GE3791 HUMAN VALUES AND ETHICS

UNIT I DEMOCRACTIC VALUES

PART-A
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What is Human Values?

Human values are defined as everything from eternal ideas and guiding principles that
lead to desirable behavior patterns and are positive. They involve both the cognitive and
effective dimensions and provide an important basis for individual choices based on connecting
thoughts and feelings and emotions learning to positive action.

2. What is Intrinsic values?

An intrinsic value is a value that one has of itself, independently of other things,
including its context. Intrinsic value has traditionally been thought to lie at the heart of ethics.
The intrinsic value of something is said to be the value that thing has "in itself", or "for its
own sake", or "as such", or "in its own right." Intrinsic value is something that has value in itself

3. What is Extrinsic Values?

An extrinsic value is a property that depends on a thing's relationship with other things.
Extrinsic value is a value, which depends on how much it generates intrinsic value
Extrinsic value is also the portion of the worth that has been assigned to an option by factors
other than the underlying assets price.

4. What is human Values in Ethics?

Human Values in Ethics are concepts that govern how people should act. Human values
and ethics play a pivotal role in fostering social harmony and cooperation. They encourage
empathy, compassion, and altruism, bridging societal divides and promoting a spirit of
cooperation.

5. What is democracy?
Democracy is a system of government in which state power is vested in the people or the
general population of a state. Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected
through competitive elections while more expansive definitions link democracy to guarantees of
civil liberties and human rights in addition to competitive elections.
6. What is democratic Values?
1. Democracy helps to prevent rule by cruel and vicious autocrats;
2. modern representative democracies do not fight wars with one another,
3. countries with democratic governments tend to be more prosperous than countries with
nondemocratic governments; and
4. democracy tends to foster human development as measured by health, education, personal
income, and other indicators more fully than other forms of government do.

7. Define Democratic Values.

Democratic Values are the overall set of values that are widely shared among Americans.
Democracy is dependent on this deep-rooted sense of shared political beliefs and. values.

8. What is mean by Equality?

Equality means each individual or group of people is given the same resources on
opportunities. Equity recognizes that each person has different circumstances and allocates the
exact resources and opportunities needed to reach an equal outcome.

9. Define equality.
The word equality is defined as "the state or quality of being equal; correspondence in
quantity, degree, value, rank, or ability." Equality is usually simple to understand three buckets
that all contain five apples are in a state of equality. They all have exactly the same amount of
the exact same item

10. What is democratic equality?

Democratic equality is the idea that one requirement of treating persons as equals is that
all citizens ought to be treated as equal citizens. If social and political inequalities undermine
relations of equal citizenship, then such inequalities are unjust according to democratic equality.

11. What is liberty?

Liberty originates from the Latin word libertas, derived from the name of the goddess
Libertas, who, along with more modern personifications, is often used to portray the concept, and
the archaic Roman god Liber. Liberty is the state of being free within society from oppressive
restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views.

12. What is fraternity?

1. He poor Fraternity means to promote respect and dignity for each individual.
2. Dialogue is essential to bring individuals together and inspire tolerance and peace.
3. Moving away from dialogue is not good.
4. When security is threatened, dialogue is necessary.

13. What is freedom?

Freedom is a number of things. Much like success, it probably has different meanings for
different people. Idea of freedom may be vastly different from mine. A prisoner sees freedom in
a totally different light to a wealthy celebrity. So, what is freedom to me?

14. What is mean by justice?

Justice is the recognition of values in relationship, their fulfillment, right evaluation and
ensuring mutual happiness (Ubhay-Tripti). Thus, there are four elements of justice: recognition
of values, fulfillment, evaluation and mutual happiness ensured. All want harmony at all levels
of livings.
15. Define justice.
Justice, in its broadest sense, is the concept that individuals are to be treated in a manner
that is equitable and fair. A society in which justice has been achieved would be one in which
individuals receive what they "deserve". The interpretation of what "deserve" means draws on a
variety of fields and philosophies, like ethics, rationality, law, religion, equity and fairness.

16. What is Mean by pluralism?

Pluralism refers to people of diverse and conflicting beliefs coexisting peaceably, linked
by their adherence to a shared social contract which commits members of different groups .

17. What is tolerance?

The word tolerance was introduced in the early 15th century from the Latin word
tolerantia. This word was originally meant to endure hardship or provide support. It was also
used as a French word around the same time and had a similar meaning

18. Define tolerance.

The definition and meaning of tolerance are a fair and objective attitude towards others
and is usually a conscious effort from the individual. It is the ability to encounter and endure
something that is different or contentious without voicing negative opinions

19. What is Indian Freedom Movement?

The Indian independence movement was in constant ideological evolution Essentially
anti-colonial, it was supplemented by visions of independent, economic development with a
secular, democratic, republican, and civil-libertarian political structure. After the 1930s, the
movement took on a strong socialist orientation.

PART-B & C [13 MARKS & 15 MARKS QUESTIONS]

1. How can we ensure equality and justice for all citizens in a democracy?
2. What are the limits of individual liberty in a democratic society?
3. How can we balance the needs of the majority with the rights of minorities?
4. What role does freedom of expression play in a healthy democracy?
5. How can citizens effectively participate in shaping their government?
6. How do historical events like revolutions and independence movements contribute to the
development of democratic values?

UNIT-II SECULAR VALUES

PART-A
1. What is secularism?
Secularism is the principle of the separation of the government institutions and persons
mandated to represent the state from religious institutions and religious dignitaries.

2. What is mean by secularism.

Secularism means setting up democratically elected governments and laws passed by
parliament and legislatures uninfluenced by religious dictates and scriptures.
3. What is secular society?
In studies of religion, modern democracies are generally recognized as secular. This is
due to the near complete freedom of religion, and the lack of authority of religious

4. What is secular values?

The secular mind is better equipped than religion to reach reasoned and compassionate
judgments. Religious minds tend to become irrational and fanatical leading to inter religious
differences, violence and bloodshed.
5. Define secular values.
Secular values are simply those values derived not from any religious source Separate
from any religious concerns. All stemming from "Secular" meaning not connected to any dogma
or doctrines. Anything said to be secular including values, is that which has been reached
through purely 'human' means.
6. What are the three secular values?

 Similarly, freedom of thought is supported by secularism.

 Order is supported by secularists, specifically in that one's beliefs should not be permitted
to disturb the civil peace.
 Religious tolerance is supported both for people of other religions and a lack of piety
demonstrated by members of one's own religion.
7.What is mean by secularism?
 It also means that all religions are given equal status, recognition, and support from the
 It can also be defined as the doctrine that promotes the separation of state from religion.
 No discrimination or partiality should be given on the basis of religion.

8. What is disassociation of state from religion?

Separation of religion from political, economic, social and cultural aspects of life,
religion being treated as a purely personal matter. It emphasized dissociation of the state from
religion and full freedom to all religions and tolerance of all religions.

9. What is state religion system?

A state religion (also called official religion) is a religion or creed officially endorsed by
a sovereign state. A state with an official religion (also known as confessional state), while not a
secular state, is not necessarily a theocracy,

10. Explain relationship between religion and state.

The state is neutral with regard to religion, in that it has no defining values of its own;
instead, the state is a 'ring' within which different religious interests and opinions may freely
coexist and participate in social and civic life on an equal basis.

11. What is acceptance of all faiths?

Truly want to have a society at peace with itself, need to move from merely tolerating
each other's mere presence to acceptance and understanding. Swami Vivekananda said that "must
not only tolerate other religions, but positively embrace them, as truth is the basis of all
religions".
 PART-B & C [13 MARKS & 15 MARKS QUESTIONS]

1. What are the key principles of secular values? Discuss in detail.

2. Explain in detail about disassociation of state from religion,
3. How is secularism understood and applied in India
4. What can be done to promote fair treatment of all people?
5. How can we encourage acceptance of all religions?

UNIT III SCIENTIFIC VALUES

PART-A
1. What is scientific values?
Scientific values include empirical adequacy, simplicity, complexity, scope, accuracy,
fruitfulness, certainty, internal coherence, external consistency with accepted theories,
replicability, precision, utility, quantification and objectivity.

2. What is core scientific values?

Core scientific values always operate with integrity and maintain the highest standards,
supporting each other as a single team, to ensure our collective success.
It encourages differing viewpoints, individual authenticity and believe that diversity in
every respect is a strength that leads to the best ideas winning.

3. Define scientific thinking.

Kuhn defines scientific thinking as a "specific reasoning strategy", in other words
purposeful thinking that can be best thought of as "knowledge seeking". It's not about science
itself, or even scientific aptitude. Scientific thinking is something people do, not something they
have.

4. What is inductive thinking?

Inductive reasoning is a logical process based on experiences, observations, and facts to
evaluate a situation and make a general assumption like a theory.

5. What is deductive thinking?

Deductive reasoning or top-down reasoning is based on using two logical assumptions.
Generally, accepted as fact, to come to a logical conclusion.

6. What us proposing and testing Hypothesis.

It is a precise, testable statement of what the researchers predict will be outcome of the
study. Hypothesis usually involves proposing a relationship between two variables: the
independent variable (what the researchers change) and the dependent variable (what the
research measures).

7. What is testing Hypothesis?

Hypothesis testing is a systematic procedure for deciding whether the results of a
research study support a particular theory which applies to a population. Hypothesis testing uses
sample data to evaluate a hypothesis about a population.
8. What is Skepticism?
by Shuman more interrogative approach that the learned thate doubt on proposed
reasoning and always assumes there is more to be learned than that which ha already been
revealed.
9. What is empiricism?
Empiricists also endorse the Intuition/Deduction thesis, but in a more restricted sense
than the rationalists, this thesis applies only to relations of the contents of our minds, not also
about empirical facts, learned from the external world.
10. What is Rationalism?
Rationality requires a logical mind and the capacity for critical thought. Rationality
promotes scientific temperament in the individual.

11. What is Scientific Temper?

Scientific temperament enables people to raise the question of what exists in the universe.
Scientific invention, discovery and exploration are all the outcome of huma rationality

PART-B & C [13 MARKS & 15 MARKS QUESTIONS]

1. How do inductive and deductive thinking differ and how are they used in scientific research?
2. What are the steps involved on proposing and testing a hypothesis in scientific studies?
3. Why is an evidence-based approach important for validating scientific facts and have is this
process carried out?
4. What are skepticism and empiricism, and how do they contribute to the reliability and
progress of scientific knowledge
5. How do rationalism and a scientific temper influence scientific thinking and the pursuit of
knowledge?

UNIT-IV SOCIAL ETHICS

PART-A
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What is Social Ethics?

Social ethics is the systematic reflection on the moral dimensions of social structures,
systems, issues, and communities.
Social ethics can be thought of as a branch of 'applied ethics, the application of ethical
reasoning to social problems.

2. Define Gender Bias.

Gender bias is the tendency to prefer one gender over another. It is a form of unconscious
bias, or implicit bias, which occurs when one individual unconsciously attributes certain attitudes
and stereotypes to another person or group of people.

3. What is Gender issues?

Women continue to face discrimination and other types of harm because of their gender,
and it remains imperative that ask ourselves what do to eradicate violence against women and
ensure that women have equal rights and power in society. These issues are at the heart of
feminism and feminist ethics.

4. Define Gender based violence.

Gender-based violence is violence directed against a person because of that person's
gender or violence that affects persons of a particular gender disproportionately.
5. What is social discrimination?
Social discrimination is defined as the differentiating treatment of an individual based on
their actual or perceived characteristics (eg, race/ethnicity, age, gender, income status, or medical
condition)

6. What is constitutional protection?

The Constitution sets the legal and moral framework for a nation. It emphasizes
fundamental rights and duties, which promote ethical behavior by guiding individuals on issues
related to liberty, equality, and justice in their private lives.

7. What is Constitutional protection?

The Constitution of India through Article 31, thus protects and safeguards the rights of.
civil servants in Government service against arbitrary dismissal, removal and reduction in. rank.
Such protection enables the civil servants to discharge their functions boldly, efficiently
and effectively.

8. Define Constitutional protection.

Constitutional protection is when the Constitution or Bill of Rights guarantees basic
freedoms, like the freedom of speech. This means that the government cannot take away these
freedoms from people. It is also called constitutional freedom or constitutional liberty.

9. What is constitutional Provision and policies?

Constitutional Provisions and policies are the set of rules or laws that come under a
country's Constitution. It establishes the fundamental rights and duties of the citizens. These
cannot be changed or altered by the court or common law. If the provisions are to be changed,
they must go through a specific process.

10. What are the Constitutional Provisions and policies?

 Freedom of speech and religion

 Citizenship
 Separation of state and religion
 Fundamental structure doctrine of the construction of India
 Secularism

11. What is constitutional rights?

Constitutional rights are the protections and liberties guaranteed to the people by the U.S.
Constitution. Many of these rights are outlined in the Bill of Rights; such as the right to free
speech in the First Amendment, and the right to a speedy and public trial in the Sixth
Amendment.

12. What is fundamental rights in India?

The Fundamental Rights in India enshrined in part III (Article 12-35) of the Constitution of India
guarantee civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens
of India. These rights are known as "fundamental" as they are the most essential for all-round
development i.e., material, intellectual, moral and spiritual and protected by fundamental law of
the land i.e., constitution.
13. What is inclusive practices?

Inclusive constitution mentions that an one should be discriminated in accordance with their
caste, culture, class, gender and religion. Everyone's identity should be respected. Its emphasis
on the prosperity of the people and community who are socially discriminated and harassed. It is
focuses on social justice.

PART-B & C [13 MARKS & 15 MARKS QUESTIONS]

1. How can ethical reasoning be applied to address and solve various social problems?
2. What are the major gender bases and issues present in society today and how can they be
ethically addressed?
3. What are the ethical considerations in combating gender violence and what strategies can be
implemented to prevent it
4. How can ethical reasoning help in identifying and eliminating different forms of social
discrimination?
5. What constitutional protection and policies exist to address social issues and how effective
are they in promoting justice and equality?
6. What are some examples of inclusive practices and how do they contribute to creating a
more equitable society

UNIT-V SCIENTIFIC ETHICS

PART-A
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What is Scientific Ethics?

Scientific ethics calls for honesty and integrity in all stages of scientific practice, from
reporting results regardless to properly attributing collaborators. This system of ethics guides the
practice of science, from data collection to publication and beyond.

2. What is scientific pursuits?

Scientific pursuits involve activities related to scientific research or exploration aimed at
expanding knowledge in various fields. This includes conducting experiments, making
observations, analysing data, and contributing to advancements in scientific understanding.

3. What is transparency in scientific pursuits?

Transparency refers to being open and honest about what do with people's information.It
is an ethical approach to research which improves research integrity and enhances the
informational value and impact of research. Research transparency encompasses a range of open
practices including registering studies, sharing study data, and publicly reporting

4. What is Scientific invention?

Scientific invention is a machine or device or a scientific technique which either helps or
completely solves humans' problems that he or she face in daily life."New scientific or technical
idea, and the means of its embodiment or accomplishment. To be patentable, an invention must
be novel, have utility, and be non obvious. To be called an invention, an idea only needs to be
proven as workable.
5. Define scientific invention.
According to Wikipedia scientific invention is; "An invention is a unique or novel device,
method, composition or process. It may be an improvement upon a machine or product, or a new
process for creating an object or a result. An invention that achieves a completely unique
function or result may be a radical breakthrough.
Such works are novel and not obvious to others skilled in the same field."
Scientific inventions have brought about numerous benefits to society, but they also come with
certain disadvantages.

6. What is the role and responsibility of scientist in the modern society?

The scientist must consider the implications of their work on the world. Primarily, the
scientist must believe that their work is for the better good, that they are making the world a
better place. The scientist must not use their knowledge to knowingly contribute to work that
would be detrimental to the world.

PART-B & C [13 MARKS & 15 MARKS QUESTIONS]

1. Why are transparency and fairness crucial in scientific research and how can they be
ensured?
2. How can scientific inventions be directed towards the betterment of society and what are
some successful examples?
3. What are some examples of the unfair application of scientific inventions and what ethical
issues do they raise?
4. What roles and responsibilities do scientists have in modern society, particularly in ensuring
their work benefits humanity?
5. What ethical considerations should guide the development and application of new scientific
advancements?