CHAPTER 6: Use DO/Loops and

LISTS AND For/Next statements to

iterate through a loop
LOOPS
REPETITION STRUCTURES (1 OF 4)

¡ A repetition structure or loop causes one or more

statements to repeat.
¡ The loop contains a condition that controls whether the
instructions are repeated.
¡ In VB, the condition can be phrased in one of two ways:
¡ specify the requirement for repeating the instructions -
looping condition
¡ specify the requirement for NOT repeating them – loop exit
condition
 ¡ Pretest loop:
¡ the condition is at the top of the loop and is evaluated
before the instructions within the loop are processed
¡ the instructions in a pretest loop may never be
processed
¡ Posttest loop:
¡ the condition is at the bottom of the loop and is
evaluated after the instructions within the loop are
processed
REPETITION ¡ the instructions in a posttest loop will always be
processed at least once
STRUCTURES
(3 OF 4)
REPETITION
STRUCTURES
(4 OF 4)

¡ VB has three types

of loops:
¡ For … Next loop
¡ Do While loop
¡ Do Until loop
FOR … NEXT LOOP (1 OF 6)

¡ You can use a For...Next loop when a section of code

should be executed an exact number of times.
FOR … NEXT LOOP (2 OF 6)

Loop Iteration Value of intNumber Process

1 intNumber = 1 Executes the code inside the loop
2 intNumber = 2 Executes the code inside the loop
3 intNumber = 3 Executes the code inside the loop
4 intNumber = 4 Executes the code inside the loop
5 (exists the loop) intNumber = 5 The control variable value exceeds the ending
value, so the application exits the For...Next
loop. This means the statement(s) following the
Next command are executed.
FOR … NEXT LOOP (3 OF 6)

• A Step value is the value in a For...Next loop that is added

to or subtracted from the beginning value on each iteration of the
loop
– Default step value is 1
– Can be positive or negative, contain decimals, or include variables
and mathematical expressions
FOR … NEXT LOOP (4 OF 6)
FOR … NEXT LOOP (5 OF 6)

• You can also assign decimal values to the control variable in a

For...Next loop
• The loop ends when the value in the control variable is greater
than 4.5
• The Step value is 0.1, which means the value in decNumber
increments by 0.1 on each pass through the loop
FOR … NEXT LOOP (6 OF 6)

¡ A For...Next loop can also include variables and

mathematical expressions
DO … LOOP STATEMENT - PRETEST LOOP (1 OF 4)

¡ In a Do loop, the body of the loop is executed while or

until a condition is true or false.
DO … LOOP STATEMENT - PRETEST LOOP (2 OF 4)

Loop Iteration Value of intScore Result of Condition Tested

1 intScore = 0 True
2 intScore = 1 True
3 intScore = 2 True
4 intScore = 3 True
5 intScore = 4 True
6 intScore = 5 False
DO … LOOP ¡ You use the While keyword in a looping
STATEMENT - condition to specify that the loop body should
PRETEST LOOP be processed while (in other words, as long as)
(3 OF 4) the condition is true.
DO … LOOP ¡ You use the Until keyword in a loop exit
STATEMENT - condition to specify that the loop body should
PRETEST LOOP be processed until the condition becomes true,
(4 OF 4) at which time the loop should stop.
DO … LOOP STATEMENT - POSTTEST LOOP (1 OF 3)

¡ The syntax for using the Do…Loop statement to code a

posttest loop
 DO … LOOP STATEMENT - POSTTEST LOOP
(2 OF 3)

Loop Iteration Value of intScore at Value of intScore Result of Condition

Start of the Loop When Checked Tested
1 intScore = 0 intScore = 1 True
2 intScore = 1 intScore = 2 True
3 intScore = 2 intScore = 3 True
4 intScore = 3 intScore = 4 True
5 intScore = 4 intScore = 5 False
DO … LOOP
STATEMENT -
POSTTEST
LOOP (3 OF
3)
INFINITE LOOPS

¡ An infinite loop is a loop that never ends.

¡ Occur when the loop body does not contain an instruction that
will make either the looping condition evaluate to False or the
loop exit condition evaluate to True.
COUNTERS

¡ A counter is a numeric variable used for counting something.

¡ For example, number of employees paid in a week.
¡ The intNum variable in Example 1 is a counter because it keeps track
of the number of times the loop instructions are repeated.
 ¡ An accumulator is a numeric variable used for
accumulating (adding together) something.
¡ For example, the total dollar amount of a week’s payroll.
ACCUMULATORS
¡ The dblTotal variable in Example 2 is an
accumulator because it adds together the scores
entered by the user.
 Operation Example with Example with Result
Single Operators Compound
Operator

Addition intResult = intResult + 1 intResult + = 1 intResult = 25

Subtraction intResult = intResult – 3 intResult – = 3 intResult = 21
Multiplication intResult = intResult * 2 intResult * = 2 intResult = 48
Decimal decResult = decResult / 5 decResult / = 5 decResult = 4.8
Division

Integer Division intResult = intResult \ 5 intResult \ = 5 intResult = 4

Exponents intResult = intResult ^ 2 intResult ^ = 2 intResult = 576
Concatenate strSample = strSample & strSample & = strSample = “tree
“house” “house” house”

¡ A compound operator allows you to

COMPOUND add, subtract, multiply, divide, use modulus
OPERATORS or exponents, or concatenate strings,
storing the result in the same variable.
FOR…NEXT VERSUS DO…LOOP STATEMENTS
¡ When using the Do…Loop statement, you must include statements to declare,
initialize, and update the counter variable, and you also must include the
appropriate comparison in the Do clause.
¡ In a For…Next statement, the declaration, initialization, comparison, and update
tasks are handled by the For clause.
NESTED LOOP (1 OF 2)
• Any loop can be placed within another loop under the
following conditions:
– Interior loops must be completely contained inside the
outer loop
– Must have a different control variable
NESTED LOOP (2 OF 2)