Improper Integrals

Definition:

• Integrals with an infinite limit of integration, or

• Integrals whose integrand is undefined within the limits of integration.

Examples:
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z 1 Z 2
dx dx
x2 dx, , x2 , dx, √ ,
0 −∞ ex −∞ 0 4 − x2

Definitions:
[i.]If f is continuous at [a, +∞), then
Z ∞ Z b
f (x) dx = lim f (x) dx
a t→+∞ a

[ii.] If f is continuous at (−∞, b], then

Z b Z b
f (x) dx = lim f (x) dx
−∞ s→−∞ s

[iii.] If f is continuous for all x, then

Z ∞ Z a Z ∞
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx
−∞ −∞ a

If the limits in (1) and (2) exist, then the improper integral is said to be
convergent. Otherwise, it is divergent. The value of the integral is the value
of the limit.

Example
Find: Z ∞
3
x2 e−x dx
0
Solution: Z 0 Z b
3 0
x2 e−x dx = lim x2 e−x dx
−∞ s→−∞ s

1
 du
Let u = x3 , du = 3x2 dx ⇒ 3 = x2 dx
Z ∞
1
= ue−u du
3 0

Using integration by parts:

Z ∞ Z s
−u
ue du = lim ue−u du
0 s→∞ 0

Integration by parts formula:

Z Z
u dv = uv − v du

 s Z s 
1 1
= lim − ue−u + e −u
du
s→∞ 3 0 3 0

Evaluate limits:
  s 
1 1
= lim − se−s + −e−u
s→∞ 3 3 0

Simplify:  
1 1
= lim − se−s + (0 − (−1))
s→∞ 3 3
1
=0+
3
Final Answer:
1
3

2
Parametric Equations
Consider the two equations:
x = t2 + 2t , y = t − 2 (∗)

Notes:
For every value of t, the equations determine a value of x and one of y, and
therefore a point (x, y) in the plane. By letting t take on various values and
computing x and y from the given equations, we obtain a set of points.
Remark: The quantity t is called a parameter, and equations like (1) are
called parametric equations.

Definition:
In general, if f and g are functions with the same domain S in R, and if

x = f (t), y = g(t)

then we say that the equations form a set of parametric equations.

Theorem:
The set of parametric equations

x = x0 + at, y = y0 + bt

so long as a and b are not both zero, has its graph a straight line in the xy-plane.
This line passes through (x0 , y0 ). If a ̸= 0, then the line has slope − ab . If a = 0,
the line is vertical.
x = x0 + at, y = y0 + bt
if k ̸= 0, theequations
x = x0 + kat, y = y0 + kbt − Standard form

Straight line with slope ab and passing through the point (x0 , y0 ).
We may select k so that the parametric equations of the line
has the form in the standard form.
Once a and b are given, the selections

k= √ 1 , for b > 0
a2 +b2

k= √ −1 , for b < 0
a2 +b2

k = a1 , for b = 0

3
 y1 −y0
Recall: slope x1 −x0 for (x0 , y0 ), (x1 , y1 )

y = mx + b

Example: Find the parametric equations of the line through the given con-
ditions and also determine the parametric equations in standard form.

1. (2, −1), (4, 7)

2. (−1, −9) and is perpendicular to the line x + 3y = 2
Solution:
1.
Slope = 7−(−1)
4−2 = 28 = 4 = ab a = 1 b = 4 k = √a21+b2 = √121+42 = √1
17
 
x = 2 + √117 t y = −1 + √417 t = −1 + √417 t
2.
=x + 3y = 2
= 3y 3
3 = −x+2
1
y = − 3 x + 23
Slope = − 13
Slope of L = 3 = ab
b=3

a=1

k = √121+32 = √1
10
=
x =−1 + √110 t
y = -3+ √110 (3)t
=−3 + √3 t
10

Derivatives of Parametric Equations

Let f (t), y = g(t)
Formulas:
dy
dy dt
1. = dx
dx dt
 
d dy
d2 y dt dx
2. 2 = dx
dx dt

4
 Recall:

h LDH−HDL


p l = Le

dy d2 y
Example: Find dx and dx2

x = t2 + 3t − 2, y = 2 − t − t2

Solution: dy
dy dy −1−2t
dt = 1 − 2t dx = dt
dx = 2t+3
dt
dx
dt = 2t = 3

d dy (2t+3)(−2)−[−1−2t)(2)]
dt = ( dx )= (2t+32 )

(−4t−6)−(−2−4t)
= (2t+3)2

−4t−6+2+4t
= (2t+3)2

−4
=
(2t + 3)2

dy −4
d2 y
d
dt ( dx ) (2t+3)2
dx2 = dx = 2t+3
dt

−4 1
= (2t+3)2 × 2t+3

−4
=
(2t + 3)3

5
Length of an Arc
Definition: If a graph is given by a function as y = f(x), where a ≤ x ≤
b, and if f is continuous on [a, b], then the graph is called an arc.
When the graph is given in parametric form as:

x = f (t), y = g(t), c ≤ t ≤ d,

it is also called an arc.

Let s be the length of an arc e.
Rbp
S = a 1 + [f ′ (x)]2 dx
If the arc C is the parametric form x = x(t), y = y(t), c ≤ t ≤ d, then :

Z d q
2 2
S= [x′ (t)] + [y ′ (t)] dt
C

Example 1:
√ 3
Find the length of an arc from the point (0,0) to (2,4 2)of thef unctiony = 2x 2

f (x) = 2x 32 = f ′ (x) = 3x 12

Let u=1+9x

du 9dx
9 = 9

du
9 = dx
R2q
S = 0 1 + (3X 12 )2 dx
R2√
= 0 1 + 9xdx
R2√
= 0
u( du
9 )
R2 1
= 19 0
u 2 du

3
2
= 19 u32
2
0
2
3
= 19 . 23 u 2

0
2
2 3
= 27 (1 + 9x) 2
0
2 3 2 3
= 27 (1 + 9(2)) 2 − 27 (1 + 9(0)) 2

6
 2 3 2
= 27 (19) 2 − 27

2
p 2
= 27 ( (19)3 − 27

2
√ 2
= 27 (19) 19 − 27

38 √ 2
= 19 − √
27 27

Example 2:
9
Given that x = t + 1, y = 2t 2 − 4.Find the length of an arc from the point
t = 1 to the point t = 3.
Solution:
7
x′ (t) = 3t2 , y ′ (t) = 9t 2
R3q 2
= 1 (3t2 )2 + (9t 2 )2 dt
R3√
= 1
9t4 + 81t7 dt
R3p
= 1
9t4 (1 + 9t3 )dt
R3 √
= 1
3t2 1 + 9t3 dt
R3√
=3 1
1 + 9t3 t2 dt

let u = 1 + 9t2

du 27t2 dt
27 = 27

du
27 = t2 dt
R3 1
=3 1
u 2 ( du
27 )

1
R3 1
= 9 1
u 2 du
3
1 u
= 9 3/2 3/2
1
3
1 3
= 9 · 23 (1 + 9t3 ) 2
1
3
2 3
3
= 27 (1 + 9t ) 2

7
 2 3 2 3
= 27 (1 + 9(3)3 ) 2 − 27 (1 + 9(1)3 ) 2

2 3 2 3
= 27 (244)
2 − 27 (10)
2

2
√ 2
√
= 27 ( 2443 ) − 27 103

2
√ 2
√
= 27 · 244 244 − 27 (10) 10

488
√ 20
√
= 27 · 4.61 − 27 10

488
√ 20
√
= 27 · 2 61 − 27 10

976 √ 20 √
= 61 − 10
27 27

Example 3:
Find the length of the arc given that x=2t-2sint, y=2-2cost, 0 ≤+≤ 2π

x’(t)=2-2cost, y’(t)=2sint
R 2π p
S= 0
(2 − 2cost)2 + (2sint)2 dt
R 2π p
= 0
(2 − 2cost)2 + (2sint)2 dt
R 2π p
= 0
(4 − 8cost) + 4(cost2 t + sn2 t)dt
R 2π √
= 0
4 − 8cost + 4 dt
R 2π √
= 0
4 − 8cost + 4 dt
R 2π √
= 0
8 − 8cost dt
R 2π p
= 0
8 − (1 − cost) dt
R 2π √ √
= 0
8 1 − cost dt
√ R 2π √
=2 2 0 1 − cost dt
R 2π
=4 0
sin 2t dt
R 2π
=4 0
sin0(2du)
R 2π
=8 0
sinudu

8
 2π
= 8(−cosu)
0
2π
= −8cosu
0
2π
= −8cos 2t
0
= −8cos 2π 0
2 − (−8cos 2 )

= −8cos(π) + 8cos(0)

= −8(−1) + 8(1)

= 8 + 8 = 16

t
Letu = 2
1
du 2 dt
1 = 1
2 2

2du = dt

Polar Coordinates
Rectangular Coordiantes
r2 = x20 + y02
tan θ = xy00

Polar Coordinates
x = rcos θ
y = r sin θ

Ex: Plot the following points

1.(4, π6 )
2.(2, − π4 )
3.(−4, 3π 4 )
4.(−2, π2

Conversion of Polar into Rectangular

Ex: Convert (2, π6 ) to rectangular

9
 Ex: Convert (−1, 1) to polar (r, θ)

Solution:
√
3
√
1.x = 2 cos( π6 ) = 2( 2 ) = 3

y = 2 sin( π6 ) = 2( 12 ) = 1
√
( 3, 1)

2 2 2
2.r
p =x +y
r = x2 + y 2
p
2 2
√= (−1) + (1)
= 1+1
√
= 2

1
tan θ = −1 = −1

θ = tan−1 (−1)

3π
θ= 4

sin θ
√
tan θ = cos θ ( 2, 3π
4 )

3π
θ= 4
√
2 √
sin( 3π
4 ) 2 −2
cos( 3π
= 2√ = 2 · √ = −1
4 ) − 22 2

10
Polar Equation
r = f(θ) polar equation

Defn:The graph of a polar equation r = f(θ)

at least one set of coordinates that satisfy the equation

Test for Symmetry: The graph of a polar equation is symmetric with respond
to:

I. x-axis (or polar axis) if replacing θ by −θ results in an equivalent equation

π
II. y-axis (or 2 axis) if replacing θ by π−θ results in an equivalent equation

III. the pole if replacing r by -r results in an equivalent equation

Recall:
1.cos(−θ) = cos θ
2.sin(−θ) = − sin θ
3.cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B ± sin A sin B
4.sin(A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B

Ex: Discuss for symmetry and plot the graph of r = 3 − 3 cos θ

Solution:

(I) Symmetric with x-axis

r = 3 − 3 cos(−θ)

= 3 − 3 cos θSymmetric with respect x-axis

(II) Symmetric with y-axis

r = 3 − 3 cos(π − θ)

= 3 − 3[cos π cos θ + sin π sin θ]

= 3 − 3[−cosθ]

= 3 + 3 cos θ =⇒ not symmetric

(III) symmetric with pole:

−r = 3 − 3 cos θ
r = −3 + 3 cos θ =⇒ not symmetric

11
 π π π 2π 3π
θ 0 √6 3 2 3 4√ π
3
cos θ 1 2
1
2 0 − 12 − 22 −1
2 cos θ 2 1.7 1 0 −1 −1.4 −2
r = 1 − 2 cos θ −1 −0.7 0 1 2 2.4 3
Remark:Agraphof anypolarequationof thef ormr = a ± a cos θorr = a ±
a sin θiscalledcardioids(a > 0)

a.)r = 1 − cos θ (1)

b.)r = 1 + cos θ (2)
c.)r = 1 − sin θ (3)
d.)r = 1 + sin θ (4)
(5)
Ex: r = 3 + 2 sin θ

(i)

r = 3 + 2 sin(−θ)

r = 3 − 2 sin θ→ not symmetric

(ii)

r = 3 + 2 sin(π − θ)

= 3 + 2(sin π cos θ − cos π sin θ)

= 3 + 2 sin θ→ symmetric
π π π π
θ 2 √3 √4 6 0 − 11π
6 −√ 7π
4 −√ 5π
3 − 3π
2
3 2
sin θ 1 2 2
1
2 0 − 12 − 22 − 23 −1
2 sin θ 2 1.74 1.41 1 0 −1 −1.41 −1.74 −2
r = 3 + 2 sin θ 5 4.74 4.41 4 3 2 1.54 1.26 1

Remark: The graph of any polar equation of the form

r = a ± b sin θ and r = a ± b cos θ
are called limacons.

12
 W hen a = b, thegraphisacardioid.

If 0 < a < b, then the limacon has an interior loop.

a. r = a + b sin θ

b. r = a − b sin θ

c. r = a + b cos θ

d. r = a − b cos θ

e. r = ± bsinθ, 0<a<b

Ex. r = 1 - 2cos θ

r = 1 − 2 cos θ

= 1 − 2 cos(−θ)

= 1 − 2 cos θ =⇒ Therefore symmetric

= 1 − 2 cos θ
= 1 - 2cos(π − θ)
= 1 - 2[cos π cos θ + sin π sin θ]
= 1 - 2[-cos θ]
= 1 + 2 cos θ =⇒ not symmetric

Ex: r = 2cos 2θ

(i) Sym at x-axis

r = 2cos 2(−θ)

= 2 cos 2θ→ symmetric

(ii) Sym at y-axis

r = 2 cos 2(π − θ)
= 2 cos(2π − 2θ)
= 2[cos 2π cos 2θ + sin 2π sin 2θ]
= 2(1)(cos 2θ)
= 2 cos 2θ → symmetric

3.
2.
1.

13
 CURVATURE

Def ’n: The curvature K of an arc given in the form y = f (x) is

the rate of change of the angle θ with respect to the length s, that is
K = dθ
ds .

Theorem: For an arc of the form y = f (x), for which f ′′ (x) exists,
the curvature K is given by

f n (x)
K(x) = 3
{1 + [f ′ (x)]−2 } 2

Theorem: If an arc is given in parametric form by y = x(t), y =

y(t),
and if x’(t) and y’(t) exist, then the curvature κ at a point

P = (x(t), y(t)) is given by

x′′ (t)y ′ (t) − x′ (t)y ′′ (t)

κ(t) = 3
(x′2 + y ′2 ) 2

Ex: Find the curvature of the circle x = acos t, y = a sin t

Solution:
x′ (t) = a(− sin t) = −a sin t y ′ (t) = a cos t
x′ (t) = −a cos t y ′ (t) = −a sin t
(−a sin t)(−a sin t)−(−a cos t)(a cos t)
κ(t) = 3
[(−a sin t)2 +(a cos t)2 ] 2
a2 sin2 t+a2 cos2 t a2 (sin2 t+cos2 t) a2 a2 1
= 3 = 3 = (a2 )3/2
= a3 = a
(a2 sin2 t+a2 cos2 t) 2 [a2 (sin2 t+cos2 t)] 2

Defn: The radius of curvature R of an arc at a point is defined

as the reciprocal of the absolute value of the curvature at that point;
that is R = κ1

Note: The circle of curvature of an arc at a point P is the circle passing through
P which has radius equal to R, the radius of curvature, and whose center C
lies on the concave side of the curve along the normal line through P.

Example: Find the curvature κ and the radius of curvature R for the parabola y =
x2 . Find the center of the circle of curvature at point (1, 1).

Solution:

14
 y = f(x) = x2
′
f (x) = 2x
f ′ (x) = 2

2
κ(x) = [1+(2x)2 ]3/2
= (5)23/2
2
= [1+4x2 ]3/2
= √2 3
5 5
2 2
= [1+4(1)2 ]3/2
= 5√ 5

Radius
Normal line: mN L = − 12

Point slope:
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
[y − 1 = − 12 (x − 1)] × 2
2y − 2 = −(x − 1)
2y − 2 = −x + 1
x + 2y − 3 = 0

x = −2y + 3 =⇒ → equation of the normal line

When y
= 72
x = −2 72 + 3
= −7 + 3
= −4

Center of the circle of the curve is

−4, 72

5
√
We first find the equation of the circle centered at (1, 1) with radius R = 2 5
√
2
(x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = 52 5
(-2y + 3 - 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = 125
4
(-2y + 2)2 + (y − 1)2 = 125
4
(4y2 − 8y + 4) + (y 2 − 2y + 1) = 125
4
[5y2 − 10y + 5) = 125 1
4 ]5
[y2 − 2y + 1) = 254 ]4
4y2 − 8y + 4 = 25

15
4y 2 − 8y − 21 = 0

Derivatives in Polar Coordinates

Consider the polar equation r = f(θ)

dr
The slope of the tangent line to the graph of r = f(θ) is not dθ
dy
but it is still dx

If r = f(θ), then the equations in rectangular coordinates are

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, that is,
x = f (θ) cos θ, y = f (θ) sin θ
dy dΘ/dΘ
Slope of the tangent line: dx = dx/dΘ

Example 2: Find the area enclosed by the curve are=2sin3Θ

2sin3Θ 3
: 2 = 2

sin3Θ = 0

σ=Θ=0 3Θ = tangent

1+cos2nΘ
Recall : cost2 nΘ = 2

cos22 ΘdΘ = ( 1+cos2Θ

R R
∗ 2 )dΘ

1
R
= 2 (1 + cos2Θ)dΘ

= 21 [Θ + 21 sin2Θ]

Theorem: Let r = f (θ), α ≤ θ ≤ β, describe an arc in polar coordinates.

If f has a continuous first derivative, then the arc length s is given by
R β q dr
2
s= α dθ + r2 dθ

π
Example: Find the arc length of the curve r = 3 cos θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 4.

Solution:

dr
dθ = 3(− sin θ) = −3 sin θ
R π/4 p
s= 0
(−3 sin θ)2 + (3 cos θ)2 dθ

16
 R π/4 p
= 0
9 sin2 θ + 9 cos2 θ dθ
R π/4 q
= 0
9(sin2 θ + cos2 θ) dθ
R π/4 √
= 0
9 dθ
R π/4
= 0
3 dθ
π/4
= 3θ
0
π


=3 4 −0

3π
=
4
Properties:
ep
r= 1±e cos θ

• If the graph is an ellipse, the major axis is the x-axis.

• If the graph is a parabola, the axis of symmetry is the x-axis.

• If the graph is a hyperbola, the ...
ep
r= 1±e sin θ

• If the graph is an ellipse, the major axis is the y-axis.

• If the graph is a hyperbola, ...

• If the graph is a parabola, the axis of symmetry is the y-axis.

Example: Identify and plot the graph ff:

4
(1.) r = 32 cos θ

We can rewrite this as:

4
4 2
r= 3−2 cos θ = 3
1− 23 cos θ
= e=
3
When θ = 0:

4 4 4
r= 3−2 cos(0) = 3−2(1) = 5

17
 When θ = π:

4 4
r= 3−2 cos(π) = 3−2(−1) =4

4 1 4
3 · (1− 23 cos θ)
= 3(1− 23 cos θ)

Vertices:

θ 0 π
4
r 4 5

Intercepts:
π 2π
θ 2 2
4 4
r 3 3
3
(2.) r = 2−2 sin θ
3
= 2(1−1 sin θ)
5
= 2
1−1sinθ

e=1

Vertices:
π 3π
θ 2 2
5
r undefined 4

Intercepts:

θ 0 π
3 3
r 2 2
2 2
(3.) r = 1+2 sin θ , e = 2, ep = 2, 2p = 2 = 1, p = 1

Vertices:
π 3π
θ 2 2
2
r 3 −2
Intercepts:

θ 0 π
r 2 2

Area in Polar Coordinates

Theorem: Suppose that r=f (θ) is a nonnegative continuous function of [α, β],
where 0 ≤ α < β ≤ 2π. To find the area A of the region that is bounded by the

18
graph of r = f (θ) and the rays θ = α and θ = β, it is given by:

1 β
Z
A= [f (θ)]2 dθ
2 α
Example 1: Find the area bounded by the curve r = 2 + cos θ and the lines
θ = 0 and θ = π2 .

Solution:
π
1
(2 + cosθ)2 dθ
R
A= 2
2
0
π 2
1 2 (4+2 cos θ+2 cos θ+cos θ)dθ
R
= 2 0
π 2
1 2 (4+4 cos θ+cos θ)dθ
R
= 2
1
R0|f racπ2(4θ+4 sin θ+ 21 θ)dθ
= 2 0 π
2
1
= [6θ + 8 sin θ + sin 2θ]
2
0

= 12 4 π2 + 4 sin π2 + 21 π2 + 1 π
− 4(0) + 4 sin(0) + 12 (0) + 1




4 sin 2 2 4 sin(2(0)

1 π


2 2π + 4(1) + 4

π
= π+2+ 8

8π+π
= 8 +2

9π 9π + 16
= 8 +2 = → square units
8
Recall: cos2 θ = 1+cos(2θ)
2
 
1+cos(2θ)
cos2 θ dθ =
R R
2 dθ

1
R
= 2 (1 + cos(2θ)) dθ
h i
= 1
2 θ + sin(2θ)
2

Example 2: Find the area enclosed by the curve r = 2sin3θ.

2sin3θ 3
Solution: 2 = 2

sin3θ = 0

αθ = 0 3θ = π

1−cos2nθ
Recall: sin2 nθ = 2

19
 1−cos2(3)θ 1−cos6θ
sin2 3θ = 2 = 2

1
Rβ 1
Rβ
A= 2 α
[f (θ)]2 dθ − 2 α
[g(θ)]dθ
Rπ
A= 12 0
(2sin3θ)2 dθ

1
Rπ
= 2 0
4sin2 3θdθ
Rπ
=2 0
sin2 3θdθ
Rπ
=2 0
( 1−costθ
2 )dθ
Rπ
= 0
(1 − cos6θ)dθ
π
= θ − 16 sin6θ
0

= (θ − 16 sin6θ) − (0 − 16 sin0)

=π square units

Example: Find the area inside r = 5cos θ and outside r = 2 + cos θ

Point of interaction:
5 cos θ = 2 + cos θ

5cosθ − cosθ = 2

4 cos θ 2
4 = 4

1
cos θ = 2

π 5π
θ= 3, θ= 3
π π
1 1
(5 cos θ)2 dθ − (2 + cos θ)2 dθ
R R
Area = 2 0
3
2
3
0
π π
1 1
25 cos2 θ dθ − (2 + cos θ)2 dθ
R R
= 2 0
3
2 0
3

π π
25 1
cos2 θ dθ − (2 + cos θ)2 dθ
R R
= 2 0
3
2
3
0
π π
25 1+cos 2θ 1


(2 + cos θ)2 dθ
R R
= 2 0
3
2 dθ − 2
3
0

20
 " π #
 R π3 1 3
25
θ + 2 sin 2θ 0 − 2 4θ + 21 θ + 4 sin θ 14 sin2θ
1

= 4
0
25
+ 12 sin2( π3 ) − (0 + 12 sin−0 2(0)) −
π 
= 4 3

1 π
+ 12 ( π3 ) + 4sin( π3 ) + 14 sin2( π3 )) − (4(0) + 21 (0) + 4sin0 + 14 sin2(0)]
2 [(4( 3 )
h  √ i h √   √ i
3 3
= 25
4
π
3 + 2
1
2 − 12 4π π
2 + 6 +4 2 + 14 23
h √ i h √ √
3
= 25
4
π
3 + 4 − 12 8π+π
6 + 4 2 3 + 83 ]
√ h √ √ i
25 3 6 3+ 3
= 25π
12 + 16 − 2
1 9π
6 + 8
√ √
25π 25 3 17 3
= 12 + 16 − 12 [ 3π
2 + 8 ]
√ √
25π 25 3 3π 17 3
= 12 + 16 − 4 − 8
√ √
25π−9π 25 3−34 3
= 12 + 16
√ √
25π 25 3 3π 17 3
= 12 + 16 − 4 − 8
√ √
25π−9π 25 3−34 3
= 12 + 16
√
16π 9 3
= 12 + 16

 √ 
4π 9 3
A1 = 2 3 −
16
√
18 3
= 8π
3 − 16
√
9 3
= 8π3 − 8
√
4π 9 3
= −
3 16

Volume of a solid of Revolution:

If a region R in the xy-plane is revolved about an axis L, it will generate a
solid called a solid of revolution.

Examples
1. Example 1: Cylinder
When a rectangle R is revolved around an axis L, it forms a cylinder.

V = πr2 h

2. Example 2: Cone

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 When a right triangle R is revolved around an axis L, it forms a cone.
1 2
V = πr h
3

Disk Method
• Volume V(x) for the disk method:
Z b
V (x) = π [R(x)]2 dx
a

Let v(s) = volume of the solid of revolution

Rb
v(s)= π a f (x)]2 dx → (revolve at x-axis)
Rd
v(s) = π c g(y)]2 dx → (revolve at y-axis)

Example
Find the volume of v(s) of the solid formed by revolving the region
bounded by this graph,
√
y = x, y = 0, x = 4

about the x-axis.

Solution:

R4 √
v(s) = π 0 ( x)2 dx
R4
= π 0 xdx
2 R0
= π(hx2 ) 4 i
2
02
= π ( 42 − 2 )
16
= π( )→ 8πcubic units
2

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