Group 1 (4A)

IDENTIFICATION

1. It generates power using various energy sources such as coal, natural gas,
nuclear, hydro, wind, and solar.
Ans: GENERATION

2. It is also known as an open-circuit fault.

Ans: SERIES FAULT

3. It occurs when two power lines come into contact with each other.
Ans: LINE-TO-LINE FAULT

4. It is a mechanical switch that interrupts the flow of electricity when a fault is

detected.
Ans: CIRCUIT BREAKER

5. It starts protecting the system when primary protection fails.

Ans: BACK UP PROTECTION

ENUMERATION
Enumerate the states of operation of power system
1. Normal
2. Alert
3. Emergency
4. In-extremis
5. Restorative

Group 1 (4B)
 1. A protection that measures the impedance between the relay location and
the fault.
DISTANCE PROTECTION
2. A protection that operates by comparing the current entering and leaving a
protected zone
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
3. It is more reliable because it maintains continuity of service.
INTERCONNECTED POWER SYSTEM
4. A balanced fault that affects all three phases equally. It is a fault that can be
analyzed using per-unit or phasor methods, and the fault current is
proportional to the pre-fault voltage and inversely proportional to the system
impedance and it usually requires high-speed and high-current protective
devices, such as circuit breakers, fuses, or relays, to clear the fault and
protect the equipment.
SYMMETRICAL FAULT
5. What is the most common cause of short circuit faults or shunt faults?
INSULATION FAILURE
6. ___________ is where the protection is simpler.
BANK POWER SYSTEM
7. Republic Act 9136 divides the power system into four sections namely:
Generation, Transmission, Distribution, and Supply. This law is otherwise
known as _____.
EPIRA LAW
8. In the language of electrical engineers, failures are called _____.
FAULTS
9. Serves as the first line of defense
PRIMARY PROTECTION
10.Swifty isolates the fault to keep the rest of the system running.
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

GROUP 2 Relay Operating Principles and Characteristics (4A)

I. IDENTIFICATION

1. It refers to a fundamental principle in which relay operates, wherein a coil in

energized by a current, creating a magnetic field.
Answer: Electromagnet Attraction

2. It refers to classification of relay based on its operating principle, whereas

signal is being transferred through mechanical motion.
Answer: Electromechanical Relay

3. It refers to a relay which consists of semiconductor and electronic

components within. Answer: Solid-state Relay

4. It refers to the maximum amount of electrical current and voltage that the
relay can handle.
Answer: Switching Capacity

5. This refers to the ability of the relay to withstand high voltage without
breaking down. Answer: Dielectric Strength

6. It is a characteristic of relay that refers to the time it takes for the contacts
to stabilize after closing or opening. It is important in high-speed switching
applications.
Answer: Bounce Time

7. This refers to the temperature range within which the relay can operate
properly. Some relays are designed to operate in extreme temperatures.
Answer: Ambient Temperature

8. Part of Solid-state relay that consists of diodes/transistors/gates and resistors

required to drive the optocoupler.
Answer: Input Circuit Section

II. ENUMERATION

9-10. Give the 2 Types of Relay Operation Indicators

(1) Electrically Operated Targets
(2) Mechanically Operated Targets

GROUP 2 (4B)

I. IDENTIFICATION
1. Type of relay that operates using the principle of induction motors.
Answer: Induction-type relay

2. Coil that holds the relay contacts tightly closed after operation.
Answer: Seal-in coil

3. Smallest value of an actuating quantity that causes a relay to operate.

Answer:Pickup value

4. Component that prevents vibrations in AC relays by splitting the air-gap flux.

Answer: Shaded ring

5. Term used for relays that operate in less than 0.05 seconds.
Answer: High-speed relays
II. ENUMERATION

6-10. Give the Types of Actuating Structure

ANSWERS:
- "shadedpole" structure
- "watthour-meter" structure
- "induction-cup" structure
- "double-induction-loop" structures
- "single-induction-loop" structure.

Group 3 - Types of Protective Relays (4A)

Identification and Enumeration

1. It is considered as one of the critical components of the electrical power grid

that serve to detect defective equipment or other dangerous or intolerable
conditions and can either initiate or permit switching or simply provide an
alarm to provide a safer, more reliable delivery system.
Ans. PROTECTIVE RELAYS

2. With multiple timing modes such as on-delay, off-delay, and interval timing,
this relay is suitable for controlling pumps, conveyors, and lighting systems.
Ans. TIME-DELAY RELAY

3. This relay is designed to stay in their last state without continuous power.
Ans. LATCHING RELAY

4. It is considered as the heart of the Solid-State Relays (SSRs).

Ans. OPTOISOLATOR

5. These are advanced relays that use microprocessors to analyze electrical

signals and make precise decisions based on programmed logic.
Ans. DIGITAL/NUMERICAL RELAY

6. It’s the most common type of relay, relying on physical movement to open or
close contacts.
Ans. ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAY

7. This type of protective relay protects the system by monitoring the

electrical currents.
Ans. OVERCURRENT RELAYS

8. -10. Protective relaying equipment is described with three words, what are
those?
Ans. SELECTIVITY, SENSITIVITY, SPEED

Group 3 - Types of Protective Relay (4B)

Identification:
1. A type of protective relay that monitors and controls a motor to prevent
damage or failure during operation.
Answer: Motor Protection Relay
2. It is a protective device designed to detect and respond to arc flash events in
electrical systems. Answer: Arc flash relay
3. Distance relays also known as________.
Answer: Impedance relays
4. It is the specific area of the electrical system, typically surrounding a
transformer, that is covered by protection against faults.
Answer: Protection zone
 5. They are modern protective devices that use microprocessors and digital
signal processing to monitor electrical currents and detect faults in power
systems.
Answer: Digital or microprocessor-based relays

Enumeration:
(6 - 10) Give at least 5 in the Types of Protective Relays
Answers:
 Electromechanical Relay
 Static Relay
 Digital or Microprocessor based Relay
 Differential Relay
 Distance Relay
 Directional Relay
 Overcurrent Relay
 Frequency Voltage Relay
 Arc Flash Relay
 Motor Protection Relay

Group 4- Application of Protective Relays (4A)

Identification:
1. What type of relay is used to detect and respond to ground faults in electrical
systems?
- Ground Fault Relay
2. Which relay monitors the balance of phase currents in a system to protect motors
and generators?
- Negative Sequence Relay
3. What relay is specifically used in oil-filled transformers to detect internal faults
and gas accumulation?
- Buchholz Relay
4. Which relay measures the impedance to determine the distance to a fault on
transmission lines?
- Distance Relay
5. What type of relay automatically restores power after a temporary fault, reducing
downtime?
- Auto-Reclosing Relay
6. Which relay ensures two electrical systems are synchronized before they are
connected?
- Synchrocheck Relay
7. What relay is designed to monitor voltage levels and protect systems from under
or overvoltage conditions?
- Under/Over Voltage Relay
8. Which relay detects reverse power flow to protect generators from adverse
operating conditions?
- Reverse Power Relay
9. What type of relay protects motors and equipment from overheating due to
overload?
- Thermal Relay
10. Which relay detects the direction of fault currents and isolates the affected part
of a power system?
- Directional Relay

Group 4- Application of protective relays (4B)

Enumeration
1-6 Give the Advantages of Numerical relay

*Multi-functionality
*Customizable
*Accuracy and Reliability
*Compact Design
*Data Recording and Analysis
*Communication
7. It can be defined as an electrically operated switch that completes or interrupts a
circuit by physical movement of electrical contacts into contact with each other.

*Electromechanical relay

8. It is used for circuit protection in power distribution systems. They detect faults
such as overloads and short circuits and disconnect the affected section to prevent
damage.

*Relay

Group 5 - Selection of Protective Relays For Transmission (4A)

1-6. Give the Criteria for selection of protection relays.

 Selectivity
 Speed
 Sensitivity
 Reliability
 Simplicity
 Economy

7-10. Give the APPLICATION OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

 Fault Detection and Isolation

 System Stability and Integrity
 Protection of Specific Components
 Advanced Monitoring and Control
Group 5 - Selection of Protective Relays For Transmission (4B)

1. It is the simplest way of protecting transmission lines and is widely used.

Ans: Overload Protection

2. The alternative method for overload or overcurrent protection is the well-known _

which requires only two relays for the protection of a 3-phase circuit.
Ans: Z Connection

3. This method uses communication channels between substations to compare the

current at both ends of the line.
Ans: Differential Pilot-Wire Protection

4-5. What are the two groups of protective schemes

 Non-unit type of protection
 Unit type protection

6-10. Give 5 factors in selecting a particular protective schemes.

 Economically justifiable
 Type of feeders
 Availability of pilot wires
 Number of Switching Stations
 System Earthing

Group 6 - Selection of Protective Relays in Distribution Substation (4A)

1.It refers to the system used for remote monitoring, control, and communication
between devices like relays and circuit breakers in a substation?
Answer: SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)
2.It is the electrical hazard that occurs due to a sudden release of energy caused by
a fault, and is addressed through protective measures to ensure personnel safety?
Answer: Arc Flash

3.This relay detects faults within electrical equipment such as transformers by

comparing the current entering and leaving a protected zone.
Answer: Differential Relay

4. A device that detects arc flash conditions by monitoring light and current.
Answer: Arc Flash relay

5. A set of safety standards for electrical systems in the Philippines, ensuring

compliance with local regulations for the safe design and installation of protective
relays.
Answer: Philippine Electrical Code

6. It is a standard regarding IEEE for performing arc flash hazard calculation.

Answer: IEEE 1584

7. IEC established several standards that are critical for the application of protective
relays in power systems. What does IEC stand for?
Answer: International Electrotechnical Commission

8-10. Enumerate three factors in the selection of protective relays in distribution

substation

 Equipment type
 System Voltage and Fault levels
 Relay features

Group 6 (Selection of Protective Relays For Distribution Substation) 4B

Enumeration
1-3. What are the three types of faults in substations
 Short-circuit faults
 Overload faults
 Earth (Ground) faults

4-6. Give the three examples of equipment type being protected

 Transformers
 Motors
 Generators

7. Which faults occur when the load exceeds the capacity of a substation, leading to
overheating and potential equipment damage?
Answer: Overload Fault

8. What type of fault happens when two or more phases come into direct contact?
Answer: Short-circuit Fault

9. What type of fault occurs when a phase conductor touches the ground?
Answer: Earth (Ground) Fault

10. What is one primary safety benefit of protective relays?

Answer: Prevent fires by isolation faults quickly