPT-3, capable of generating human-like text.
 2023: Microsoft announced a $10 billion investment in OpenAI, marking
a new era in AI development.

The Future of AI

AI's influence will continue to grow, driving innovation in robotics, autonomous


vehicles, and workplace automation. Businesses will adopt AI on a broader
scale, reshaping industries and creating new opportunities.

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