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Punctuation May 2023

It's tells punctuation of grammar

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Rakshanda Razi
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13 views40 pages

Punctuation May 2023

It's tells punctuation of grammar

Uploaded by

Rakshanda Razi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Punctuation

• Punctuation (or sometimes interpunction)


is the use of spacing, conventional signs
(called punctuation marks), and certain
What is typographical devices as aids to the
understanding and correct reading
meant by of written text, whether read silently or
aloud.
punctuation? • It is the practice, action, or system of
inserting points or other small marks into
texts in order to aid interpretation; division
of text into sentences, clauses, etc., by
means of such marks.”
why is punctuation important?

• I like cooking my family


and dogs

• Today we are going to


learn how to cut and
paste kids
A full stop is the punctuation
name for a mark that is used
to show the end of a
sentence.
1. Full stop
'Lucy went shopping. She
bought a lovely new skirt.'
Commas are primarily used to aid in clarity
and to join two independent clauses with a
conjunction.

Commas is the punctuation name for a mark

2. Comma that are great for breaking down sentences,


combining two clauses or showing us when
to pause.

'Despite the fact I hate maths, I quite like


learning about fractions.'
Brief • In the English language, we use conjunctions to link
two words, clauses, phrases or sentences.
Discussion on
Conjunctions 1. Coordinating conjunctions

2. Subordinating conjunctions
Coordinating
Conjunctions

• Coordinating conjunctions are the


linking words that link ideas of
equal importance, function or
structure.
Subordinating
Conjunctions

• Subordinating conjunctions are used


to add a subordinate clause to an
independent clause.
OXFORD COMMA/ SERIAL COMMA

a comma used after the penultimate item in a list of three


or more items, before ‘and’ or ‘or’ (e.g. an Italian painter,
sculptor, and architect ).
Commas can also be used to note an
interjection in a sentence.

Example:
The criminal said the judge was an
idiot.
The criminal, said the judge, was an
idiot.
3. Question marks
• Question marks is the punctuation name for a
mark that are a bit more straightforward. They
simply indicate that the speaker is asking a
question. They're used at the end of question (or
interrogative) sentences.
• 'Do you still want to keep a copy of my book?'
4. Exclamation marks
• Exclamation marks is the punctuation name for a mark that can
change the meaning and tone of a sentence. They still end a
sentence, but they can add emotion - whether that's excitement,
anger or nervousness!
• 'Look, it's a cat!'
• 'I'm so nervous about my final exams!’
• these sentences convey very different emotions using an
exclamation mark
• A sentence which needs in an exclamation mark is called an
exclamatory sentence.
Usage of Quotation
Marks
• 1. Quoted Speech
• This use is a no-brainer. When quoting
direct speech in English, use double
quotation marks.
• My mother said, "Don't forget to wear
a sweater!"
• "We can't be late," he said.
• "If you don't mind," she answered, "I'd
rather not say."

• Notice that direct speech is usually


introduced with a comma.
2. Emphasis

• Double quotation marks are commonly used for emphasis or to highlight any words or
phrases of text. Some people were taught to use single quotation marks for this case,
but most publishers and style guides agree that single quotation marks aren't a great
choice. Acceptable alternatives to double quotation marks include putting the word in
bold or in italics.

3. Scare quotes

• quotation marks used as something called scare quotes, which are quotation marks put
around a word to show that the writer doesn’t buy into the meaning. For example, I
could write the sentence:

• Women achieved “equality” when they were granted the right to vote in 1920.
• 3. Titles

• Many style guides (e.g., The Chicago Manual of Style) suggest using double quotation marks
for song titles, titles of TV episodes, titles of poems, and titles of sections, features, or
pages of a website.

• They played "Yellow Submarine" by the Beatles.

• "Blood Money" is his favorite episode of Breaking Bad.

• This website has a great section called “Help Center.”

• Notice that these are titles that exist within another container, such as a song on an
album, an episode in a series, or a section of a website.
Quote vs Quotation
• “Quote” is a verb that means to repeat what someone
else has said or written. For example, “Aardvark
quoted Squiggly.”
• “Quotation” is a noun used to describe what you are
quoting, as in “Squiggly’s quotation was inspiring.”
5. Colon
• Colon is the punctuation name for
a mark that are ideal for connecting
two clauses.
• 'Never go out in the sun without
sunscreen: you’ll damage your
skin.'
• They're also great for introducing a
list of three or more things.
• 'I'm visiting four cities this
summer: Rome, Florence, Paris, and
Seville.'
6. Semicolon
• A semicolon can be used to
connect two closely related
independent clauses (parts of a
sentence that could also stand as
separate sentences).
• 'Katie was hungry; she hadn't
eaten all day.'
• Semicolons show a closer
relationship between the clauses
than a full stop would show.
Difference between colon and
semicolon
• In general, the colon is used to indicate a closer relationship between two sentences than a semicolon.

• In practice, a colon is often used to introduce a second sentence that explains or clarifies the previous
one.

• By contrast, a semicolon is used to indicate that two sentences are simply related to each other in some
way. For example:

• There was only one way to defeat the dragon: we needed a magic sword.

• The dragon was a fearsome beast; it was nearly undefeatable.


• In the first example, the colon connects the first
sentence to a second sentence that directly
Difference between clarifies it. The second sentence provides the
answer to the problem presented in the first
colon and sentence. In the second example, the
semicolon simply connects two related
semicolon sentences that are discussing the same
subject. Both of these sentences are about the
strength of the dragon, but neither one is more
significant than the other.
Apostrophes have two main uses:
• Indicating possession (e.g. The student’s
paper)
• Indicating a contraction (e.g. She’s writing a
paper)

7. Apostrophe They are also used to denote a quotation


mark in material that is already being quoted.
Example:
“James said, ‘If you come any closer I’ll call the
police.'”
Possessive
pronouns
Joint possession
• When multiple nouns jointly own one noun, an apostrophe is added
after the last noun only.

• When multiple nouns individually own other nouns, however, add an


apostrophe after all of the owning nouns.
Analyzing Punctuation Marks

Leafy greens—such as spinach, kale, and chard—are an important part


of a healthy diet.

This job demands frequent evening and weekend work in addition to


regular 9:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m. hours.

I had a twenty-four-hour shift.


A mark of punctuation that joins words, or
word parts, together.

8. Hyphen Hyphen Examples: half-baked, non-violent,


twenty-seven

Remember: A hyphen’s job is to join words


together which means when typed, there
should never be a space on either side.
Hyphen
Twenty four-hour shifts = 20 shifts lasting 4 hours each.

Twenty-four hour* shifts = 24 shifts lasting 1 hour each.

Twenty-four-hour shifts = a number of shifts lasting 24 hours each.


• It's longer than a hyphen and is commonly
used to indicate a range or a pause.
• Dashes are used to separate groups of
words, not to separate parts of words like a
hyphen does.
There are two types of dash:
9. Dash • The shorter en dash (–) is used to mark
ranges and with the meaning “to” in phrases
like “Dover–Calais crossing.”
• The longer em dash (—) is used to separate
extra information or mark a break in a
sentence.
()
[]
{}
Parenthesis (), Brackets [], Braces {}
• Parenthesis note non-essential information that could be skipped without altering the meaning of
a sentence.
• Brackets are most commonly employed in academic writing within a quotation where the writer
is omitting or explaining something. In either case, the writer places a bracket within the quote
[explains or places an ellipsis and] closes the bracket to continue the quote.
• Braces are used quite rarely and are employed to essentially make a list within a list.
Examples:
• Cora (the woman who lives down the street from Jane) works as a paralegal.
• Professor Brown claims, “She [the novel’s central character] is an example of a strong African-
American woman.”
• Before I go on vacation I need to pack my bags {clothes, toiletries and shoes}, unplug the TV, and
close all of the windows.
Ellipsis

• Ellipsis marks the


omission of a word or
words. If the omission
includes the end of a
sentence the glyph has
four dots (….) instead of
three.

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