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IR Sensor Assignment: Certificate

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20 views13 pages

IR Sensor Assignment: Certificate

Uploaded by

vivekkuliyal463
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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IR Sensor Assignment

Certificate
This is to certify that VIVEK KULYAL, a
student of Class 12, has successfully
completed the Physics project titled 'IR
Sensor' during the academic year [2024-
25]. This project was undertaken as a part
of the curriculum prescribed by the
NIRMAL ASHRAM GYAN DAAN
ACADEMY, CBSE.
The work is original and has been
conducted under my supervision. I wish
the student all the best for future
endeavors.

Signature of Teacher
Name of Teacher: ___________________
Date: ______________________
Acknowledgment
I would like to express my heartfelt
gratitude to my Physics teacher, MR.
SWADEEP PANDEY, for guiding me
throughout the completion of this project.
Their encouragement and valuable
insights have greatly enriched my
learning experience.

I am also thankful to my parents and


classmates for their unwavering support
and suggestions, which played a crucial
role in making this project a success.

Lastly, I thank NIRMAL ASHRAM GYAN


DAAN ACADEMY for providing the
resources and an environment conducive
to learning and experimentation.

VIVEK KULIYAL
IR Sensor
Introduction
An IR sensor (Infrared Sensor) is an
electronic device that detects and
measures infrared radiation from objects
in its vicinity. It is widely used in
automation, robotics, and various
industrial and domestic applications.
Types of IR Sensors
1. Active IR Sensors
- Emit infrared light and detect
reflections from objects.
- Example: Proximity sensors, obstacle
detection.
2. Passive IR Sensors (PIR)
- Detect infrared radiation emitted by
warm objects.
- Example: Motion sensors in security
systems.
Components of an IR Sensor
1. IR LED (Emitter): Emits infrared
radiation.
2. Photodiode (Receiver): Detects
reflected or emitted IR radiation.
3. Op-Amp/Comparator Circuit:
Processes the signal for output.
4. Resistors and Capacitors: Used for
biasing and filtering.
5. Output Device: Indicates the result
(e.g., buzzer, LED, or microcontroller
signal).
Working Principle
The IR LED emits infrared light. When
this light encounters an object, it reflects
back and is captured by the photodiode.
The photodiode converts the reflected
light into a current signal. This signal is
processed by an amplifier or comparator
circuit to provide a usable output.

Applications of IR Sensors
1. Remote Controls: TV, AC, and other
appliances.
2. Security Systems: Motion detection
for alarms and cameras.
3. Robotics: Obstacle detection in
autonomous vehicles.
4. Medical Equipment: Pulse oximeters
and IR thermometers.
5. Industrial Automation: Object
counting, sorting, and detection.

Advantages
1. Non-contact detection.
2. Cost-effective and energy-efficient.
3. High speed and reliability.

Limitations
1. Affected by environmental factors
like sunlight or fog.
2. Limited range compared to other
sensors.
WORKING MODEL BASED ON IR
SENSOR
Step 1: Prepare Components
Make sure you have the following
components:
 IR Proximity Sensor
 TIP32C PNP Transistor
 DC Motor
 1kΩ Resistor
 Power Supply (5V USB or Battery)
 Connecting Wires
 Breadboard (optional)


Step 2: Connect the IR Sensor
VCC Pin (IR Sensor):
Connect the VCC pin of the IR Sensor to
the positive rail (5V) of your breadboard
or to the 5V output from your power
supply (USB or battery).
GND Pin (IR Sensor):
Connect the GND pin of the IR Sensor to
the negative rail (GND) of the breadboard
or the negative terminal of your power
supply.
OUT Pin (IR Sensor):
Connect the OUT pin of the IR Sensor to
the Base (B) of the TIP32C PNP transistor
through a 1kΩ resistor. This resistor
limits the base current to protect the
transistor.

Step 3: Connect the Transistor


Base (B) Pin (TIP32C Transistor):
The Base of the TIP32C is connected to
the OUT pin of the IR Sensor via the 1kΩ
Resistor. When the sensor detects an
obstacle, it will send a HIGH signal to the
Base to turn on the transistor.
Emitter (E) Pin (TIP32C Transistor):
The Emitter pin of the TIP32C transistor
should be connected to the ground rail
(GND) of the breadboard or the negative
terminal of the power supply.
Collector (C) Pin (TIP32C Transistor):
Connect the Collector of the TIP32C
transistor to one terminal of the DC
Motor. This will control the motor's
activation by allowing current to flow
through it when the transistor is ON.
Step 4: Connect the DC Motor
Motor Terminal 1:
Connect one terminal of the DC Motor to
the Collector (C) pin of the TIP32C
transistor.
Motor Terminal 2:
Connect the other terminal of the DC
Motor to the positive rail (5V) of the
breadboard or to the positive terminal of
the power supply.

Step 5: Power Supply


VCC:
Connect the VCC pin of the IR Sensor and
the DC Motor to the 5V output from the
power supply (either USB or a 5V
battery).
GND:
Connect the GND pin of the IR Sensor and
the Emitter pin of the TIP32C transistor
to the GND rail of the breadboard or the
negative terminal of the power supply.

Step 6: Test the Circuit


Power On:
After making all the connections, power
on the circuit by providing 5V to the
power rails.
Obstacle Detection:
The IR sensor will detect an obstacle and
output a HIGH signal to the Base of the
TIP32C transistor, turning it on.
When the TIP32C transistor is ON, it
allows current to flow from the Collector
to the Emitter, thus powering the DC
Motor.
The motor will start running when an
obstacle is detected.

DC MOTOR
Conclusion
The IR sensor is a versatile and essential
technology in modern electronic systems.
Its ability to function efficiently in diverse
applications makes it an indispensable
tool in today's world.

References
1. NCERT Physics Book
2. Arduino Projects Handbook

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