READING VISUAL ARTS - MIDTERMS

MERCADO, MARK AARON L.

BSN Y1 – M3B

DEVELOPMENT OF SCULTPURE 35,000 BCE—PALEOLITIHIC PERIOD

- Scultpure THE LOWENMENSCH STATUE
- Is the branch of the visual arts that
- an Ivory statuette from Paleolithic period,
operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is
dating back to around 35,000 BC
the three-dimensional art work which is
- From mammoth tusk
physically presented in the the dimensions
- Discovered in a cave in Hihlenstein-Stadel,
of height, width and depth
Germany in 1939
- Durable sculpture process originally used
- Called Lowenmensch (German for lion
carvung (the removal of material) and
human)
modelling (the addition of materials, as
- About 12’ tall
clay) in stone, metal, ceramics, wood and
- Took more than 350 hours to complete
other materials but, since Modernism,
- Intended to use in rituals
there has been almost complete freedom of
materials and process. 2500 BCE EGYPTIAN SCULPTURE
- A wide variety of mayerials may be THE GREAT SPHINX OF GIZA
worked by removal such as carving,
- One of the world’s most famous sculpture.
assembled by welding, or modelling, or
- The head of a human on the body of a lion
moulded, or cast.
carved out of the limestone bedrock.
THREE DIMENSIONS OF ART - Measures 65’ high and 240’ long
VISUAL - Thousand years older than the Pyramid of
Giza
PERFORMANCE
- Not made or carved by egyptians
AUDITORY
323 BCE-31 CE GREEK SCULPTURE
- Form - 3D LAOCOON AND HIS SONS
- Shape - 2D
- Distinction between the sacred and the
- Sculpture is 3D
secular the Greek Gods were thought to
- Depth is also called volume in terms of
have human form thus, the human form
forms
was considered to be the most important
- Nature is just an inspiration of art
subject in Greek art in sculpture, the Early
- Art is art if there is a creation—the
Greeks followed the Egyptian formats of
output of art should have a creative value
carving very stiff, figures.
(functional value) with aesthetic which
- Began on a much more realistic, natural
means beauty with a purpose.
look, with marble with a base decorated on
- Artisan—depends on the functional value.
bronze
HISTORY OF SCULPTURE - More on helenic art—christian greek
TIMELINE HISTORY OF SCULTPURE
325 AD RISE OF CHRISTIANITY
• 35,000 BCE — Paleolithic Period THE COLOSSUS OF CONSTANTINE
• 2500 BCE—Egyption Period
- From bizantine empire— that fall because
• 323 BCE-31 CE —Greek Sculpture Early
of the Turks, mechmed II a jihadist. One of
Classical
the remnants are the colossus of
• 325 AD —Rise of Christianity
constantine, that only the base is left.
• 13th Century—
- Constantine is the emperor of
constantinople that became bisantine
empire
- Roman empire was largely polytheistic
sculpture
READING VISUAL ARTS - MIDTERMS
MERCADO, MARK AARON L.
BSN Y1 – M3B

13th CENTURY AD GOTHIC

SCULPTURE
GARGOYLE; NOTRE DAME
- Gothic era expanded on the religious
sculptures of the early medieval period and
the figures on churches.
- Representations of the angels
NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, PARIS
- The cathedral dedicated to the virgin mary,
is considered one of the finest examples of
French Gothic Architecture.
- Stands out for its three pipe organs (one
historic)
15TH CENTURY AD RENAISSANCE
SCULPTURE
MICHAEL ANGELO’S PIETA
- Beginning of the 15th century.
- A marble sculpture of michaelangelo
- Represents Mary holding Jesus Christ after
ibaba sa cross.
- One of Michael Angelo’s first sculptures
was ‘Madonna and Child’ completed
when he was 16 in 1497, he was
commissioned to carve a Pieta that;
- Pieta was completed when he was only 24
years old
19TH AND 20TH CENTURY
AUGUST RODIN’S THE THINKER
- August Rodin is considered the father of
modern sculpture.
- Started during the industrial revolution
(that started by the printing press machine
made by Johannes Gutenberg)
- Instead of focusing on human figure he
focuses on the storytelling.
MODERNISM
PICASSO CUBIST SCULPTURE
- To question and challenge classical art
- Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Pop Art,
Minimalism, and Futurism all came about
during this period.
- Marchel Duchamp was one of the artist of
the time who challenged the notion of
what art really is.
- Known as a mix media
READING VISUAL ARTS - MIDTERMS
MERCADO, MARK AARON L.
BSN Y1 – M3B

LESSON 2: ART CRIRTICISM SHAPE AND FORM

- Description
- Analysis - Analyze the use of shapes and whether
- Interpretation they are two-dimensional or three-
- Evaluation dimensional.
SPACE
STEP 1 - DESCRIPTION
- Description is the foundation of art - Determine the depth and perspective
criticism. within the artwork.
- In this step, you carefully examine the TEXTURE
artwork and provide an objective, detailed
account of what you see. - Discuss the surface qualities and how they
contribute to the overall feel.
THIS INVOLVES ANSWERING QUESTIONS LIKE:
TIPS WHEN DOING ANALYSIS
1. What is the medium or materials used?
(e.g., oil on canvas, sculpture in marble) - By analyzing these elements, you can
2. What are the physical characteristics, such unravel the artist's choices and intentions.
as size, color, texture, and shape?
STEP 3 - INTERPRETATION
3. What is the composition and arrangement
- Interpretation is where you begin to form
of elements within the artwork?
your personal understanding of the
4. Are there any recognizable objects, figures
artwork.
or symbols?
- This step involves asking questions and
making educated guesses about the
TIPS WHEN DOING DESCRIPTION
artwork's meaning, message, and
- When describing, avoid making judgments symbolism.
or interpretations.
Here are some questions to guide your
- Focus solely on conveying the visual interpretation:
aspects of the artwork
1. What emotions or ideas does the
STEP 2 - ANALYSIS artwork evoke?
- Analysis delves deeper into the artwork
2. What might the artist be trying to
by exploring its formal elements and
convey through their choice of subject,
design principles.
style, and composition?
- This step seeks to understand how the
artist has organized visual elements to 3. Are there any cultural or historical
create meaning. contexts that might influence the
- Some key aspects to consider during interpretation?
analysis include:
4. How does the artwork relate to the
LINE artist's biography or artistic
movement?
- Identify types of lines (e.g., straight,
curved, diagonal) and their role in the TIPS WHEN DOING INTERPRETATION
composition
- Interpretation can vary widely among
COLOR individuals, so it's essential to support your
interpretations with evidence from the
- Examine the color palette, how colors
artwork and art historical knowledge.
interact and their emotional impact
READING VISUAL ARTS - MIDTERMS
MERCADO, MARK AARON L.
BSN Y1 – M3B

STEP 4 - EVALUATION
- The final step in art criticism is evaluation,
where you offer your judgment or
assessment of the artwork.
- This step involves forming an opinion
about the artwork's overall quality,
significance, and its impact on you as a
viewer.
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING ASPECTS
WHEN EVALUATING:
1. Craftsmanship: Assess the technical skill
and execution of the artwork.
2. Originality: Evaluate how innovative or
unique the artwork is within its cultural
and historical context.
3. Emotional impact: Reflect on the
personal and emotional response the
artwork elicits.
4. Cultural and historical significance:
Discuss the artwork's importance in the
context of art history or societal influences
TIPS WHEN DOING EVALUATION
- Keep in mind that your evaluation is
subjective and should be supported by
your previous steps of description,
analysis, and interpretation.
TAKEAWAY:
- Art criticism is a valuable tool for
understanding and appreciating works of
art.
- Following the four basic steps of
description, analysis, interpretation, and
evaluation, you can develop a more
comprehensive and informed perspective
on artworks.
- These steps can also enhance your ability
to engage in meaningful discussions about
art and provide you with a deeper
appreciation of the artistic process.
READING VISUAL ARTS - MIDTERMS
MERCADO, MARK AARON L.
BSN Y1 – M3B

DEVELOPMENT TYPES OF support and often include metal or

ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCTIONS concrete panels for exterior walls.
AND MATERIALS USED
ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCTIONS - Warehouses and distribution centers –
Similar to industrial buildings, they use
- Refer to the physical realization of steel and metal cladding.
architectural designs through the
construction and assembly of buildings INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS
and structures. - Institution building means foremost
- It encompasses the entire process of promoting professionalism in planning,
transforming architectural plans and monitoring, evaluation, advocacy,
concepts into tangible, functional edifices. participatory approaches, management etc.

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS - Schools and universities – Materials

include concrete, steel, masonry, and glass.
- A building made up of one or more rooms Educational facilities often use sustainable
used for housing, with the necessary materials.
facilities and utilities that satisfy the living
requirements of a person or family. - Hospitals – Focus on durability and
infection control, using materials like steel,
- Single-family homes – Materials include concrete, and specialized healthcare
wood, brick, concrete, steel, and a variety finishes.
of cladding options like vinyl or stucco.
CIVIC AND GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS
- Apartment complexes – Materials often
include concrete, steel, and glass for high- - A civic center is a building or buildings
rise buildings, and wood or steel framing that contain local government offices and
for mid-rise structures. often recreational or cultural facilities for
the public.
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
- Government offices and courthouses –
- Commercial buildings are buildings where Typically utilize stone, concrete, and glass
commercial activities take place. for a dignified appearance.
- Retail stores – Use various materials - Libraries and museums – Often feature
depending on the style, such as glass, steel, unique architectural materials like glass,
concrete, and wood. concrete, and metals.
- Office buildings – Typically use steel or RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS
concrete frames and glass curtain walls for
modern designs. - A place of worship is a specially designed
structure or space where individuals or a
- Warehouses – Often constructed with group of people such as a congregation
steel frames and metal cladding for come to perform acts of devotion,
durability. veneration, or religious study.
INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS - Churches, mosques, temples, and
- Industrial architecture is the design and synagogues – Use various materials,
construction of buildings facilitating including stone, wood, and stained glass,
industry. depending on religious and architectural
traditions.
- Factories and manufacturing plants –
Use steel and concrete for structural
READING VISUAL ARTS - MIDTERMS
MERCADO, MARK AARON L.
BSN Y1 – M3B

RECREATIONAL BUILDINGS
- Recreational architecture is the design of
building, facilities and campuses used for
recreational purposes such as sports,
leisure, entertainment and adventure
- Sports arenas and stadiums - Typically
employ steel, concrete, and glass for large,
open spaces.
- Theaters and performance venues –
Materials include steel, concrete, and
sound-absorbing materials for acoustics.
INFRASTRUCTURE
- The set of facilities and systems that serve
a country, city, or other area, and
encompasses the services and facilities
necessary for its economy, households and
firms to function.
- Bridges – Common materials include
steel, concrete, and sometimes composite
materials.
- Roads and highways – Use asphalt,
concrete, and various road construction
materials.
- Tunnels – Often lined with concrete,
reinforced with steel
READING VISUAL ARTS - MIDTERMS
MERCADO, MARK AARON L.
BSN Y1 – M3B

THE PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE MODERN FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE

- Philippine architecture is a rich and diverse - After gaining independence in 1946,
field that reflects the country's cultural Filipino architects embraced modern
heritage, history, and environmental architectural principles.
considerations.
- Prominent Filipino architects, like Leandro
- The architecture of the Philippines reflects Locsin and Juan Nakpil, developed unique
the historical and cultural traditions in the styles that integrated traditional and
country. modern elements.
- Most prominent historic structures in the - The Bahay na Bato, a fusion of Spanish
archipelago are influenced by Austronesian and Filipino elements, became popular.
(parts of Southeast Asian Countries),
CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE
United States (American) architectures.
ARCHITECTURE
PRE-COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE - Today, Philippine architects continue to
- Pre-colonial Philippine architecture was blend traditional and modern styles.
primarily made of indigenous materials
- Sustainable and eco-friendly architecture is
such as bamboo, nipa palm leaves, and
on the rise, with an emphasis on natural
wood.
ventilation and locally sourced materials.
- The "bahay kubo" or nipa hut is an iconic
- The country also features various high-rise
pre-colonial Filipino dwelling, known for
structures and innovative designs in urban
its raised floor and thatched roof.
areas.
SPANISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
CULTURAL INFLUENCES
- Spanish colonization (1521-1898) had a
- Philippine architecture is heavily
profound influence on Philippine
influenced by the country's culture,
architecture.
religion, and traditions.
- Spanish-style churches and colonial-era
- The use of intricate wood carvings, bright
buildings were constructed using stone,
colors, and symbolic designs is common in
adobe, and coral,
both old and new constructions.
- Baroque, Gothic, and Romanesque styles
- The "bayanihan" spirit, emphasizing
were commonly seen in churches and
community and cooperation, is evident in
fortifications.
rural architecture.
AMERICAN-COLONIAL
ICONIC ARCHITECTURAL LANDMARK
ARCHITECTURE
- Notable architectural landmarks in the
- American colonization (1898-1946)
Philippines include the San Agustin
brought changes in architectural style.
Church in Intramuros, Manila; the Banaue
- American colonial architecture featured Rice Terraces; and the Coconut Palace in
neoclassical elements in government Manila, known for its use of coconut
buildings, schools, and residential lumber
structures.
READING VISUAL ARTS - MIDTERMS
MERCADO, MARK AARON L.
BSN Y1 – M3B

DIFFERENT ACHITECTURAL STYLES CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURAL STYLES - Rejects the strict functionalism of
modernism and incorporates historical
- An architectural style is a set of
references, ornamentation, and
characteristics and features that make a
playfulness.
building or structure notable or
historically identifiable. - Notable examples include the Piazza
d'Italia in New Orleans.
- It is a sub-class of style in the visual arts
generally, and most styles in architecture CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
relate closely to a wider contemporary - Diverse and ever-evolving, often
artistic style. characterized by innovation and
sustainability.
CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
- Derived from the architecture of ancient - Includes a range of styles and designs,
Greece and Rome. such as the Burj Khalifa in Dubai and the
Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao.
- Key features include columns, pediments,
and symmetry.
- Substyles include Doric, Ionic, and
Corinthian orders.
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
- Characterized by pointed arches, ribbed
vaults, and flying buttresses.
- Prominent during the Middle Ages, with
towering cathedrals like Notre-Dame in
Paris.
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
- Revival of classical elements and an
emphasis on proportion and symmetry.
- Prominent in 15th and 16th century Italy,
with buildings like the Florence Cathedral.
NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
- A revival of classical Greek and Roman
design in the 18th and 19th centuries.
- Notable examples include the U.S. Capitol
in Washington, D.C.
MODERNISM
- Focuses on simplicity, functionality, and
the use of new materials.
- Prominent architects include Le Corbusier
and Mies van der Rohe
READING VISUAL ARTS - MIDTERMS
MERCADO, MARK AARON L.
BSN Y1 – M3B

INTRO TO PHOTOGRAPHY SIZE

PHOTOGRAPHY
- Physical magnitude, extent, or bulk
- It is the science, art and practice of making relative or proportionate dimensions
durable images through the use of light.
- Size in a photograph is relative and can be
ELEMENTS OF PHOTOGRAPHY an illusion.
LINES
DEPTH
- Lines are everywhere in photographs.
Lines surround us, and every photograph - The direct linear measurement from front
contains lines. to back.

- Lines in photographs often connect points - Most images have a foreground, middle
inside the images. Sometimes lines enter ground, and background. The stronger the
the image from a point beyond the frame delineation between those successive
or exit the image to a point beyond the “grounds,” the stronger the sense of depth
frame. in your image.

SHAPES BASIC CONCEPT OF PHOTOGRAPHY

COMPOSITION
- The physical photograph is a shape—
usually a rectangle or square, but - It is something that is created by arranging
sometimes a circle, oval, or random shape. several things to form a unified whole.

- Inside that photograph are shapes captured SUBJECT

in the scene by the photographer - It is the lead object of an image or picture.
FORMS RULE OF THIRDS
- A photograph captures all the forms in the - Explains where to place your subject in the
field of view of the lens. image.
- Three-dimensional forms are rendered in
two dimensions by the photograph. Inside
that photograph are shapes captured in the
scene by the photographer.
TEXTURE
- The visual or tactile surface characteristics BACKGROUND
and appearance of something. Texture in
the photograph is similar to form in that it - Anything behind the subject
is revealed by variations in tonality and FOREGOUND
presented in two dimensions.
- Anything in front of the subject
COLOR
FOCUS
- The aspect of the appearance of objects
and light sources may be described in - It is the distinctness or sharpness of the
terms of hue, lightness, and saturation for subject.
objects and hue, brightness, and saturation LIGHTING
for light.
- It is a big factor to give an accurate
rendition of the subject and the scene.
READING VISUAL ARTS - MIDTERMS
MERCADO, MARK AARON L.
BSN Y1 – M3B

CAMERA ANGLE
- Marks the specific location at which
camera is placed to take a shot.
BASIC CAMERA MODES
CONTROLLING THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT
SHUTTER
- Controls the amount of light by the length DEPTH OF FIELD
of time it remains open.
- The smaller the aperture size, the more that
a scene will be sharp from near to far
(deep depth of field).
- The larger the aperture size, the less that a
scene will be sharp from near to far
(shallow depth of field).

ISO
APERTURE
- Refers to the light sensitivity of the sensor.
- (Size of the lens opening)
- HIGH ISO value means the sensor will be
- Controls the brightness of light that MORE sensitive to light, meaning it will
reaches the film. take LESS LIGHT to get the right
exposure Typically ranges from 100-1600
- Defined as a hole or opening through
which light is admitted - Newer Digital cameras have a higher range
(up to 64000)
- Using High ISO values causes the sensor
to produce much more heat, which creates
digital “noise” in images.

- The area from near to far in a scene that is

acceptably sharp in a photograph.