ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY

Manual for 4th semester Mechanical Engineering

Prepared by

J.SARAVANAN. M.E,
Adhoc lecturer
Dept of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Government College of Engineering
Tirunelveli – 627007
 NAME: REG.NO:

DEPARTMENT: YEAR:

SUB CODE & TITTLE:

________________________________________________________________________________ _ _

CONTENTS

EX:NO DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT INITIAL

1. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

2. OPEN CICUIT TEST AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON

SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

3. LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

4. LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

5. SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

6. NO LOAD AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF

EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR

7. NO LOAD AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF

SEPARATELY EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR

8. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

9. LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE

INDUCTION MOTOR

10. REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR BY EMF

MATHOD

11. REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR BY MMF

METHOD

12. STUDY OF DC MOTOR AND INDUCTION MOTOR

STARTERS

STAFF INCHARGE
 EX.NO: LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
DATE:

AIM:
To determine the regulation and efficiency of a single phase transformer by
conducting load test and draw its characteristics curve.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 2

2. Ammeter (0-20)A MI 2

3. Wattmeter 220V, 20A UPF 2

4. Connecting wires 1/18” - Required

FORMULEA:

1. Primary current = Capacity / Rated primary voltage

2. Secondary current = Capacity / Rated secondary voltage
3. Multiplication factor = VICosФ / n
4. Efficiency η = (W2/W1)*100
5. % Regulation up = [(V0-VL)/VL]*100
6. % Regulation down = [(V0-VL)/V0]*100

Where,
V = Voltage rating of the wattmeter in volts
I = Current rating of the wattmeter in Amps
CosФ = Power factor of the wattmeter
n = Full scale division in wattmeter
W1= Primary power in Watts
W2 = Secondary power in Watts
V0= Secondary terminal voltage at no load in Volts
VL = Secondary terminal voltage at load in Volts
 TABULATION

MULTIPLICATION FACTOR: _________

PRIMARY SIDE SECONDARY SIDE % REGULATION % EFFICIENCY

Sl.No V1 I1 W1 V2 I2 W2
UP DOWN
Volts Amps Div Act Volts Amps Div Act η
THEORY:

Load test of a single phase transformer is helpful to determine the efficiency

and regulation of the transformer. In the load test a load is connected to the secondary
winding of the transformer. The load may be non-inductive, inductive and capacitive in
nature.
The transformer is excited to its rated voltage on no load. When there is no
load on the transformer, it draws a no load current I 0 from the main to produce a flux of Ф 0 in
the core. But when the secondary is loaded, a load current I2 flows through the secondary to
the load. The secondary current I2 causes flux Ф2, this flux Ф2 is proportional to N2, I2 in
opposition to the no load flux Ф 1. Hence the net flux in the core decreases. In order to
compensate the reduction in flux, the primary winding draws more current from the mains.

Due to this load condition the secondary current I 2 is flows through the load.
At the same time the secondary voltage V2 is reduced from its rated value. The phase angle
between V2 and I2 depends on the type of load. When the load is resistive (non-inductive) I2
will be in phase with V2. When the load is inductive I2 will be lagging V2 and when the load
is capacitive I2 will be leading V2.

All electrical appliances are designed to operate satisfactorily at constant

voltage. Therefore the transformers from which electric supply is obtained must maintain
their output voltages without variations. The voltage in a transformer on load varies however
and it is mainly due to its leakage reactance.

The regulation of a transformer is defined as reduction in magnitude of the

terminal voltage due to load, with respect to the no load terminal voltage. For an ideal
transformer, regulation is 0% since voltage drops due to R1, X1, R2, X2 are negligible.

The efficiency of any electrical apparatus is the ratio of output power to the
input power. The efficiency of a transformer is high since there is no rotating parts and in the
range of 95 to 98%. This implies that the transformer losses are as low as 2 to 5% of the input
power.
PRECAUTION:

 All the connections should be right and tight.

 The auto transformer should be kept in minimum position while switching on and off
the supply side DPSTS.

 At the time of switching on the supply there should not be any load connected.

PROCEDURE:

 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 After verifying the connections switch ON the power supply and the DPST switch is
closed.

 The transformer is excited to its rated voltage (230V) by adjusting auto transformer.

 Then the load is gradually increased till the transformer draws rated current from the
supply.

 The voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter readings are noted and tabulated for different
loads.

 Then the regulation, efficiency of the transformer is calculated by using formulae and
the characteristics curve is draw.

 Disconnect the connections and switch OFF the power supply.

MODEL CALCULATION: READING NO:
RESULT:
Thus the regulation and efficiency of the single phase transformer was determined
by conducting load test and the characteristics curves were drawn.
 EX.NO: OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE
DATE: TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To conduct open circuit and short circuit test on a single phase transformer and to
determine
i. Equivalent circuit parameters
ii. % voltage regulation
iii. Efficiency at any load

And draw its characteristics curves and equivalent circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 1
(0-75)V MI 1

2. Ammeter (0-20)A MI 1
(0-2)A MI 1

3. Wattmeter 220V, 2.5A LPF 1

55V, 20A UPF 1

4. Connecting wires 1/18” - Required

FORMULEA:

1. Primary current = Capacity / Rated primary voltage

2. Multiplication factor = VICosФ / n

Where,
V = Voltage rating of the wattmeter in volts
I = Current rating of the wattmeter in Amps
CosФ = Power factor of the wattmeter
n = Full scale division in wattmeter
 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS

From open circuit test From short circuit test

1. W0= V0 I0 CosФ0 1. WSC = VSC ISC CosФSC

2. CosФ0 = W0 / (V0 * I0) 2. CosФSC = WSC / (VSC * ISC)
3. IC = I0 * CosФ0 3. R01 = WSC / (ISC)2
4. Im = I0 * SinФ0 4. Z01 = VSC / ISC
5. R0 = V0 / IC 5. X01 = (Z012– R012)1/2
6. X0 = V0 / Im 6. I2’ = I1 + I0

Where,
W0 = No load power Wsc = Short circuit power
CosФ0 = No load power factor CosФSC = Short circuit power factor
IC = Core loss current R01 = Resistance referred to primary
Im = Magnetizing current Z01 = Impedance referred to primary
R0 = Core loss resistance X01 = Reactance referred to primary
X0 = Inductive reactance I 1 = Full load primary current
I0 = No load primary current I 2’ = Secondary current referred to primary

EFFICIENCY

Efficiency at any load η = (n* Full load KVA)*power factor

(n* KVA)*Power factor+Pi+n2 Pcu

Where,
n = Load = ¼, ½, ¾, 1
KVA = Capacity of the transformer
Pi = Iron loss (No load power)
Pcu = Copper loss (Short circuit power)

%VOLTAGE REGULATION

1. % Regulation for lagging power factor = [(I 1 R01 CosФ + I1 X01 SinФ) / V1] * 100
2. % Regulation for leading power factor = [(I1 R01 CosФ - I1 X01 SinФ) / V1] * 100
3. % Regulation for unity power factor = [(I1 R01) / V1] * 100

Where,
V1 = Rated primary voltage
I1 = Full load primary current
R01 = Resistance referred to primary
X01 = Reactance referred to primary
 TABULATION

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST: MF = _____

WATTMETER READING
VOLTAGE CURRENT (W0)
(V0) (I0) DIVISIONS ACTUAL POWER

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST: MF =_______

WATTMETER READING
VOLTAGE CURRENT (WSC)
(VSC) (ISC) DIVISIONS ACTUAL POWER

% VOLTAGE REGULATION:

% VOLTAGE REGULATION
S.NO COSФ SINФ
LAGGING POWER FACTOR LEADING POWER FACTOR
THEORY:

Open circuit test and short circuit tests are useful to find the equivalent circuit
constants, core loss and full load copper loss, predetermine the efficiency and voltage
regulation at any load.

Open circuit test:

This is also known as no load test. The open circuit test is useful to find no
load loss (or) core loss, no load current I 0 which is helpful in finding out R0 and X0. One
winding of the transformer, usually high voltage winding is left open and the other winding is
connected to the supply of normal voltage and frequency.

As the normal rated voltage is applied to the primary, normal iron loss will
occur in the transformer core. Hence wattmeter will read the iron losses and small copper loss
in primary. As the no load current I0 is small (usually 1-3% of rated current) copper loss is
negligible in primary and nil in secondary winding. Hence wattmeter reading gives the iron
losses in the transformer and it is same at all loads.

The open circuit test gives no load loss Pi, Iw, Ic, R0 and X0.

Short circuit test:

This is also known as impedance test. The short circuit test is useful to find
full load copper loss, equivalent resistance and reactance referred to metering side.

In this test the, secondary winding (usually low voltage winding) is short
circuited by a thick conductor. The input voltage is gradually raised with the help of auto
transformer till Isc full load current flows in the primary winding.

There is no output from the transformer under short circuit condition.

Therefore input power is all loss and this loss is almost entirely copper loss. Since applied
voltage is very low, flux linking with the core is very small and therefore iron losses are so
small that these can be neglected and so the wattmeter gives total copper loss at full load.

The short circuit test gives full load copper loss, R01 and X01.
EFFICIENCY AT DIFFERENT LOADS:

FRACTION POWER FACTOR=0.2 POWER FACTOR=0.4 POWER FACTOR=0.6 POWER FACTOR=0.8 POWER FACTOR=1
OF
LOAD
I/P O/P η I/P O/P η I/P O/P η I/P O/P η I/P O/P η

1/4

1/2

3/4

1
PRECAUTION:

 All the connections should be right and tight.

 The auto transformer should be kept in minimum position while switching on and off
the supply side DPSTS.

 At the time of switching on the supply there should not be any load connected.

PROCEDURE:

 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 After verifying the connections switch ON the power supply and the DPST switch is
closed.

 For open circuit test the secondary winding is left open and the primary is excited to
its rated voltage (230V) by using auto transformer.

 Note down the voltmeter, ammeter, and wattmeter readings for no load and tabulate
the readings.

 For short circuit test the secondary winding is short circuited and the primary is
excited to its rated current (17.4 A) by using auto transformer.

 Note down the voltmeter, ammeter, and wattmeter readings for short circuit and
tabulate the readings.

 Then the efficiency, voltage regulation and equivalent circuit parameters are
calculated by using formulae and the characteristics curves, equivalent circuits are
draw.

 Disconnect the connections and switch OFF the power supply.

 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

MODEL GRAPHS

REGULATION CURVE EFFICIENCY CURVE

MODEL CALCULATION: READING NUMBER:
RESULT:

Thus the

i. Equivalent circuit parameters

ii. % voltage regulation
iii. Efficiency at any load
of a single phase transformer was determined by conducting
open circuit test and short circuit test and the characteristics curves, equivalent circuit were
drawn.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 EX.NO: LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR
DATE:

AIM:
To draw the
i. Performance characteristics
ii. Electrical characteristics
iii. Mechanical characteristics
of a DC series motor by conducting load test on it.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1

2. Ammeter (0-20)A MC 1

3. Tachometer - Digital 1

4. Connecting wires 1/18” - Required

FORMULEA:

1. Torque T = 9.81 * r * (T1 ~ T2) Nm

2. Input power = VL * IL watts
3. Output power = 2πNT/60 watts
4. Efficiency η = (Output power / Input power)*100

Where
r = radius of the brake drum in m
T1, T2 = spring balance readings in kg
VL = line voltage in volts
IL = Load current in amps
N = Speed of the motor in rpm
T = Torque in Nm
 TBULATION

CIRCUMFERENCE (2πr) = 69cm. RADIUS (r) = ________

VOLTAGE CURRENT SPEED SPRING BALANCE READINGS TORQUE INPUT OUTPUT EFFICIENCY
(VL) (IL) (N) (T1, T2) (T) POWER POWER (η)
S.No
Volts Amps rpm T1(kg) T2(kg) T1 ~ T2(kg) Nm Watts Watts %
THEORY:
In the load test the series motor is actually loaded. The input and output are
measured and the efficiency is determined. Since the complete power is wasted during this
test, this method is suitable for only small machines.

Load test consists of a brake drum keyed to the shaft of the motor. The brake
drum is filled with water to cool it. It is made up of cast iron or aluminum. A belt is wrapped
around the drum and each end of the belt is attached to a spring balance. The spring balances
are suspended from a frame which is fixed rigidly. Hence wheels are provided on the top of
the frame. The tension on the belt is adjusted by turning he hand wheels. If the tension on the
belt is increased then the load on the motor is increased. The spring balances indicate the
force acting on the brake drum.

Characteristics of DC series motor:

There are three types of characteristics in DC series motor. They are,
1. Performance characteristics
2. Electrical characteristics
3. Mechanical characteristics

1. Performance characteristics:
The graph is draw between output power versus torque, armature current,
speed and efficiency is known as performance characteristics. When the load is increased the
output power of the motor is increased because the output power depends on torque of the
motor. So the output power directly proportional to armature current, torque, and efficiency
and inversely proportional to speed.

2. Electrical characteristics:
The curve is drawn between armature current and torque is known as electrical
characteristics.
T ∝ Ф Ia

But in series motor

Ф ∝ Ia

T ∝ Ia2
This is up to the series field winding saturation.
Therefore at starting if heavy load is applied to the motor it will give very good
starting torque up to a certain level.

3. Mechanical characteristics:
The curve is drawn between speed and torque is known mechanical
characteristics.
N ∝ (V-IaRa)

From this equation, when Ia is increases the IaRa drop is increases. So the
total voltage is reduced. Hence the speed is also reduced. It is clear that the speed is inversely
proportional to armature current.
T∝ (Ia)
 MODEL GRAPHS

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS

 From this equation when the load current increases the torque also increased.
That is the torque is directly proportional to armature current.

From these two statements the speed is inversely proportional to the torque.
Hence when the load torque increases the speed slightly decreases.

PRECAUTION:

 All the connections should be right and tight.

 The motor should be started and stopped with load.

 The motor should be cooled by circulating water throughout the experiment.

PROCEDURE:

 The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 After verifying the connections switch ON the power supply and the DPST switch is
closed.

 Then start the motor using two point starter with some load.

 First note down the initial readings.

 Then gradually increase the load till the motor draws the rated current from the main
and note down the corresponding readings for different loads.

 Then the readings are tabulated and the characteristics curves are draw.

 Switch OFF the power supply and disconnect the connections.

MODEL CALCULATION READING NUMBER:
RESULT:
Thus the
i. Performance characteristics
ii. Electrical characteristics
iii. Mechanical characteristics
of a DC series motor was drawn by conducting load test on it.
 EX.NO: LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
DATE:

AIM:
To draw the
iv. Performance characteristics
v. Electrical characteristics
vi. Mechanical characteristics
of a DC shunt motor by conducting load test on it.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1

2. Ammeter (0-30)A MC 1

3. Rheostat 500 Ω, 0.8A - 1

4. Tachometer - - 1

5. Connecting wires 1/18” - Required

FORMULEA:

1. Torque T = 9.81 * r * (T1 ~ T2) Nm

2. Input power = VL * IL watts
3. Output power = 2πNT/60 watts
4. Efficiency η = (Output power / Input power)*100

Where
r = radius of the brake drum in m
T1, T2 = spring balance readings in kg
VL = line voltage in volts
IL = Load current in amps
N = Speed of the motor in rpm
T = Torque in Nm
 TABULATION

CIRCUMFERENCE (2πr) = 69cm. RADIUS (r) = ________

VOLTAGE CURRENT SPEED SPRING BALANCE READINGS TORQUE INPUT OUTPUT EFFICIENCY
(VL) (IL) (N) (T1, T2) (T) POWER POWER (η)
S.No
Volts Amps rpm T1(kg) T2(kg) T1 ~ T2(kg) Nm Watts Watts %
THEORY:
In the load test the shunt motor is actually loaded. The input and output are
measured and the efficiency is determined. Since the complete power is wasted during this
test, this method is suitable for only small machines.

Load test consists of a brake drum keyed to the shaft of the motor. The brake
drum is filled with water to cool it. It is made up of cast iron or aluminum. A belt is wrapped
around the drum and each end of the belt is attached to a spring balance. The spring balances
are suspended from a frame which is fixed rigidly. Hence wheels are provided on the top of
the frame. The tension on the belt is adjusted by turning he hand wheels. If the tension on the
belt is increased then the load on the motor is increased. The spring balances indicate the
force acting on the brake drum.

Characteristics of DC shunt motor:

There are three types of characteristics in DC shunt motor. They are,
4. Performance characteristics
5. Electrical characteristics
6. Mechanical characteristics

1. Performance characteristics:
The graph is draw between output power versus torque, armature current,
speed and efficiency is known as performance characteristics. When the load is increased the
output power of the motor is increased because the output power depends on torque of the
motor. So the output power directly proportional to armature current, torque, and efficiency
and inversely proportional to speed.

2. Electrical characteristics:
The curve is drawn between armature current and torque is known as electrical
characteristics.
T ∝ ФIa

Flux is assumed constant hence torque T becomes directly proportional to armature current
Ia. Therefore the torque-armature current characteristic is a straight line passing through the
origin.

3. Mechanical characteristics:
The curve is drawn between speed and torque is known mechanical
characteristics.
N ∝ (V-IaRa)

From this equation, when Ia is increases the IaRa drop is increases. So the total voltage is
reduced. Hence the speed is also reduced. It is clear that the speed is inversely proportional to
armature current.
T∝ (Ia)

From this equation when the load current increases the torque also increased. That is the
torque is directly proportional to armature current.

From these two statements the speed is inversely proportional to the torque.
Hence when the load torque increases the speed slightly decreases.
 MODEL GRAPHS

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS

PRECAUTION:

 All the connections should be right and tight.

 The field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.

 There should be no load at the time of starting the motor.

 The motor should be cooled by circulating water throughout the experiment.

PROCEDURE:

 The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 After verifying the connections switch ON the power supply and the DPST switch is
closed.

 Then start the motor using three point starter and set the rated speed (1500rpm) by
adjusting the field rheostat.

 First note down the readings without apply the load (No load readings).

 Then gradually increase the load till the motor draws the rated current from the main
and note down the corresponding readings for different loads.

 Then the readings are tabulated and the characteristics curves are draw.

 Switch OFF the power supply and disconnect the connections.

MODEL CALCULATION READING NUMBER:
 RESULT:
Thus the
iv. Performance characteristics
v. Electrical characteristics
vi. Mechanical characteristics
of a DC shunt motor was drawn by conducting load
test on it.
 EX.NO: SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
DATE:

AIM:
To control the speed of the given DC shunt motor by
i. Armature control method
ii. Field control method
and to draw the relevant characteristics curves.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1

2. Ammeter (0-2)A MC 1

3. Rheostat 500 Ω, 0.8A - 1

50 Ω, 5A 2

4. Tachometer - - 1

5. Connecting wires 1/18” - Required

SPEED EQUATION:

Eb = V – Ia Ra

PФZN = V – Ia Ra
60A

N = (V – Ia Ra) 60A
PФZ

N = K(V – Ia Ra) where Constant K = 60A

Ф PZ

Speed N ∝ (V – Ia Ra)
Ф

From this equation speed is directly proportional to Eb i.e., (V – Ia Ra) and

inversely proportional to the flux per pole.
 TABULATION

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:

Ish = 0.4A Ish = 0.45A Ish = 0.49A

Va ( volts) N (rpm) Va ( volts) N ( rpm) Va (volts) N (rpm)

FIELD CONTROL METHOD:

Va = 190V Va= 200V Va = 210V

Ish (A) N (rpm) Ish (A) N ( rpm) Ish (A) N (rpm)

 Where,
N = Speed of the motor in rpm
V = Applied voltage in volts
Ia = Armature current in amps
Ra = Armature resistance in ohm
Ф = Flux per pole in webers

THEORY:

From the above expression it is clear that the speed of the DC motor is controlled by
1. Varying the resistance in the armature circuit. This is known as armature control method.
2. Varying the flux per pole. This is known as flux control method.

1. Armature control method:

This method is based on the fact that by varying the voltage available across
the armature, the back emf and hence the speed of the motor can be changed. This is done by
inserting a variable resistance Rc (known as controller resistance) in series with the armature.
Due to voltage drop in the controller resistance, the back emf is decreased. Since N ∝ Eb,
the speed of the motor is reduced.

Advantages:
 This method is suitable for constant load drives where speed variations from low
speed to rated speed are required.

Disadvantages:
 Below the normal speed can only be applied.
 Power loss in the control resistance is high due to higher current rating.

2. Field control method:

This method is based on the fact that by varying the flux, the motor speed
(N ∝ 1/Ф) can be changed and hence the name flux control method. In this method, a
variable resistance (known as shunt field rheostat) is placed in series with shunt field
winding. By varying the field circuit resistance the shunt field current can only be decreased.
i.e., the flux will be decreased. Thus motor speed can be increased by decreasing the flux.

Advantages:
 This method of speed control can be used for increasing the speed of the motor above
its rated speed.
 Power loss in the field rheostat minimum due to low field current.

Disadvantages:
 Owing to the very weak field a reduced torque is obtained at top speeds.
 Weak field leads to commutation difficulties.
 MODEL GRAPHS

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD FIELD CONTROL METHOD

PRECAUTION:

 All the connections should be right and tight.

 The field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.

 The armature rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.

PROCEDURE:

 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 After verifying the connections switch ON the power supply and the DPST switch is
closed.

 For armature control method, set the field current at a constant value by adjusting
field rheostat and vary the armature voltage by adjusting the armature rheostat and
measure the speed by using tachometer.

 Then the readings are tabulated for different field currents and the characteristics
curve is draw.

 For field control method, set the armature voltage at a constant value by adjusting
armature rheostat and vary the field current by adjusting field rheostat and measure
the speed by using tachometer.

 Then the readings are tabulated for different armature voltages and the characteristics
curve is draw.

 Switch OFF the power supply and disconnect the connections.

RESULT:
Thus the speed of the DC shunt motor was controlled by
i. Armature control method
ii. Field control method
and the relevant characteristics curves were drawn.
 EX.NO: OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF
DATE: EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR

AIM:
To draw the open circuit characteristics and load characteristics of a self excited DC
shunt generator by conducting suitable and find its critical resistance.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
(0-60)V MC 1

2. Ammeter (0-2)A MC 1
(0-30)A MC 1

3. Rheostat 500 Ω, 0.8A - 2

4. Carbon rheostat 2 Ω, 25A - 1

5. Tachometer - - 1

6. Connecting wires 1/18” - Required

FORMULEA:

Open circuit test,

1. Eg1 = N1
Eg2 N2

2. Eg2 = Eg1 * (N2 / N1) in volts

3. Eg3 = Eg1 * (N3 / N1) in volts

4. Critical resistance = ΔEg / ΔIf in ohms

Load test,

1. Armature current Ia = If + IL in amps

2. generated emf Eg = VT + IaRa in amps

3. Armature resistance Ra= Va / Ia in ohms

THEORY:

In self excited generators the field magnets are energized by the current
produced by the generator itself. When the armature is rotated in the beginning some emf is
generated due to the presence of the residual magnetism. Thus some induced current
produced. This passes through the field coils. The field current produces more flux and the
action is cumulative and current passes through the field coils.

In self excited DC shunt generator the field winding is connected in parallel

with the armature terminals. The shunt field winding consists of larger number of turn of fine
gauge copper wire. Since the field winding is connected in parallel, full voltage of the
generator is applied across its terminals.

Characteristics of DC shunt generator:

There are three types of characteristics to be studied for understanding the
performance of DC shunt generator. They are

 No load characteristics

 Load characteristics

No load characteristics:
It is also called as open circuit characteristics or magnetization characteristics.
Open circuit characteristics of a DC shunt generator shows the relation between the no load
generated emf (E g) in the armature and the field current (I Sh). Referring to the emf equation
the induced emf of a generator is proportional to the flux per pole and the revelations per
second of the generator.

At a constant speed the generated emf becomes directly proportional to the

field flux. In a given machine the flux depends upon the field current. Because of the
residual magnetism the curve does not start at zero.

The open circuit characteristic is useful to find the critical field resistance and
critical speed of a generator.

Load characteristics:
The load characteristic is important for judging the suitability of a generator for
a particular load. When the DC shunt generator is loaded it is found that the terminal voltage
drops with increase in the load current. In the shunt generator the field current appears to be
constant and hence V also remains constant and is independent of the load. But it is not so
practically.
There are two main reasons for the drop in terminal voltage. They are armature
resistance drop and armature reaction drop. This in turn affects the field currant also. The
decreased field current reduced the field flux which further reduces the induced emf.

If the load characteristic is drawn between load current and terminal voltage
then it is called as external characteristics. If the load characteristic is drawn between induced
emf and armature current then it is called as internal characteristics.
 TO FIND Ra

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

ARMATURE VOLTAGE ARMATURE CURRENT ARMATURE RESISTANCE

S. (Va) (Ia) (Ra)
No volts Amps ohms

Ra= _________ Ω
PRECAUTION:

 All the connections should be right and tight.

 The motor field rheostat is kept at minimum resistance position.

 The generator field rheostat is kept at maximum resistance position.

 There should not be any load on the generator when start and stop the motor.

PROCEDURE:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

 Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

 After verifying the connections switch ON the power supply and the DPST switch is
closed.

 Then the motor is start with the help of four point starter and the rated speed
(1500rpm) is set in the generator by adjusting the field rheostat of the motor.

 Now note down the reading for zero field current i.e. without closing the SPSTS. The
voltmeter shows some voltage due to residual magnetism at zero field current.

 Then the SPSTS is closed and vary the field rheostat of the generator and note down
the corresponding induced emf in the generator.

 The readings are taken for various field currents and tabulated.

 From the open circuit characteristics curve, critical field resistance is measured.

 After taking the readings all the field rheostats are bring to its initial position.

 Switch OFF the power supply and disconnect the connections.

 TABULATION

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

FIELD N1 = 1200rpm N2 = 1500rpm N3 = 1800rpm

CURRENT
Eg1 Eg2 Eg3
S.No ( If)
Amps Volts Volts Volts

LOAD TEST:

FIELD LOAD TERMINAL ARMATURE GENERATED

CURRENT CURRENT VOLTAGE CURRENT EMF
(If) (IL) (VT) (Ia) (Eg)
S.No Amps Amps Volts Amps Volts
LOAD TEST:

 Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

 After verifying the connections switch ON the power supply and the DPST switch is
closed.

 The motor is start with the help of four point starter and the rated speed (1500rpm) is
set in the generator by adjusting the field rheostat of the motor.

 Then the SPST switch is closed and rated terminal voltage(230V) is set in the
generator by adjusting the field rheostat.

 Now the resistive load is switched ON and note down the meter readings.

 Then the load is gradually increased till the generator draws it’s rated current from the
main and then the corresponding readings are tabulated.

 From the readings internal and external characteristics are drawn.

 After taking the readings all the field rheostats are bring to its initial position.

 Switch OFF the power supply and disconnect the connections.

 MODEL GRAPHS

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS:

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS:
MODEL CALCULATION: READING NUMBER:
RESULT:
Thus the open circuit characteristics and load characteristics of a self excited DC
shunt generator were drawn and the critical field resistance was measured.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
 EX.NO: OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF
DATE: SEPARATELY EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR

AIM:
To draw the open circuit characteristics and load characteristics of a self excited DC
shunt generator by conducting suitable and find its critical resistance.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
(0-60)V MC 1

2. Ammeter (0-2)A MC 1
(0-20)A MC 1

3. Rheostat 500 Ω, 0.8A - 1

415 Ω, 1.1A - 1

4. Carbon rheostat 2 Ω, 25A - 1

5. Tachometer - Digital 1

6. Connecting wires 1/18” - Required

FORMULEA:

Open circuit test,

Eg 1 N1
1. =
Eg 2 N2

2. Eg2 = Eg1 * (N2 / N1) in volts

3. Eg3 = Eg1 * (N3 / N1) in volts

4. Critical resistance = ΔEg / ΔIf in ohms

Load test,

5. Armature current Ia = IL in amps

6. generated emf Eg = VT + IaRa in amps

7. Armature resistance Ra= Va / Ia in ohms

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR LOAD TEST
THEORY:

A DC generator whose field winding is supplied from an independent external

DC source is called a separately excited generator. The voltage output depends upon the
speed of rotation of armature and the field current. The generated emf is high when the field
current and speed of rotation of armature. It may be noted that separately excited DC
generators are rarely used in practice.

Characteristics of DC shunt generator:

There are three types of characteristics to be studied for understanding the
performance of DC shunt generator. They are

 No load characteristics

 Load characteristics

No load characteristics:
It is also called as open circuit characteristics or magnetization characteristics.
Open circuit characteristics of a DC shunt generator shows the relation between the no load
generated emf (E g) in the armature and the field current (I Sh). Referring to the emf equation
the induced emf of a generator is proportional to the flux per pole and the revelations per
second of the generator.

At a constant speed the generated emf becomes directly proportional to the

field flux. In a given machine the flux depends upon the field current. Because of the
residual magnetism the curve does not start at zero.

The open circuit characteristic is useful to find the critical field resistance and
critical speed of a generator.

Load characteristics:
The load characteristic is important for judging the suitability of a generator for
a particular load. When the DC shunt generator is loaded it is found that the terminal voltage
drops with increase in the load current. In the shunt generator the field current appears to be
constant and hence V also remains constant and is independent of the load. But it is not so
practically.
There are two main reasons for the drop in terminal voltage. They are armature
resistance drop and armature reaction drop. This in turn affects the field currant also. The
decreased field current reduced the field flux which further reduces the induced emf.

If the load characteristic is drawn between load current and terminal voltage
then it is called as external characteristics. If the load characteristic is drawn between induced
emf and armature current then it is called as internal characteristics.
 TO FIND Ra

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

ARMATURE VOLTAGE ARMATURE CURRENT ARMATURE RESISTANCE

S. (Va) (Ia) (Ra)
No volts Amps ohms

Ra= _________ Ω
PRECAUTION:

 All the connections should be right and tight.

 The motor field rheostat is kept at minimum resistance position.

 The generator field rheostat is kept at maximum resistance position.

 There should not be any load on the generator when start and stop the motor.

PROCEDURE:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

 Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

 After verifying the connections switch ON the power supply and the DPST switch is
closed.

 Then the motor is start with the help of four point starter and the rated speed
(1500rpm) is set in the generator by adjusting the field rheostat of the motor.

 Now note down the reading for zero field current.

 Then the DPSTS is closed and vary the field rheostat of the generator and note down
the corresponding induced emf in the generator.

 The readings are taken for various field currents and tabulated.

 From the open circuit characteristics curve, critical field resistance is measured.

 After taking the readings all the field rheostats are bring to its initial position.

 Switch OFF the power supply and disconnect the connections.

 TABULATION

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

FIELD N1 = 1200rpm N2 = 1500rpm N3 = 1800rpm

CURRENT
Eg1 Eg2 Eg3
S.No ( If)
Amps Volts Volts Volts

LOAD TEST:

FIELD LOAD TERMINAL GENERATED

CURRENT CURRENT VOLTAGE EMF
(If) (IL = Ia) (VT) (Eg)
S.No Amps Amps Volts Volts
LOAD TEST:

 Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

 After verifying the connections switch ON the power supply and the DPST switch is
closed.

 The motor is start with the help of four point starter and the rated speed (1500rpm) is
set in the generator by adjusting the field rheostat of the motor.

 Then the DPST switch is closed and rated terminal voltage(230V) is set in the
generator by adjusting the field rheostat.

 Now the resistive load is switched ON and note down the meter readings.

 Then the load is gradually increased till the generator draws its rated current from the
main and then the corresponding readings are tabulated.

 From the readings internal and external characteristics are drawn.

 After taking the readings all the field rheostats are bring to its initial position.

 Switch OFF the power supply and disconnect the connections.

 MODEL GRAPHS

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS:

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS:
MODEL CALCULATION: READING NUMBER:
RESULT:
Thus the open circuit characteristics and load characteristics of a separately
excited DC shunt generator were drawn and the critical field resistance was measured.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 EX.NO: LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
DATE:

AIM:
To draw the performance characteristics of a single phase induction motor by
conducting load test.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 1

2. Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1

3. Wattmeter 220V,10A UPF 1

4. Connecting wire 1/18” - Required

FORMULAE:

1. Torque T = 9.81 * r * (T1 ~ T2) Nm

2. Output power P0 = 2πNT/60 watts
3. Efficiency η = ( P0/ Pi )*100
4. Power factor = P0 / VL * IL
5. Percentage slip S = (Ns-Nr)/Ns *100
6. Multiplication factor = VICosФ / n

Where
r = radius of the brake drum in m
T1, T2 = spring balance readings in kg
N = Speed of the motor in rpm
T = Torque in Nm
VL = Line voltage in volts
IL = Load current in amps
NS = Synchronous speed in rpm
Nr = Rotor speed in rpm
Pi = Wattmeter readings in watts
 TABULATION

CIRCUMFERENCE (2πr) = 55cm. RADIUS (r) = ________

VOLTAGE CURRENT WATTMETER SPEED SPRING BALANCE TORQUE OUTPUT POWER EFFICIENCY POWER FACTOR SLIP
(VL) (IL) (Pi) (N) T1,T2 (kg) (T) (P0) (η) (Cos Ф)

Volts Amps Div Act rpm T1 T2 T1~T2 Nm Watts % - %

THEORY:
The single phase induction motors are small motors. These motors have power
rating in fractional horse power rating. These motors are used in homes, offices, shops and
factories. They provide motive power for fans, washing machines and hand tools etc.

A single phase induction motor is similar in construction to that of poly phase

induction motor with the difference that its stator has only one winding. If such a stator is
supplied with single phase alternating current the field produced by it changes in magnitude
and direction sinusoidally. Such an alternating field is equivalent to two fields of equal
magnitude rotating in opposite directions at equal speed.

Since the field is pulsating the torque is pulsating although no net torque is
produced over a full cycle. It is clear that a single phase induction motor when having only
one winding is not self starting. If the main field is made revolving instead of pulsating a
rotational torque could be produced in the rotor.

To produce the revolving magnetic field an auxiliary winding in the stator is

provided in addition to the main winding. These two winding axes are displaced by 90
electrical degrees by introducing a capacitor in starting winding.

The auxiliary winding is used only for starting period. When the motor speed
is about 75% of synchronous speed the auxiliary winding is disconnected from the circuit.
This is done by connecting a centrifugal switch in the auxiliary winding. After this, motor
runs because of main winding only.
MODEL GRAPH
PRECAUTION:

 All the connections should be right and tight.

 The auto transformer should be kept in minimum position while switching on and off
the supply side DPSTS.

 At the time of switching on the supply there should not be any load connected.

PROCEDURE:

 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 After verifying the connections switch ON the power supply and the DPST switch is
closed.

 The motor is excited to its rated voltage (230V) by adjusting auto transformer.

 Then the load is gradually increased till the motor draws rated current from the
supply.

 The voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, spring balance readings are noted and tabulated
for different loads.

 Then the performance characteristics curve is draw.

 Disconnect the connections and switch OFF the power supply.

MODEL CALCULATION: READING NUMBER:
RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristics of a single phase induction motor were
drawn by conducting load test on it
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 EX.NO: LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
DATE:

AIM:
To draw the performance characteristics of a three phase induction motor by
conducting load test on it.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-600)V MI 1

2. Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1

3. Wattmeter 440V,10A UPF 2

4. Tachometer - - 1

5. Connecting wires 1/18” - Required

FORMULEA:

1. Torque T = 9.81 * r * (T1 ~ T2) Nm

2. Input power = W1 + W2 watts
3. Output power = 2πNT/60 watts
4. Efficiency η = (Output power / Input power)*100
5. Power factor = (W1+W2 ) / √3VLIL
6. Percentage slip S = (Ns-Nr)/Ns *100

Where
r = radius of the brake drum in m
T1, T2 = spring balance readings in kg
W1, W2 = Wattmeter readings in watts
N = Speed of the motor in rpm
T = Torque in Nm
VL = Line voltage in volts
IL = Load current in amps
NS = Synchronous speed in rpm
Nr = Rotor speed in rpm
 TABULATION

CIRCUMFERENCE (2πr) = 55cm. RADIUS (r) = ________

VOLTAGE CURRENT SPEED WATTMETER WATTMETER SPRING BALANCE TORQUE OUTPUT INPUT EFFICIENCY POWER SLIP
(VL) (IL) (N) (W1) (W2) T1, T2 (kg) (T) POWER POWER (η) FACTOR

Volts Amps rpm Div Act Div Act T1 T2 T1~T2 Nm Watts Watts % - %
THEORY:

The efficiency of an induction motor can be determined by loading the motor

directly. Small motors can be conveniently tested by this direct method. In this method the
motor is subjected to direct loading by a brake drum arrangement.

When we apply mechanical load to the shaft of the motor, it will begin to slow
down and the rotating flux cut the rotor conductors at a higher rate. The induced voltage and
resulting current in rotor conductors will increase progressively producing greater torque. The
motor and mechanical load will soon reach a state of equilibrium when the motor torque is
exactly equal to the load torque. When this state is reached the speed will cease to drop
anymore and the motor will run at the new speed at a constant rate.

The drop in speed of the induction motor on increased load is small. It is

because the rotor impedance is low and a small decrease in speed produces a large rotor
current. The increased rotor current produces a higher torque to meet the increased load on
the motor. This is why induction motors are considered to be constant speed machines.

The change in load on the induction motor is met through the adjustment of
slip. When load on the motor increases the slip increases slightly (i.e. motor speed decreases
slightly). This results in greater relative speed between the rotating flux and rotor conductors.
Consequently rotor current is increased, producing a higher torque to meet the increased load.

With increasing load the load current is in such a direction so as to decrease the
stator flux (Lenz law), thereby decreasing counter emf in the stator windings. The decreased
counter emf allows motor stator current to increase, thereby increasing the power input to the
motor. It may be noted that the action of the induction motor in adjusting its stator or primary
current with changes of current in the rotor or secondary is very much similar to the changes
occurring in transformer with changes in load. Hence induction motor is called as rotating
transformer.
MODEL GRAPH
PRECAUTION:

 All the connections should be right and tight.

 The auto transformer should be kept in minimum position while switching on and off
the supply side DPSTS.

 At the time of switching on and off the supply there should not be any load connected.

PROCEDURE:

 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 After verifying the connections switch ON the power supply and the TPST switch is
closed.

 Then start the motor using three phase auto transformer and set the rated voltage
(415V).

 First note down the readings without apply the load.

 Then gradually increase the load till the motor draws the rated current from the main
and note down the corresponding readings for different loads.

 Then the readings are tabulated and the characteristics curves are draw.

 Switch OFF the power supply and disconnect the connections.

MODEL CALCULATION: READING NUMBER:
RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristics of a three phase induction motor were
drawn by conducting load test on it.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 EX.NO: REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR BY EMF METHOD
DATE:

AIM:
To determine the voltage regulation of an alternator by EMF method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 1
(0-60)V MC 1

2. Ammeter (0-5)A MC 1
(0-20)A MI 1
(0-30)A MC 1

3. Rheostat 500Ω, 0.8A - 1

50Ω, 5A - 2

4. Carbon rheostat 2Ω, 25A - 1

5. Tachometer - Digital 1

6. Connecting wires 1/18” - Required

FORMULAE:

1. Synchronous impedance ZS = VOC / ISC in ohm (from graph)

2. Synchronous reactance XS = √(ZS2 – RAC2) in ohm
3. For lagging power factor E0 = [(VCosФ + IaRAC)2 + (VSinФ + IaXS)2]1/2
4. For leading power factor E0 = [(VCosФ + IaRAC)2 + (VSinФ - IaXS)2]1/2
5. % Voltage regulation %R = [(E 0 – V) / V]*100

Where,
VOC = Open circuit voltage at rated current from graph in volts
ISC = Short circuit current at rated voltage from graph in amps
RAC = Armature resistance or stator resistance in ohms
RAC = 1.6RDC
E0 = No load induced emf in volts
V = Terminal voltage in volts
TO FIND STATOR RESISTANCE:

TABULATION:

STATOR VOLTAGE (V) STATOR CURRENT (I) STATOR RESISTANCE (R)

S. No
volts Amps ohms

RDC= _________ Ω

RAC = 1.6*RDC RAC =_________ Ω

THEORY:

It is clear that with change in load there is a change in the terminal voltage of
an alternator. The magnitude of this change depends not only on the load but also on the load
power factor. The change in voltage is always expressed as a ratio to the terminal voltage of
the alternator which is termed as regulation.

The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the change in terminal

voltage due to load to the rated terminal voltage. Usually regulation is expressed in
percentage. Regulation of an alternator is an important indicator of the quality of an
alternator. Hence the regulation of an alternator should be determined and declared by
conducting direct loading and indirect loading.

Commercial generators are manufactured in high rating. To determine voltage

regulation directly such high capacity generators are to be loaded. Loading of such generators
to determine their regulation or efficiency in the test laboratory will be a difficult matter.
Moreover the prime mover required for driving such a generator may not be available in the
test laboratory. It is therefore a common practice to test such large machines indirectly by
simulating the load conditions. Such indirect methods will consume only a small amount of
power as compared to the power consumed in direct loading method.

There are several methods of determining regulation of an alternator. The

simplest of the method is the synchronous impedance method or EMF method. In this method
of determination of regulation two tests are required to be performed on the machine namely
open circuit test and short circuit test. The regulation obtained by this method is always
higher than actual value and therefore this is called pessimistic method.

However this method is theoretically accurate for non salient pole machines
with distributed windings when saturation is not considered. The reason for error is that in
this method synchronous impedance or reactance is assumed to remain constant while
actually it is not. The value of synchronous impedance or reactance varies with saturation. At
low saturation its value larger because the effect of armature reaction is greater than at high
saturation. Now under short circuit conditions saturation is very low and therefore the value
of synchronous impedance measured is higher than that in actual working conditions.
 TABULATION

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

OPEN CIRCUIT
VOLTAGE (VOC)
Volts
FIELD
CURRENT (If)
Amps

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

SHORT CIRCUIT ARMATURE SHORT CIRCUIT FIELD

CURRENT (ISC) CURRENT (If)
Amps Amps

MODEL GRAPH

REGULATION CURVE OCC AND SSC

PRECAUTION:

 All the connections should be right and tight.

 The motor field rheostat is kept at minimum resistance position.

 The generator field rheostat is kept at maximum resistance position.

PROCEDURE:

 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 After varying the connections switch ON the power supply and the motor side DPST
switch is closed.

 Now the motor is start with the help of three point starter and set the rated speed
(1500rpm) by adjusting the field rheostat of the motor.

 Then vary the field rheostat of the alternator and note down the corresponding
terminal voltage on no load.

 Readings are tabulated and the field rheostat of the alternator is adjusted to its initial
position.

 For short circuit test the stator windings are short circuited by low resistance ammeter.

 Now set the rated current of the alternator by adjusting the field rheostat and note
down the corresponding field current.

 Readings are tabulated and all the rheostats are adjusted to its initial position.

 Switch OFF the power supply and disconnect the connections.

 REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR

BY CALCULATION:

NO LOAD VOLTAGE % REGULATION

COSФ SINФ E0 (volts) (%)
LAGGING LEADING LAGGING LEADING

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

BY PHASOR DIAGRAM:

NO LOAD VOLTAGE % REGULATION

COSФ SINФ E0 (volts) (%)
LAGGING LEADING LAGGING LEADING

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1
 STEPS FOR FINDING THE REGULATION BY EMF METHOD

Step 1:
An open circuit characteristic is plotted by using the experimental data obtained by
open circuit test.

Step 2:
Similarly a short circuit characteristic is drawn from the data obtained by the short
circuit test. Both of these curves are drawn on a common field current base.

Step 3:
At any particular value of field current the ratio of open circuit voltage to the short
circuit armature current gives the synchronous impedance (ZS).

ZS = VOC / ISC

Step 4:
The DC resistance RDC can be found using ammeter and voltmeter method. After
obtaining the value of RDC, the RAC can be computed as 1.6RDC.

Then XS = √ (ZS2 – RAC2)

Step 5:
After finding RAC and XS vector diagrams for any load power factor may be drawn.
Two cases are considered lagging power factor, leading power factor.

Step 6:
From the vector diagrams find E0.
For lagging power factor E0 = [(VCosФ + IaRAC) 2 + (VSinФ + IaXS) 2]1/2
For leading power factor E0 = [(VCosФ + IaRAC) 2 + (VSinФ - IaXS) 2]1/2

Step 7:
After calculating E0 percentage regulation can be obtained as shown below.

%R = [(E0 – V) / V]*100
 PHASOR DIAGRAM

LAGGING POWER FACTOR:

E0 = [(VCosФ + IaRAC) 2 + (VSinФ + IaXS) 2]1/2

LEADING POWER FACTOR:

E0 = [(VCosФ + IaRAC) 2 + (VSinФ - IaXS) 2]1/2

MODEL CALCULATION: READING NUMBER:
RESULT:
Thus the regulation of an alternator was determined by EMF method.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 EX.NO: REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR BY MMF METHOD
DATE:

AIM:
To determine the voltage regulation of an alternator by MMF method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 1
(0-60)V MC 1

2. Ammeter (0-5)A MC 1
(0-20)A MI 1
(0-30)A MC 1

3. Rheostat 500Ω, 0.8A - 1

50Ω, 5A - 2

4. Carbon rheostat 2Ω, 25A - 1

5. Tachometer - - 1

6. Connecting wires 1/18” - Required

FORMULAE:

1. For lagging power factor Ifr = [If12 + If22 + 2 If1 If2 Cos (90 + Ф)]1/2
2. For leading power factor Ifr = [If12 + If22 + 2 If1 If2 Cos (90 - Ф)]1/2
3. % Voltage regulation %R = [(E 0 – V) / V]*100

Where,
If1 = Field current for open circuit voltage in amps
If2 = Field current for short circuit current in amps
Ifr = Resultant field current in amps
E0 = Open circuit voltage in volts
V = Terminal voltage in volts
 TABULATION

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

OPEN CIRCUIT
VOLTAGE (VOC)
Volts
FIELD
CURRENT (If)
Amps

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

SHORT CIRCUIT ARMATURE SHORT CIRCUIT FIELD

CURRENT (ISC) CURRENT (If)
Amps Amps

MODEL GRAPH

REGULATION CURVE OCC AND SSC

THEORY:

It is clear that with change in load there is a change in the terminal voltage of
an alternator. The magnitude of this change depends not only on the load but also on the load
power factor. The change in voltage is always expressed as a ratio to the terminal voltage of
the alternator which is termed as regulation.

The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the change in terminal

voltage due to load to the rated terminal voltage. Usually regulation is expressed in
percentage. Regulation of an alternator is an important indicator of the quality of an
alternator. Hence the regulation of an alternator should be determined and declared by
conducting direct loading and indirect loading.

Commercial generators are manufactured in high rating. To determine voltage

regulation directly such high capacity generators are to be loaded. Loading of such generators
to determine their regulation or efficiency in the test laboratory will be a difficult matter.
Moreover the prime mover required for driving such a generator may not be available in the
test laboratory. It is therefore a common practice to test such large machines indirectly by
simulating the load conditions. Such indirect methods will consume only a small amount of
power as compared to the power consumed in direct loading method.

There are several methods of determining regulation of an alternator. The

simplest of the method is MMF method or ampere turns method. This method is the converse
of emf method. In this method the effect of winding impedance and armature reaction are
equivalent to ampere turns and hence this method is called as mmf method. The required data
for calculation of regulation are obtained from the open circuit test and short circuit test of an
alternator.

This method is also known as optimistic method since it gives values lower
than actual values. The reason of it is that the excitation to overcome armature reaction is
determined on unsaturated part of the saturation curve.
 REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR

BY CALCULATION:

COSФ SINФ E0 (volts) % REGULATION

LAGGING LEADING LAGGING LEADING

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

BY PHASOR DIAGRAM:

COSФ SINФ E0 (volts) % REGULATION

LAGGING LEADING LAGGING LEADING

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1
PRECAUTION:

 All the connections should be right and tight.

 The motor field rheostat is kept at minimum resistance position.

 The generator field rheostat is kept at maximum resistance position.

PROCEDURE:

 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 After varying the connections switch ON the power supply and the motor side DPST
switch is closed.

 Now the motor is start with the help of three point starter and set the rated speed
(1500rpm) by adjusting the field rheostat of the motor.

 Then vary the field rheostat of the alternator and note down the corresponding
terminal voltage on no load.

 Readings are tabulated and the field rheostat of the alternator is adjusted to its initial
position.

 For short circuit test the stator windings are short circuited by low resistance ammeter.

 Now set the rated current of the alternator by adjusting the field rheostat and note
down the corresponding field current.

 Readings are tabulated and all the rheostats are adjusted to its initial position.

 Switch OFF the power supply and disconnect the connections.

 PHASOR DIAGRAM

LAGGING POWER FACTOR:

Ifr = [If12 + If22 + 2 If1 If2 Cos (90 + Ф)]1/2

LEADING POWER FACTOR:

Ifr = [If12 + If22 + 2 If1 If2 Cos (90 - Ф)]1/2

 STEPS FOR FINDING THE REGULATION BY EMF METHOD

Step 1:
An open circuit characteristic is plotted by using the experimental data obtained by
open circuit test.

Step 2:
Similarly a short circuit characteristic is drawn from the data obtained by the short
circuit test. Both of these curves are drawn on a common field current base.

Step 3:
Mark the normal voltage V on the Y axis and project V horizontally so as to meet
OCC at a point. From that point project vertically so as to meet X axis at point. It is the field
current (If1) for normal voltage V.

Step 4:
Mark the full load current on the Y axis and project horizontally so as to meet SCC at
a point. From that point project vertically so as to meet X axis at a point. It is the field current
(If2) for producing full load current on short circuit.

Step 5:
After finding If1, If2 the resultant field current is drawn at an angle of (90 +Ф) for
lagging power factor and (90 - Ф) for leading power factor.

Step 6:
Mark the resultant field and project vertically so as to meet OCC at a point. From that
point project horizontally so as to meet Y axis at a point. It is the open circuit voltage E 0.

Step 7:
After calculating E0 percentage regulation can be obtained as shown below.

%R = [(E0 – V) / V]*100
MODEL CALCULATION: READING NUMBER:
RESULT:
Thus the regulation of an alternator was determined by MMF method.
THREE POINT STARTER
 EX.NO: STUDY OF DC MOTOR AND INDUCTION MOTOR STARTERS
DATE:

AIM:
To study about the various types of DC motor and induction motor starters.

NECESSITY OF STARTERS IN DC MOTORS:

Since the armature of DC motor is stationary before starting, the back emf
which is proportional to speed is zero. As the armature resistance is very small, if the rated
voltage is applied directly to the armature at the time of starting it will draw many times the
full load current, and thereby there is every possibility of damaging the armature due to heavy
starting current.
Back emf Eb=V-Ia Ra
Ia =V-Eb/Ra

At the instant of starting, when the speed of the motor is 0, the back emf induced is also 0.
Therefore at the instant of starting Ia =V/Ra amps
The value of supply voltage V=230 volts
The value of Ra=0.5 ohms
So the armature current Ia = 230/0.5=460 amps

Hence at starting Ia is very high and it is many times more than the full load
current of the motor. This initial high rushing current will burn the armature and also cause
very high voltage drop across the lines, which may affect the other machines.

Therefore the heavy starting current of DC motor should be limited to a safe

value. This is done by inserting a resistance in series with the armature at the time of starting
for a period of 5 to 10 seconds. As the motor gains the speed back emf is built up and then the
starting resistance could be gradually cut off. To prevent such a happening a device called
starter is used in motors.

TYPES OF DC MOTOR STARTERS:

 Two point starter

 Three point starter

 Four point starter

THREE POINT STARTER:

Construction:
It is used to start shunt and compound motor. In three point starter, three
terminals Line (L), Armature (A) and Field (F) are available. In this starter the resistance
elements are mounted on the back side of a slate board. On the front side of the board brass
studs are provided and the resistance junctions are connected with each brass stud. The
protective devices such as over load release and no volt release are incorporated in the circuit.
The handle of the starter is fixed in such a way as to move over the brass studs.
FOUR POINT STARTER
Operation:
When the handle touches the first stud the resistance is connected in series
with the armature. The field circuit is connected across the full supply voltage. As the handle
is moved over studs the resistance is gradually cutout.

A soft iron piece is attached to the handle. The soft iron piece is attracted by
the electro magnet. (NVR) when the handle reaches the ON position. In case of a failure of
the supply or the voltage is very low the electro magnet de-energies and release the arm. The
spring force brings the handle to OFF position.

Disadvantage:
The motor speed can be increased by weakening the flux (i.e. speed is
inversely proportional to field flux). While employing this method to decrease the flux the
field current is too decreased to achieve speeds above the rated speed. To achieve higher
speeds the field current is reduced to a very low value. This low value current also passes
through NVR, which is unable to create enough electromagnetic pull to over come the spring
tension. Hence the arm is pulled back to OFF position. This is an undesirable feature of 3
point starter which makes it unsuitable for variable speed motors.

FOUR POINT STARTER:

The disadvantage in the three point starter is eliminated in four point starter.
The four point starter is used for starting shunt and compound motors. In four point starter the
four terminals L+ (Line +), L- (Line -), A (Armature) and F (Field) are available. The
construction details and operational details are the same as that of the three point starter
except the following difference.

In three point starter the coil no volt release is connected in series with the field
circuit. But in the four point starter the coil of the no volt release does not carry the field
current. It is connected across the supply line through the protective resistance Rp. The no
volt coil is independent of the field current, so any change in shunt field current does not
affect the current through the no volt coil.

The current through the no volt coil is does not decrease even when the field
rheostat is adjusted for speed variations. The electro magnetic pull produced by the no volt
coil will always be the same and sufficient to hold the handle in ON position. Thus the
misoperation as in three point starter never takes place in four point starter.

PROTECTIVE DEVICES USED IN DC MOTOR STARTERS:

No volt release (NVR):

This consists of an electro magnet. This is connected in the field circuit. As
soon as the field circuit gets supply this is energized. It holds the handle ON position. As
explained above in case of a failure of the supply this become de-energized and the handle is
released from ON position. The handle returns to OFF position due to the action of the
spring. If this provision is not provided when the supply is restored the current through the
armature will be high and this will damage the armature winding.

Over load release (OLR):

This also consists of an electro magnet. This electro magnet coil is energized
by the line current. When the load on the motor is increased above a pre-determined value the
magnetizing force established is sufficient to lift the moveable iron. When it is lifted by the
electro magnet of OLR it short circuits the terminals of the coil of no volt release. The no volt
coil is de-energized and the handle of the starter returns to OFF position. Thus the over load
release protects the motor against over loads.
DIRECT ON LINE STARTER
NECESSITY OF STARTERS IN INDUCTION MOTORS:

At starting when full voltage is connected across the stator terminals of an

induction motor large current is drawn by the windings. This is because the starting (i.e.
before the rotor starts rotating) the induction motor behaves as a short circuited transformer.

At starting when the rotor is at standstill emf is induced in the rotor circuit
exactly similar to the emf induced in the secondary winding of a transformer. This induced
emf of the rotor will circulate a very large current through its windings due to short. The
primary will draw a very large current nearly 7times of the rated current from the supply
mains to balance the rotor ampere turns. This current will however be gradually decreasing as
the motor will pick up the speed.

Hence if induction motors are started direct on line heavy current is drawn by
the motor. Such a heavy starting current of short duration may not cause harm to the motor
since the construction of induction motors are rugged. Moreover it takes time for intolerable
temperature rise to endanger the insulation of the motor windings. But this heavy in rush of
current will cause a large voltage drop in the lines leading to the motor. Other motors and
equipment connected to the supply lines will receive reduced voltage.

Hence it is important to reduce the starting in rush current in induction motor.

To prevent such a happening a device called starter is used in induction motors.

TYPES OF INDUCTION MOTOR STARTERS:

 Direct on line (DOL) starter

 Auto transformer starter

 Star-Delta starter

DIRECT ON LINE (DOL) STARTER:

A motor of small capacity and which gathers normal speed quickly can be
started with this starter. A small capacity motor (below 2kw) draws only a small amount of
current. This may not cause much voltage drop in the supply line.

Construction:

Figure shows the three phase induction motor with DOL starter. M1, M2, M3
are main contactors normally open type making and breaking the motor line current. These
contactors are operated by a relay coil. S2, S3, S4 are normally closed type and are connected
in series with relay coil. OLR is connected in series with motor line supply.

Operation:

When TPST switch is closed the under voltage relay coil (UVRC) is energized
and it will operate the main contactors to close. Hence the full voltage is given to the motor
and it runs. Closing of contactors A retains the supply to the UVRC. Contactor S2 is used to
disconnect the supply from the motor by manually pressing it. Remote operation of the same
can be achieved with the help of contactor S3.
AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTER
Low voltage protection:

When the supply voltage either fails totally or falls below certain value the
holding power given by UVRC comes down causing the main contactor to be opened. Thus
the motor is protected from low voltage.

Over load protection:

When the line current exceeds the preset value OLRC is energized more and
causes the contactor S4 to open. When S4 opens the UVRC is disconnected fro the supply.
Therefore it will release the main contactors.

AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTER:

This starter is used to give a reduced voltage to the three phase induction
motor to limit the starting current. The reduced voltage can be applied across the stator circuit
by use of an auto transformer at the time of starting.

Construction:

Figure shows the three phase induction motor with auto transformer starter.
The supply is given to the terminals 1, 3, and 6 of handle through an OLRC (over load release
coil). Low voltage protection is given to the motor by UVRC.

Operation:

When the handle is at START position the motor is connected through the
auto transformer. Therefore a reduced voltage is applied and hence the starting current is
reduced. When the motor gets 80% of the rated speed the handle is moved to RUN position.
At this position the motor receives full line voltage.

Over load protection:

When the motor current exceeds the preset value the OLRC is energized high
enough to operate the contactor S1. Hence the supply is switched off.

Low voltage protection:

The UVRC is connected across two lines. When supply voltage goes low or
fails UVRC de-energized and releases the handle to OFF position.
STAR – DELTA STARTER
STAR-DELTA STARTER:

In this method the stator phase windings are first connected in star and full
voltage is connected across its free terminals. As the motor picks up the speed the windings
are disconnected through a switch and they are re-connected in Delta across the supply
terminals. The current drawn by the motor from the lines is reduced 1/3 as compared to the
current it would have drawn if connected in delta.

Construction:

Figure shows the three phase induction motor with star-delta starter. This
method is used in motors which are built in run normally with a delta connected stator
winding. It consists of a two way switch which connects the motor in star for starting then
delta for normal running.

Operation:

When the two way switch is at START position the stator windings are
connected in star. Therefore the applied voltage is reduced by a factor of 1/√3. For star
connection Vph = VL/√3. Hence the starting current is reduced. When the motor speed
reaches 70-80% of the rated speed the switch is changed to RUN position where the motor is
connected in delta. Therefore full voltage is applied to the motor in the running condition.

RESULT:

Thus the various types of DC motor and Induction motor starters were studied.