GRADE 9

PRE- TECHNICAL STUDIES

NOTES

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STRAND ONE: FOUNDATION OF PRE-TECHNICAL STUDIES.
SUB-STRAND: SAFETY ON RAISED PLATFORMS.
 A raised platform in the workplace is any elevated surface or
structure where workers stand to perform tasks.
 It could be something like a ladder, scaffold, or lift that helps them
reach higher areas safely.
 Examples or Types of Raised platforms; ladders, trestles steps,
stands mobile raised platforms, work benches and ramps.

Roles of the ladder, trestles,steps,ramps,stands,work benches as

raised platforms
1.Ladder:
Provides a portable way for workers to reach elevated areas, such as
shelves or high walls.

2.Trestles:
Used to support work surfaces or planks for tasks like painting or
construction, giving workers a stable elevated surface.

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3.Steps:
Offers a small, portable platform for reaching slightly elevated areas,
useful for quick, short tasks.

4.Ramps:
Allows easy access for people or equipment to move between different
levels, often used for loading and unloading.

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5.Stands:
 Provides a stable, elevated support for tools, equipment, or
materials, often adjustable to different heights.

6.Work Benches:
Serves as an elevated surface for performing tasks like assembling,
cutting, or working with materials at a comfortable height.

Risks associated with working on raised platforms.

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Definition of Risk:
 Risk is the chance or possibility that something bad or harmful
could happen. It’s the likelihood of facing danger, injury, or loss.

Risks Associated with Working on Raised Platforms:

1. Falling from Heights:
 The biggest risk is falling off the platform. This can lead to
serious injuries or even death.
2. Slips and Trips:
 Raised platforms can become slippery due to rain, oil, or loose
objects, increasing the risk of losing balance.
3. Equipment or Tools Falling:
 Tools or materials can fall off the platform, possibly injuring
people below.
4. Platform Collapse:
 If the platform is overloaded or not set up properly, it can collapse,
putting everyone on it in danger.
5. Electrocution:
 If the platform is near power lines, there is a risk of electric shock
or electrocution.
6. Weather-Related Risks:
 Strong winds, rain, or ice can make working on raised platforms
more dangerous by affecting balance and stability.
7. Unstable Surface:
 If the ground or surface where the platform is set up is uneven or
soft, it can shift or tip, increasing the chance of accidents.
8. Lack of Proper Guardrails:

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  Without guardrails or safety barriers, there’s a higher chance of
falling off the edges of the platform.
9. Limited Visibility:
 Poor lighting, fog, or dust can make it harder to see, increasing
the chances of missteps or slips.
10.Fatigue:
 Working at heights can be physically and mentally tiring, which
might lead to mistakes or slower reactions to hazards.
11.Improper Use of Safety Gear:
 If workers don’t wear harnesses correctly or use the wrong
equipment, the effectiveness of safety measures is reduced.
12.Overcrowding:
 Too many people on a small platform can make it unstable,
increasing the risk of falls or tipping.

 Taking steps to understand and control each of these risks can

greatly improve safety when working on raised platforms.

Ways of minimizing risks related to working on raised platforms.

Here are some ways to minimize these risks:
1.Use Safety Gear:
 Always wear safety harnesses and helmets to protect yourself in
case of a fall.
2.Check Equipment:
 Ensure that the platform, ladder, or scaffold is stable, secure, and
in good condition before use.
3.Keep the Area Clean:
 Remove any objects that could cause someone to slip or trip.
Keep the platform dry to prevent slips.

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4.Don’t Overload the Platform:
 Make sure the platform can safely hold the weight of people and
equipment on it.
5.Use Guardrails:
 Install guardrails or safety barriers on raised platforms to prevent
falls.
6.Training:
 Make sure everyone using the platform has proper training on
how to use it safely.
7.Watch Out for Weather Conditions:
 Avoid working on raised platforms during strong winds or rain, as
this can make the platform more dangerous.

 By following these precautions, the risk of accidents and injuries

can be greatly reduced.

Iimportance of observing safety when working on raised platforms.

1.Prevents falls and serious injuries.
2.Ensures a stable working environment.
3.Reduces the risk of equipment or tools falling.
4.Promotes compliance with safety regulations.
5.Protects workers and others around the platform.
6.Increases overall productivity by preventing accidents.
7.Reduces the likelihood of costly medical or legal issues.
8.Enhances worker confidence when safety is prioritized.
9.Protects against structural collapse of the platform.
10.Ensures proper use of safety gear, like harnesses and guardrails.

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 SUB-STRAND 2.
HANDLING HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES.
 Hazardous Substances: These are materials that can cause harm
to people, animals, or the environment if not handled carefully.
They may be poisonous, flammable, or corrosive.
 Poisonous: Substances that can make you sick or even be deadly
if you eat, drink, breathe in, or touch them. Examples include
pesticides or certain chemicals used in cleaning.

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 Flammable: These are substances that can easily catch fire if
exposed to heat or a spark. Examples include gasoline, alcohol,
and paint thinners.

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 Corrosive: These are substances that can cause damage by
wearing away or "eating through" materials, including skin or metal.
Examples include strong acids like battery acid and bleach.

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Page 11 of 11
Hazardous Substances Found in the Environment:

1.Poisonous: Pesticides used in farming, certain wild mushrooms, and

industrial chemicals released into air or water.
2.Flammable: Gasoline (in fuel stations and vehicles), alcohol, and
natural gas used for cooking.
3.Corrosive: Industrial waste like acids from factories, bleach, and some
cleaning products.
 These substances can be dangerous, so they need to be handled
and disposed of with care to avoid accidents and pollution.

Hazardous Substances Found in the Environment

1.Poisonous Substances:
 Pesticides and herbicides used in farming.
 Industrial chemicals that may leak into rivers or soil.
 Heavy metals like lead and mercury from industrial waste.
2.Flammable Substances:
 Gasoline and diesel fuel used for transportation.
 Alcohol in products like hand sanitizers and some cleaners.
 Natural gas used for cooking or heating.
3.Corrosive Substances:
 Strong cleaning products like bleach or drain cleaners.
 Industrial acids (e.g., sulfuric acid from batteries).
 Household products containing strong acids or bases.

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Safe Ways to Handle Hazardous Substances
1.Wear Protective Gear: Use gloves, masks, goggles, or even aprons
when handling hazardous substances to avoid skin contact or inhalation.
2.Proper Storage: Keep hazardous materials in clearly labeled, sealed
containers and store them in a cool, dry place, away from sunlight and
sources of heat.
3.Avoid Mixing Chemicals: Some substances, like bleach and ammonia,
create toxic fumes when mixed, so it’s essential to keep them separate.
4.Follow Disposal Instructions: Dispose of hazardous waste according to
local guidelines to prevent contamination of soil or water. Never pour
chemicals down the drain unless it’s safe to do so.
5.Ventilate When Using Indoors: Open windows or doors to allow fresh
air to circulate, especially when using flammable or strong-smelling
products.
6.Use Only in Well-Ventilated Areas: When handling substances that
release fumes, work outdoors if possible or in areas with good airflow.

Importance of Observing Safety When Handling Hazardous Substances

1.Protects Health:
 Proper handling prevents exposure to toxins that could cause
serious health issues like poisoning, respiratory problems, burns,
or even cancer.

2.Environmental Protection:
 Correctly storing and disposing of hazardous substances prevents
pollution of air, soil, and water, protecting wildlife and plant life.
3.Prevents Accidents and Fires:

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  Following safety measures reduces the risk of accidental fires or
chemical reactions that could harm people and property.
4.Legal Compliance:
 Observing safety rules helps individuals and companies follow
laws designed to protect people and the environment from harm.
5.Promotes Community Safety:
 When everyone follows safety guidelines, it ensures that
hazardous substances do not pose risks to the larger community.

SELF-EXPLORATION AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT.

Self-Exploration:
 This means discovering your own interests, strengths, and what
you enjoy doing. It’s learning about yourself to make better
choices for your future.

Self-exploration is necessary for career development because;

 it helps you understand who you are, what you enjoy, and what
you're good at.
 This knowledge is important because it guides you in choosing a

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 career that makes you happy and successful.
When you explore yourself, you can:
 Identify Strengths and Interests: Knowing what you're good at and
what excites you helps you focus on careers that match your
abilities.
 Set Realistic Goals: Understanding yourself makes it easier to set
achievable career goals that align with your skills and passions.
 Increase Confidence: When you know your talents, you feel more
confident in your abilities and decisions.
 Make Better Choices: Self-exploration helps you avoid careers
that might make you unhappy or stressed. Instead, you can
choose paths that motivate and inspire you.

 In short, self-exploration is like a map that helps you find the right
career journey for yourself.

Career Development:
 This is the process of learning and planning for a job or career that
fits your skills and interests.
 It includes studying, getting experience, and setting career goals.

Talents and Abilities.

 A Talent is a natural ability that allows you to do a particular task
with or without guidance.
 An Ability is a skill that a person learns through a lot of practice.
Differences between Talent and Ability.

TALENT ABILITY/SKILL
Gift of God. Acquired and developed

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Possessed by few people. Many people can possess it
through learning.
Requires recognition. Requires development.
Requires guidance and coaching. Requires training.

Ways of Nurturing Talents and Abilities

1.Practice Regularly: Spend time improving your skills through practice.
For example, if you’re good at art, draw regularly.
2.Seek Guidance: Find a mentor, coach, or teacher who can help you
improve. They can give you tips and help you grow your talent.
3.Set Goals: Set small goals to reach a bigger goal. This helps you stay
focused and keep improving.
4.Get Training or Education: Take courses, workshops, or extra classes
to learn more about your area of interest.
5.Find a Supportive Community: Join groups or clubs where people have
similar interests. This helps you learn from others and stay motivated.
6.Observing and identifying a talent.
7.Providing resources to cultivate interests on talents and abilities.

Relating Talents and Abilities to Career Pathways.

1.STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics):
 If you are good with numbers, problem-solving, or technology,
STEM careers could be a fit. Talents in logical thinking, designing,
or building can lead to careers in engineering, medicine, IT, or
research.

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2.Social Science:
 If you enjoy helping people, solving social issues, or studying
human behavior, social sciences might be for you.
 Talents like empathy, communication, and critical thinking are
useful in careers like teaching, psychology, law, and social work.

3.Creative Arts:
 If you love drawing, acting, singing, or creating things, creative arts
could be a good pathway. Talents in artistic expression,
imagination, and storytelling can lead to careers in music, art,
drama, and media.

Career Opportunities Related to Talents and Abilities

1.Musical Talent: Careers like musician, music teacher, sound engineer.
2.Artistic Talent: Careers like artist, graphic designer, animator, or
interior designer.
3.Mathematical Ability: Careers like accountant, data analyst, engineer.
4.Communication Skills: Careers in journalism, teaching, marketing, or
law.
5.Athletic Skills: Careers as an athlete, coach, personal trainer, or sports
journalist.

Ethical and Unethical Practices Related to the Use of Talents and

Abilities
Ethical Practices:
 Involves using your talents in a responsible, honest, and fair way.
 For example, giving credit to others’ work, working hard to improve,
and using your talents to help others.

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Unethical Practices:
 Involves using talents in dishonest or unfair ways, such as
cheating, copying others’ work, or misusing skills to harm others.
 For instance, using one’s communication skills to spread false
information.

Ethical Practices Related to the Use of Talents and Abilities

1.Honesty: Using your abilities truthfully and not cheating or
exaggerating your skills.
2.Respect for Others: Acknowledging others’ efforts and collaborating
fairly.
3.Integrity: Following rules and using your talent to help others or make
a positive impact.
4.Accountability: Taking responsibility for your actions and improving
your skills through hard work.

Unethical Practices:
1.Cheating or Plagiarism: Copying others’ work and claiming it as your
own.
2.Exploitation: Taking advantage of others for personal gain, like
underpaying someone for their talent.
3.Spreading Misinformation: Using skills like writing or speaking to
spread false or harmful information.
4.Harmful Use: Using talents in ways that harm others, such as creating
dangerous products or using knowledge of technology for hacking.

 Using talents ethically is important because it builds trust, respect,

and can positively impact others.
 Unethical use damages trust and can harm people and society.

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STRAND: COMMUNICATION IN PRE-TECHNICAL STUDIES.

SUB-STRAND: OBLIQUE PROJECTION.

Oblique Projection.
 Oblique projection is a type of drawing technique where an object
is shown in 3D by projecting it onto a flat surface, such as a piece
of paper.
 In this projection, the front of the object is drawn true to size, and
the other parts of the object are drawn at an angle, usually 45
degrees, and stretched to show depth.

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Characteristics of Oblique Drawing in Technical Fields:
1.Front View: The front of the object is drawn in its actual shape and size,
showing all details clearly.
2.Angle: The other views are drawn at an angle to give the object depth,
commonly 45 degrees.
3.Uneven Scale: The depth dimension can be drawn using full size
(cavalier projection) or half size (cabinet projection), which affects how
realistic the drawing looks.
4.Straight Lines: Straight lines are used to represent edges, making it

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easier to visualize and create the object in real life.
5.Simple to Understand: Oblique projection is simpler to draw compared
to other 3D projection methods like perspective, making it easy to
understand and use for quick sketches.
Steps for Drawing Shaped Blocks in Oblique Projection:
i. Step 1: Draw the front view of the object as it appears in real life.
This is drawn to scale.
ii. Step 2: From the edges of the front view, draw lines at the chosen
angle (typically 45 degrees) to represent the depth.
iii. Step 3: Measure and mark the depth along the angled lines. The
depth can be full scale (cavalier) or reduced (cabinet).
iv. Step 4: Complete the shape by drawing the final back edges of the
object, ensuring all lines are connected properly.
v. Step 5: Add any necessary details like dimensions or text labels.

Difference Between Cavalier and Cabinet Oblique Projection:

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Cavalier Projection:
 The depth is drawn at full scale.
 This gives a more exaggerated, less realistic look because the
depth appears longer than in real life.
Cabinet Projection:

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  The depth is drawn at half the scale of the front view.
 This creates a more realistic appearance of the object, as the
depth is less exaggerated.

 Uses of Oblique Projection in Society:
1.Product Design: Oblique projection is used to visualize products or
machines in 3D for design and manufacturing purposes.
2.Architecture: Architects use oblique projection to sketch buildings and
their features, such as windows and doors, to quickly convey their
designs.
3.Engineering: Engineers use oblique projection to represent parts of
machines or structures to understand their shape and construction.
4.Education: Oblique projections help students and learners understand
how 3D objects look by simplifying complex shapes and structures.

 This technique is useful because it provides a clear, simple way to

show depth and dimensions in a 2D drawing.

Oblique drawing is used in various fields for practical and visual

purposes.
Here are some common uses:
1.Product Design:
 Oblique drawing helps designers quickly sketch 3D objects, such
as products or machines, showing the front view clearly while
adding depth to the design.

2.Engineering and Technical Drawings:

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  Engineers use oblique drawings to represent mechanical parts or
components, especially when they need to show both the front and
depth of an object without complex perspective views.
3.Architecture:
 Architects use oblique projections to show buildings, rooms, or
layouts in a simplified 3D format, which helps in visualizing how
the structure looks from different angles.
4.Illustrating Assembly Instructions:
 Oblique drawings are often used in manuals to show how parts fit
together, giving a clear view of the front and depth of the objects.
5.Education:
 In educational settings, oblique projection is used to teach
students how to visualize and understand 3D shapes on a 2D
surface.
 It's easier to create and interpret than other 3D techniques like
perspective drawings.
6.Cartography:
 Oblique drawings can be used in map-making or land surveys to
represent topography, showing both the ground level and elevation
changes.

 Overall, oblique drawing is favored in situations where clarity and

simplicity are more important than precise realism.
 It’s particularly useful for technical fields that need a fast,
straightforward way to represent 3D objects.

VISUAL PROGRAMMING.
Meaning of Visual Programming:
 Visual programming is a type of programming where you create

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 software by manipulating graphical elements instead of writing
lines of code.
 It uses pictures, icons, and diagrams to represent actions or
operations.
 For example, you can connect blocks that represent different tasks
to build a program, similar to solving a puzzle.

Application Areas of Visual Programming Software:

Visual programming software is used in many areas, such as:

1.Education:
 It’s used to teach coding to beginners or kids, as it simplifies
programming concepts with drag-and-drop features.
 Programs like Scratch help students learn programming logic
without writing code.
2.Game Development:
 Visual programming tools allow game designers to create
interactive elements and simple games without needing to write
complex code.
 Tools like Unity's visual scripting help in creating game mechanics
visually.

3.Automation:
 In business or industries, visual programming helps automate
tasks.
 Software like Microsoft Power Automate allows users to create
workflows using visual blocks to automate processes like data
entry or email management.
4.Data Analysis:

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  Software like Tableau or KNIME uses visual programming to help
users analyze data and create reports without needing to write
code, making it easier to work with data.
5.Robotics:
 Visual programming is often used in robotics for controlling robots
and devices.
 It allows users to control robotic systems using a flowchart-like
interface, which is easier than traditional coding.
How to Develop an Application Using Visual Programming Software:
 To develop an application using visual programming software,
follow these steps:
 Step 1: Choose a Visual Programming Tool: Select a software tool
like Scratch, Blockly, or Node-RED.
 Step 2: Define Your Goal: Decide what you want your application to
do. For example, it could be a simple game, a website, or an
automation task.
 Step 3: Design the Flow: Use the drag-and-drop blocks or icons to
design the flow of your program. Each block represents a function
or action.
 Step 4: Connect the Blocks: Link the blocks in the correct order to
represent the logical sequence of tasks or actions.
 Step 5: Test Your Program: Run the program to see if it works as
expected. You can tweak or add more blocks to improve
functionality.
 Step 6: Finalize and Deploy: Once the application works as
intended, you can deploy it or share it with others.

Use of Visual Programming in Day-to-Day Life:

Visual programming is used in several ways in daily life:

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1.Creating Personal Automations:
 People can use visual programming tools to automate tasks like
turning on lights, sending emails, or scheduling reminders.
 For example, you could use tools like IFTTT to automatically post
your social media updates.
2.Building Simple Apps:
 People without coding experience can create their own apps or
games using visual programming tools like App Inventor or
Thunkable.
3.Control Smart Devices:
 Visual programming is used in controlling smart devices in homes.
 Tools like SmartThings or Home Assistant allow users to
automate home appliances like lights, thermostats, or security
systems without writing code.
4.Education:
 Kids can use visual programming languages like Scratch to create
stories, games, or animations, helping them learn logic and
problem-solving without needing to know traditional programming
languages.

 In short, visual programming makes technology more accessible

to everyone, allowing people to create software and automate
tasks without deep programming knowledge.

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STRAND: MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION.

SUB-STRAND: WOOD.
Definition of Wood:
 Wood is a natural material that comes from trees. It is made up of
cells and fibers, which help trees stand up straight and grow tall.
 Wood is used for building, making furniture, and many other things.

Types of Wood:

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Page 29 of 29
 1. Hardwood: Comes from trees that have broad leaves, like oak,
mahogany, and teak.
2. Softwood: Comes from trees that have needles and cones, like
pine, cedar, and fir.
Examples of Hard and Softwood:
 Hardwood: Oak, Mahogany, Teak
 Softwood: Pine, Cedar, Fir

Physical Characteristics of Hardwood.

1.Denser: Hardwoods are heavier and harder.
2.Durable: They last longer and are strong.
3.Grain patterns: Usually have intricate grain designs.

 Examples: Oak, Mahogany.

Physical Characteristics of Softwood.
1.Lighter: Softwoods are less dense and lighter.
2.Less durable: They are easier to carve and shape but not as long-
lasting.
3.Smoother grain: The grain tends to be simpler and straighter.
 Examples: Pine, Cedar.

Methods of Wood Preparation:

1.Conversion:
 This is the process of cutting trees into logs and then turning
those logs into usable wood pieces.
 This can be done in various ways:
a. Sawmilling: Cutting logs into planks or boards.

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 b. Rough sawing: Making the wood into larger pieces that can be
shaped later.

2.Seasoning:
 This is the process of drying the wood to remove moisture. Fresh
wood (green wood) can be too wet, which makes it weak or likely
to crack.
 Seasoning helps the wood last longer and be easier to work with.

a. Air seasoning: Allowing wood to dry in the open air.

b. Kiln seasoning: Using a heated oven to speed up the drying

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 process.

Relating Types of Wood to Their Uses in the Community:

 Hardwood: Because it is strong and durable, hardwood is used for
furniture, flooring, and building structures that need to last long,
like doors and window frames.
 Softwood: Since softwood is easier to shape and lighter, it is used
for making paper, boxes, construction framing, and furniture that
doesn’t need to last as long.
Uses of Wood in Daily Life:
1. Building Materials: Wood is used to make houses, furniture, and
even bridges.
2. Tools: Some tools like handles of hammers, axes, and gardening
tools are made of wood.
3. Paper: Wood pulp is used to make paper.
4. Fuels: Wood can be burned for cooking or heating.
5. Crafts: Wood is used for carving statues, toys, and decorative
items.
6. Musical Instruments.
 Many musical instruments, such as pianos, violins, guitars, and
drums, are made from wood.
 Its resonance and sound qualities make it an ideal material for
producing rich, clear tones.
7. Packaging.
 Wood is used to make boxes, crates, and pallets for storing and
shipping goods.
 Wooden packaging is strong and provides protection for fragile
items during transport.

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8. Sporting Goods.
 Wood is used in making various sports equipment like baseball
bats, cricket bats, hockey sticks, and even ski poles.
 Its balance of strength and weight makes it ideal for these items.
9. Garden Tools.
 Many garden tools, such as rake handles, shovel handles, and
hoe handles, are made from wood because it is lightweight yet
sturdy.
10. Household Items.
 Items like cutting boards, wooden spoons, serving trays, bowls,
and furniture are made from wood.
 They are both functional and aesthetically pleasing in daily use.
11. Toys.
 Wooden toys, such as puzzles, blocks, and dolls, are safe,
durable, and environmentally friendly.
 They are often preferred for young children as they are non-
toxic and long-lasting.
12. Shelving and Storage.
 Wood is often used for shelves, cabinets, and storage units.
 It provides a strong and attractive way to organize homes and
offices.
13. Windows and Doors.
 Wood is used to make window frames, doors, and shutters due
to its durability and insulating properties.
14. Flooring.
 Hardwood floors are popular for their strength, beauty, and long
-lasting nature.
 Wood is often used for flooring in homes, offices, and public

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 spaces.
15. Decorative Items.
 Wood is commonly used for making picture frames, mirrors,
and other decorative home accessories.
 It brings a natural look to the interior design.
16. Fencing.
 Wooden fences are widely used to enclose properties. Wood’s
natural strength and ability to withstand outdoor conditions
make it a good material for fences.
17. Construction Forms and Shoring(process of supporting
building).
 In construction, wood is used for temporary structures like
formwork and shoring to support concrete during the building
process.
18. Fireplaces and Mantels.
 Wooden mantels are commonly found around fireplaces, adding
warmth and charm to living spaces.
 Firewood is also essential for heating and cooking.
19. Baskets and Wickerwork.
 Wood, especially thin, flexible pieces, is used in weaving
baskets and other woven items for storage and decoration.
20. Wooden Utensils.
 Wooden spoons, spatulas, and ladles are commonly used in
cooking because they do not scratch cookware and are gentle
on non-stick surfaces.

 Wood is an incredibly versatile material that continues to be

essential in various aspects of life, offering both practicality and
aesthetic appeal.

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Importance of wood in day to day life
 Wood plays an important role in our daily lives due to its versatility,
strength, and sustainability.
 Here are some key reasons why wood is important:
1. Building and Construction
 Wood is widely used in construction for building houses, bridges,
and other structures.
 It is strong, durable, and an excellent material for creating walls,
floors, and roofs.
2. Furniture.
 Most furniture, such as tables, chairs, cabinets, and beds, is made
from wood.
 It is valued for its beauty, variety of textures, and the ability to be
easily shaped.
3. Sustainable Resource.
 Wood is renewable and can be replenished if harvested
sustainably.
 Trees can be replanted, and wood products can be recycled,
making it an eco-friendly material compared to other building
materials like plastic or metal.
4. Paper Production.
 Wood is used to make paper, which is essential for writing, printing,
packaging, and even cleaning.
 Without wood, we wouldn't have paper for books, newspapers, or
notebooks.
5. Fuel.
 Wood is used as a source of energy in the form of firewood.

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  It has been a traditional and reliable source of heating and cooking
fuel, especially in rural areas.
6. Crafts and Art.
 Wood is commonly used for making various art pieces, sculptures,
toys, and household items.
 Its natural beauty and ease of carving make it perfect for crafting.
7. Transportation.
 Wooden materials are used in making vehicles like canoes, boats,
and even parts of vehicles like dashboards.
 Wood’s lightness and strength make it suitable for some
transportation needs.
8. Insulation.
 Wood has natural insulating properties, which help keep homes
warm in winter and cool in summer, making it an effective material
for energy conservation.

9. Health Benefits
 Wooden items, such as beds, desks, and shelves, contribute to
better indoor air quality compared to synthetic materials, making
wood a healthier option for home furnishings.
10. Cultural and Traditional Importance.
 Wood has cultural significance in many communities, where it is
used in rituals, temples, traditional artifacts, and ceremonial items,
playing a key role in preserving traditions.

 In summary, wood is indispensable in daily life for its uses in

construction, furniture, energy, art, and many other aspects,
offering both practical benefits and aesthetic value.

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HANDLING WASTE MATERIALS.
What are waste materials in the environment?
 Waste materials are things that people no longer need or use, and
they are thrown away.
 These materials can harm the environment if not handled properly.
 They include items like plastic, food scraps, chemicals, and old
electronics that end up in landfills, oceans, or other places in
nature.

Waste materials found in the environment:

a. Plastic waste: Bottles, bags, and packaging.

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b.Food waste: Leftover food, peels, and scraps.

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b. Paper waste: Newspapers, magazines, and cardboard.

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Page 40 of 40
c. Electronic waste: Old phones, computers, and batteries.

d. Chemical waste: Pesticides, paints, and cleaning products.

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e. Glass waste: Bottles and broken glass.

f. Metal waste: Cans, aluminum foil, and old cars.

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 g. Construction waste.

Ways of handling waste materials safely in the environment:

1.Reduce waste: Use less plastic and buy products with less packaging.
2.Reuse: Find ways to use things again, like using jars for storage or old
clothes for rags.
3.Recycle: Sort and recycle materials like paper, plastic, and metal to be

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made into new products.
4.Composting: Turn food scraps and garden waste into compost for
growing plants.
5.Proper disposal: Take waste to the correct disposal points, like
recycling bins or waste collection services.
6.Safe storage: Store chemicals or hazardous materials in sealed
containers to avoid spills or leaks.

Importance of proper handling of waste materials in the environment:

1.Protects health:
 Improper waste can cause diseases or injuries, especially when
waste piles up or contains harmful chemicals.
2.Prevents pollution:
 Waste that is not managed properly can pollute the land, air, and
water, which harms animals, plants, and humans.
3.Conserves resources:
 Recycling and reusing waste help save natural resources, such as
trees, water, and energy.
4.Reduces climate change:
 Proper waste management helps reduce greenhouse gases, like
methane from landfills, which contribute to global warming.
5.Preserves biodiversity:
 By reducing pollution, we protect the homes of many species of
plants and animals.

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Strand 4: Tools and Production.
Sub-Strand: Holding Tools.
What are Holding Tools?
 Holding tools are tools used to grip, hold, or clamp objects in place.
 They help keep items steady so you can work on them, cut them,
or fix them without them moving around.
 These tools make tasks easier and safer.

Holding Tools Used in Day-to-Day Life

Some common holding tools include:
1.Pliers - Used to grip, twist, or cut wires and small objects.

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2.Clamps - Used to hold materials together while you work on them.

3.Tongs - Used to hold hot objects or items that are too dangerous to
touch with bare hands.

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Page 47 of 47
4.Clips - Used to hold papers or other items together.

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5.Vice - A large tool used to hold objects in place firmly, often used in
workshops.

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Functions or Uses of Holding Tools
1.Pliers:
 Pliers are used to grip and bend wires, pull nails, or cut small
objects.
 They are also useful for holding small parts in place while you
work on them.

2.Clamps:
 Clamps help hold pieces of wood, metal, or other materials
together when gluing or nailing them.
 They make sure the materials stay in place as you work.
3.Tongs:
 Tongs are used for safely handling hot items, such as in cooking
or working with metal.
 They prevent burns by keeping your hands away from heat.
4.Clips:
 Clips hold papers or fabrics together.
 They are often used to organize documents or keep things in place
temporarily.
5.Vice:
 A vice is used in workshops to hold materials (like wood or metal)
tightly while they are being cut, shaped, or drilled.
 It ensures the material doesn’t move during work.

Safe Use of Holding Tools

1.Pliers:
 Always use pliers with both hands and avoid using them for tasks
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 they are not designed for, like cutting very thick wires.
2.Clamps:
 Be careful not to overtighten clamps, as they can damage the
material or cause injury.

3.Tongs:
 Use tongs to handle hot items and wear gloves for extra protection.
 Make sure the tongs are strong enough to support the weight of
the object.
4.Clips:
 Be gentle when using clips to avoid pinching your fingers or
breaking the clip.
5.Vice:
 Always make sure the object is properly aligned in the vice, and
never use it to hold something that could slip or break easily.

Caring for Holding Tools

1.Clean Regularly: After use, clean tools to remove dirt, grease, or rust.
2.Lubricate Moving Parts: For tools like pliers or clamps, regularly
lubricate the hinges to prevent them from getting stuck.
3.Store Properly: Store tools in a dry place to avoid rust. Use toolboxes
or racks to keep them organized and easy to find.
4.Inspect Regularly: Check tools for any damage or wear. Replace or
repair damaged tools to keep them safe to use.

Importance of Holding Tools in Day-to-Day Life

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1.Safety:
 Holding tools help keep materials in place and your hands away
from sharp or hot surfaces, reducing the risk of injury.
2.Efficiency:
 They make tasks easier and faster by keeping objects steady and
reducing the need for extra effort.
3.Accuracy:
 Holding tools help ensure precision in work, especially in tasks like
cutting, drilling, or gluing, which require a steady hand.
4.Versatility:
 Many holding tools can be used in a variety of settings, from the
kitchen to the workshop, making them useful for everyday tasks.

 In summary, holding tools are essential in daily life for making

work easier, safer, and more accurate. They help people perform
tasks that require precision, stability, or safety.

DRIVING TOOLS.
What are Driving Tools?
 Driving tools are tools used to push, pull, or strike something to

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 make it move or work.
 They are often used for tasks like fixing, tightening, or shaping
materials.

Driving Tools Used in Day-to-Day Life

1.Hammer

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2.Spanner (Wrench)

3.Screwdriver

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4.Punches

5.Mallet

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Uses of Driving Tools for Different Tasks
1.Hammer:
 Used for hitting nails, breaking things, or shaping materials like
metal.
 It’s useful in construction, repairs, and crafting.
2.Spanner (Wrench):

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  Used to tighten or loosen nuts and bolts.
 It’s common in fixing cars, bicycles, or household appliances.
3.Screwdriver:
 Used for driving screws into wood, metal, or other materials.
 It's essential for assembling furniture or repairing electrical
devices.
4.Punches:
 Used for making holes or indentations in materials like metal or
leather.
 They are helpful in metalworking and crafting.
5.Mallet:
 A type of hammer with a soft head, used for striking without
damaging surfaces.
 It’s useful for carpentry, leatherwork, and other delicate tasks.

Safe Use of Driving Tools

1.Always wear safety gear like goggles and gloves.
2.Make sure the tool is in good condition before use (no cracks or
damage).
3.Hold the tool properly to avoid injuries. For example, grip a hammer by
its handle and avoid hitting with too much force.
4.Use tools for their intended purpose (don’t use a wrench as a hammer).
5.Keep your work area clean and free from distractions to avoid
accidents.

Caring for Driving Tools

1.Clean tools after use to prevent rust. Wipe them with a cloth and store
them in a dry place.
2.Sharpen tools like screwdrivers and chisels to keep them working

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efficiently.
3.Store tools properly, hanging them on a tool rack or keeping them in a
toolbox to avoid damage.
4.Check for damage regularly, and replace worn-out parts like
hammerheads or rusted wrenches.

Importance of Driving Tools in Day-to-Day Life

 Driving tools are essential in everyday tasks because they help us
fix things, build structures, and maintain our homes, vehicles, and
gadgets.
 Without them, completing tasks like repairing a leaky faucet,
assembling furniture, or maintaining a car would be very difficult.
 They make work faster, easier, and more precise, improving
efficiency in daily life.
 Efficient Work: They make tasks quicker and more efficient,
allowing people to complete repairs, assembly, and maintenance
faster.
 Problem Solving: Driving tools help us fix broken items, tighten
loose parts, or shape materials, enabling us to solve everyday
problems at home, at work, or on the go.
 Cost Savings: With the right tools, we can repair things ourselves
instead of paying for professional services, saving money.
 Improved Safety: Properly using driving tools can prevent
accidents or damage that may occur if tasks were done improperly
or without the right tools.
 Versatility: These tools can be used for a wide range of tasks, from
home repairs to car maintenance, making them essential in daily
life.
 Durability of Items: By using driving tools, we can maintain and

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 care for the items around us, helping them last longer and perform
better.

 In summary, driving tools are crucial for maintaining and improving

the quality of life by making tasks easier, safer, and more efficient.

STRAND: ENTREPRENEURSHIP.

SUB-STRAND: FINANCIAL SERVICES

What are Financial Services?
 Financial services are services provided by companies that
manage money.
 They include things like helping people save money, providing
loans, offering insurance, and helping businesses manage their
finances.
 These services are important because they help individuals and
businesses achieve their financial goals and make money-related
decisions.

Financial Institutions Available in Kenya

 In Kenya, there are several types of financial institutions that
provide different services to help people and businesses manage
their finances.
 These institutions include:
1.Banks

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2.Insurance Companies
3.SACCOs (Savings and Credit Co-operative Organizations)
4.Microfinance Institutions

Types of Financial Institutions in Kenya

1.Banks.
 Banks are financial institutions that provide services such as
saving accounts, loans, and credit cards.
 They are the most common type of financial institution and can be
found all over Kenya.
 Examples include KCB, Equity Bank, and Cooperative Bank.
 Banks provide services to both individuals and businesses.

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2.Insurance Companies.
 Insurance companies provide protection against risks such as
accidents, illness, or property damage.
 They offer various types of insurance policies, including life
insurance, health insurance, and car insurance.
 In Kenya, examples include Jubilee Insurance and Britam.

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3.SACCOs (Savings and Credit Co-operatives)
 SACCOs are member-based organizations where people save
money and can also borrow money at low-interest rates.
 SACCOs are especially popular in Kenya, where many people are
part of cooperative groups, such as the Tower SACCO (for
teachers) and Stima SACCO (for employees in the energy sector).
 SACCOs promote saving and lending among their members.

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4.Microfinance Institutions.
 Microfinance institutions provide financial services to people who
are not able to access services from banks due to lack of collateral
or a formal job.
 They offer small loans (microloans) to help individuals or small
businesses grow.
 Examples include Faulu Microfinance and Kenya Women
Microfinance Bank (KWFT).

Services Offered by Financial Institutions in Kenya

1.Savings Accounts.
 Most banks and SACCOs offer savings accounts where individuals

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 can deposit money and earn interest.
 This helps people keep their money safe and grow over time.

2.Loans.
 Financial institutions offer loans to help individuals and
businesses pay for things like education, housing, or business
expansion.
 SACCOs and microfinance institutions also offer loans at lower
interest rates to their members.

3.Insurance.
 Insurance companies provide various types of insurance to protect
individuals and businesses against unexpected events.
 This includes life insurance, health insurance, and car insurance.

4.Investment Services.
 Some financial institutions offer investment opportunities, such as
mutual funds or retirement plans, to help people grow their wealth
over time.

5.Money Transfers.
 Many financial institutions in Kenya offer money transfer services,
both locally and internationally.
 These services include mobile money platforms like M-Pesa,
which allow people to send and receive money using their phones.

6.Foreign Exchange.
 Banks and some microfinance institutions also offer foreign
exchange services, where people can buy or sell foreign currencies

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 for travel or business.

Utilisation of Financial Services for Entrepreneurial Development

 Financial services play a key role in helping entrepreneurs develop
and grow their businesses.
 Here’s how:
1.Access to Capital.
 Entrepreneurs need money to start or expand their businesses.
 Banks, SACCOs, and microfinance institutions provide loans that
entrepreneurs can use to buy equipment, pay employees, or
expand their operations.

2.Financial Advice.
 Financial institutions offer advisory services that help
entrepreneurs make smart decisions about how to manage their
money.
 This could include advice on budgeting, investment, and risk
management.

3.Business Insurance.
 Insurance protects businesses from risks like theft, fire, or
lawsuits.
 Entrepreneurs can use insurance services to safeguard their
business and continue operating smoothly in case of unexpected
events.

4.Payment and Collection Systems.

 Financial institutions provide tools like mobile money platforms
and bank accounts, allowing entrepreneurs to easily receive

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 payments from customers and make payments to suppliers.

5.Savings for Future Growth.

 Entrepreneurs can use savings accounts to set aside money for
future investments or business expansion.
 These accounts help them manage their cash flow and keep funds
for business growth.

 By utilizing these services, entrepreneurs can improve their

financial management, reduce risks, and ensure the sustainability
of their businesses.
GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS.
 Government involvement in business activities is one of the
commercial duties it owes its citizens.
 It is the one that provides the necessary environment for
investments to be undertaken by itself,by the local and foreign
investors.
 This,the government may do in various ways that is;
1.Producing goods and services.
2.Distributing goods and services.
3.Advising producers and traders.
4.Promoting trade and economic development.
5.Protecting consumers against exploitation by producers and traders.
Reasons for Government Involvement in Business:
1.Ensuring Fairness: The government regulates businesses to make sure
they operate fairly, preventing monopolies and exploitation of customers.
2.Economic Stability: The government helps maintain a stable economy
by controlling inflation, encouraging investment, and regulating trade.
3.Public Welfare: Governments get involved to ensure businesses do not

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harm public health or the environment and that employees are treated
fairly.
4.Promoting Growth: Governments can support businesses through
subsidies, grants, and infrastructure development, helping to boost the
economy.
5.To prevent foreign dominance of the economy by investing in areas
where the locals are not able to.
6.To redistribute wealth where returns are very high.
7.To create employment opportunities by initiating projects such as
generation of electricity.
8.To provide goods and services which are too sensitive to be left in the
hands of private sector e,g provision of firearms.
9.To stimulate economic development in the country e.g providing social
services.
10.To attract foreign investment by initiating major business projects.
11.To provide essential goods and services in areas where private
individuals and organizations are unwilling to venture due to low profits
or high risks involved.
12.To provide essential goods and services which private organizations
and individuals are unable to provide due to the large amount of initial
capital required e.g establishment of airlines.

Ways of Government Involvement in Business:

 The government gets involved in business activities through the
following methods:
1.Regulation:
 This involves setting rules and laws that businesses must follow,
like safety standards and tax laws.
 Through this method ,the government ensures high quality goods

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 and services and puts in control measures to protect consumers
from exploitation.
 The government regulation measures include;
(a).Licensing.
 A license is a document that shows a business has been permitted
by the government to operate.
 It is usually issued upon payment of a small fee.
 Licensing is the process of issuing licenses to businesses.
Reasons for Licensing.
1.To regulate the number of businesses in a given place at any given
time to avoid unhealthy competition.
2.To ensure there are no illegal businesses.
3.To control the type of goods entering and leaving the country.
4.To raise revenue for the government.
5.To ensure that those engaging in professional activities meet the
requirements of the profession.
2.Subsidies:
 Offering financial support to businesses, especially in essential
sectors like agriculture.
3.Providing Infrastructure:
 Building roads, electricity, and communication networks to make
business easier.
4.Nationalization:
 Taking control of certain industries or businesses, especially if
they are important for national interests.
5.Ensuring standards /enforcing standards.
 The government regulates business activities by setting standards
that businesses should and ensure that the standards are adhered
to.

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  To achieve this the government has established bodies like
KEBS,The Ministry of Public Health
6.Legislation.
 The government may come up with rules and regulations that
regulate business activities e.g banning hawking in certain areas
7.Training.
 The government takes keen interest in training and advising
people in business about business management strategies and
better ways of producing goods and services.
 The government offers these services through seminars and
courses.
 This is mainly done by the Kenya Business Training Institute
(K.B.T.I)
8.Trade Promotion.
 This is a government initiated and supported policy to encourage
local business people to enter into business.
 This is aimed at increasing the volume and variety of goods and
services traded in.

Meaning of Taxes and Paying Taxes in Kenya:

 Taxes are money that businesses and individuals are required to
pay to the government.
 A tax is a compulsory payment by citizens to the government.
 Taxation is the process by which the taxing authority (K.R.A)
makes citizens to pay taxes.
 In Kenya, taxes help the government fund essential services like
education, health, and infrastructure.
 Paying taxes in Kenya is mandatory for both individuals and
businesses.

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  Businesses must file tax returns regularly and ensure they meet
their tax obligations.

Importance of Paying Taxes in Kenya:

1.Government Services:
 Taxes help fund essential public services like schools, hospitals,
roads, and security.
2.Economic Development:
 Taxes are used for infrastructure projects and investments that
help the economy grow.
3.Social Programs:
 Taxes support programs aimed at improving the welfare of
citizens, such as poverty alleviation and healthcare.
4.Public Infrastructure Development:
 Taxes help fund the construction and maintenance of vital
infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, public transportation
systems, and communication networks, all of which support
business activities.

5.Supporting Government Projects:

 Taxes contribute to government projects aimed at improving the
country’s development, including education, health services,
housing, and agriculture.
 This creates a better environment for both citizens and businesses.
6.Promoting Economic Stability:
 When citizens and businesses pay taxes, it ensures the
government has the financial resources to implement policies that
stabilize the economy, curb inflation, and encourage sustainable
growth.

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7.Attracting Foreign Investment:
 A tax-paying culture shows international investors that the country
is stable, organized, and committed to sustainable economic
practices, which can attract more foreign investment.
8.Social Security Programs:
 Taxes contribute to social welfare systems like pensions,
unemployment benefits, and other safety nets for citizens,
improving the overall social well-being of the population.
9.Job Creation:
 Tax revenue helps fund the creation of public sector jobs and the
development of programs that support small businesses and
startups, leading to more employment opportunities for the public.
10.Promoting National Pride:
 Paying taxes is a way for citizens and businesses to contribute to
the national development of Kenya, fostering a sense of ownership,
national pride, and patriotism.

11.Ensuring Law and Order:

 Tax revenue funds the police and other security services, helping
to maintain law and order, which is critical for the safety of
businesses and the general public.
12.Supporting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
 Taxes help the government fund initiatives that align with the UN
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as reducing poverty,
promoting education, and advancing gender equality.
13.International Relations and Aid:
 A healthy tax system can help Kenya meet international financial
commitments, strengthening relationships with global financial
institutions and improving the country’s creditworthiness.

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  By paying taxes, individuals and businesses play an essential role
in supporting the overall functioning and development of the
country.

Types of Taxes in Kenya:

1.Income Tax: Paid by individuals and businesses based on their income.
The more you earn, the higher your tax.
2.Value-Added Tax (VAT): A tax added to the price of goods and
services. Businesses collect VAT on behalf of the government.
3.Corporate Tax: Paid by companies on their profits. It is typically a
percentage of the company's earnings.
4.Fuel Levy: Tax imposed on fuel, which is used to fund road
construction and maintenance.
5.Excise Duty: A tax on specific goods like alcohol, tobacco, and luxury
products. It is meant to discourage the consumption of harmful goods
and generate revenue.

E-Government Services in Business:

 E-government services allow businesses to access government
services online.
 Examples include:
1.Business Registration:
 Starting a business in Kenya can now be done online through the
eCitizen portal.
2.Motor Vehicle Licensing:
 The National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA) offers

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 services like vehicle registration and renewals online.
3.Tax Filing:
 Businesses can file tax returns online through the Kenya Revenue
Authority (KRA) website e-citizen.
4.Permits and Licenses:
 Businesses can apply for necessary permits like health certificates,
trade licenses, etc., through government platforms.

Importance of Complying with Government Regulations in Business:

1.Avoiding Penalties:
 Businesses that fail to follow government rules can face fines,
closures, or legal action.
2.Building Trust:
 Complying with regulations helps build a good reputation, ensuring
customers and investors trust the business.
3.Ensuring Sustainability:
 Following regulations ensures businesses contribute to the social
and environmental well-being of the community.
4.Access to Government Services:
 Compliance is necessary for businesses to benefit from
government programs, subsidies, or support.

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BUSINESS PLAN.
What is a Business Plan?
 A business plan is a written document that outlines the goals of a
business, the steps needed to achieve those goals, and how the
business will succeed.
 It acts as a roadmap for running the business, guiding
entrepreneurs on how to organize, manage, and grow their
business.

Importance of a Business Plan in Entrepreneurship

1.Provides Clear Direction:
 A business plan helps entrepreneurs stay focused on their goals
and objectives, ensuring they have a clear path to follow.
2.Attracts Investors:
 Investors or lenders want to see a solid plan before they put
money into a business.
 A well-written business plan shows them the potential for success.
3.Helps with Decision-Making:
 With a business plan, entrepreneurs can make better decisions by
having a clear understanding of their market, resources, and
financial needs.
4.Risk Management:
 It helps identify potential challenges and risks, allowing the

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 entrepreneur to plan strategies to overcome them.
5.Measures Progress:
 A business plan helps track business growth and performance by
setting goals and benchmarks.
6.It helps a business person to avoid mistakes.
7.It enables one to identify strength and weakess of a business.

Components of a Business Plan

1.Executive Summary:
 A brief overview of the business plan, summarizing the business
idea, mission, and goals.
 It’s usually written last but placed at the beginning of the plan.
2.Business Description:
 Describes what the business does, its mission, and the problems it
aims to solve for customers.
 This section explains the business’s purpose and the value it
offers.
3.Market/Competitor Analysis:
 This section provides research about the market the business will
operate in, including the target audience and key competitors.
 It shows how the business will stand out from its competitors.
4.Products and Services:
 Describes the products or services the business will offer,
including how they solve problems for customers.
 It also covers the unique selling points and benefits of the product
or service.

5.Marketing Plan:
 Outlines the strategy to promote and sell the business’s products

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 or services.
 It includes marketing tactics, pricing, distribution, and how to
reach customers effectively.
6.Financial Projection:
 Provides an estimate of the business’s financial future, including
income, expenses, and profits.
 It helps the entrepreneur understand the financial needs and the
potential for profitability.

Use of a Business Plan in Entrepreneurship

1.Guidance for Startups:
 It helps new entrepreneurs understand the steps to take and
resources needed to launch the business.
2.Funding and Loans:
 A business plan is used to apply for loans or funding from banks,
investors, or government programs.
3.Tracking Business Growth:
 Entrepreneurs use the business plan to compare their actual
performance with their goals and make adjustments.
4.Risk Mitigation:
 It helps identify and plan for potential risks and challenges that
could affect the business.
Business Plan Template
Here is a simple template for creating a business plan:
1.Executive Summary
 Business name and location
 Mission statement
 Brief description of products or services
 Business goals and objectives

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  Business Description
2.Overview of the business and industry.
 The problem your business solves
 Target market and customer base
 Market/Competitor Analysis
3.Description of the target market
 Analysis of competitors
 Market trends and customer needs
 Products and Services
4.Detailed description of products or services
 How your products/services benefit customers
 Pricing and unique selling proposition
 Marketing Plan
5.Marketing strategies (advertising, social media, etc.)
 Sales strategy (how you will sell your products/services)
 Customer relationship management
6.Financial Projections
 Start-up costs
 Projected income and expenses
 Break-even analysis
 Profit and loss forecast
 By following this template, entrepreneurs can create a well-
organized plan to help guide the success of their business.

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