Reviewer Module 10 11
Reviewer Module 10 11
The main
purpose of migration is to find work or employment.
Two Types of Migration
1. Internal Migration. Refers to people moving from one area to another within one country.
2. International migration. People cross borders of one country to another.
The latter can be further broken down into five groups.
● Immigrants: Permanent relocation to another country.
● Temporary Workers: Staying in another country for a fixed period. (at least 6 months in a year)
● Illegal Migrants: Entering a country without authorization.
● Petitioned Migrants: Relocating due to family petitions.
● Refugees/Asylum-Seekers: Fleeing persecution and unable to return home.
● Estimated Number of Migrants: Demographers estimate that 24 million people are currently living
outside the countries of their birth. (This number is likely outdated, as the UN estimates 281 million
international migrants in 2020)
● Reasons for Migration: 90% moved for economic reasons, while the remaining 10% were refugees and
asylum-seekers.
● Top Regions of Origin:
○ Latin America (18% of global total)
○ Eastern Europe and Central Asia (16%)
○ Middle East and North Africa (14%)
● Top Countries of Origin:
○ India, Mexico, and China are leading
○ The Philippines, together with Afghanistan, only ranking 6th in the world.
● Top 10 Country Destinations: The top 10 country destinations are mainly in the West and the Middle East,
with the United States topping the list.
● Migrant Contribution to Destination Countries:
○ 50% of global migrants have moved from developing countries to developed zones of the world.
○ Migrants contribute anywhere from 40 to 80 percent of their labor force in developed countries.
○ Their growth has outstripped the population growth in developed countries (3 percent versus
only 0.6 percent).
○ "First-generation immigrants constitute 13 percent of the population in Western Europe, 15
percent in North America, and 48 percent in the GCC countries.”
● Age and Gender: The majority of international migrants are young adults (ages 20-39) and are more likely
to be male than female.
● Education Levels: Migrants often have higher levels of education than the general population in their
home countries, contributing to the "brain drain" phenomenon.
● Remittances: Remittances are a significant source of income for many developing countries. In 2021,
global remittances reached an estimated $782 billion.
Organizations
People:
● US President Donald Trump:
○ Attempted to ban travel into the United States of people from majority-Muslim countries.
○ Continued to speak about his election promise of building a wall between the United States and
Mexico.
● UK Prime Minister Theresa May:
○ Advocated for stricter immigration policies and reversed some pro-immigration and refugee-
sympathetic policies in the UK.
Events:
● 2011 Harvard Business School survey on the impact of immigration: Concluded that the negative impact
of immigration on native labor markets is often overstated and that the fiscal impact on social welfare is
small.
● 2013 report on government welfare spending by OECD: Showed that native-born citizens receive more
government support than immigrants.
● 2014 remittances totaled $580 billion: Remittances from migrant workers to their home countries
reached a significant amount, contributing to development and economic growth.
● 2012 International Labour Organization (ILO) identified 21 million victims of forced labor: The ILO
estimated that 21 million people were victims of forced labor, highlighting the scale of this global
problem.
● 2014 profits of human trafficking syndicates reached $150 billion: Human trafficking syndicates
generated significant profits, demonstrating the lucrative nature of this criminal activity.
● 2006 some 15 percent of locally trained doctors from 21 sub-Saharan African countries had emigrated
to the United States or Canada: This event highlighted the "brain drain" phenomenon, where skilled
professionals leave their home countries for opportunities elsewhere, leading to a shortage of qualified
personnel.
Money:
$580 billion: Total remittances from migrant workers in 2014.
$70 billion: Remittances to India in 2014.
$62 billion: Remittances to China in 2014.
$28 billion: Remittances to the Philippines in 2014.
$25 billion: Remittances to Mexico in 2014.
$150 billion: Profits of human trafficking syndicates in 2014.
Countries:
United States: Has seen anti-immigration policies implemented by President Trump.
United Kingdom: Has seen anti-immigration policies implemented by Prime Minister Theresa May.
Mexico: The subject of President Trump's proposed wall between the US and Mexico.
Syria: The source of refugees fleeing war.
Iraq: The source of refugees fleeing war.
Germany: Has seen an influx of refugees from the Middle East.
Philippines: A country that sends many workers abroad and receives significant remittances.
Liberia: Has seen a significant loss of doctors to emigration (43%).
Ghana: Has seen a significant loss of doctors to emigration (30%).
Uganda: Has seen a significant loss of doctors to emigration (20%).
Bangladesh: Has a government agency (BMET) involved in the recruitment and deployment of migrant workers.
India: Has a government agency (OPE) involved in the recruitment and deployment of migrant workers.
Singapore: A country that relies on foreign labor.
Saudi Arabia: A country that relies on foreign labor.
Japan: A country with an aging population that will need workers from other countries.
Food Security:
- The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) defines food insecurity as a situation of limited or uncertain
availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in
socially acceptable ways.
- Malnutrition: Affects all countries, including over- and under-nutrition and micronutrient deficiencies.
- 800 million people are undernourished.
- 2 billion are overweight or obese.
- 2 billion are micronutrient deficient.
- Hunger Burden: The vast majority of the world's hungry live in developing countries.
- Southern Asia faces the greatest hunger burden, with about 281 million undernourished people.
- In sub-Saharan Africa, the current rate of undernourished is around 23 percent.
- Diet Quality: Despite improved food access at all income levels, diet quality is declining.
- Nutritious foods remain unaffordable for many.
- Poor nutrition causes nearly half the deaths in children under five.
- One in four children suffer stunted growth.
- 66 million primary school-age children attend classes hungry across the developing world, with 23 million in Africa
alone.
- Without policy changes, obesity will increase in all countries and reach 3.28 billion by 2030.
- Production: Slow rate of growth of food production is adversely affecting the supply of food grains.
- Consumption: Increasing consumption and wastages are putting pressures on food grains stocks.
- Distribution: Bottlenecks pose threats to food availability even in normal times.
- Politics: Political issues also affect food chains.
- Population:
- Today's global population has reached 7.4 billion.
- It is estimated to increase to 9.5 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100.
- The median age of this population is 30.1 years.
- Ninety-five percent of this population growth will happen in developing countries.
- Demographers predict that by the middle of this century, several countries will have tripled their population.
- Developed countries have steady or declining populations.
- The FAO warns that food production must increase by 70 percent to mitigate the impact of population growth.
- The FAO recommends:
- Increased investment in agriculture.
- Long-term policies aimed at fighting poverty.
- Investment in research and development.
- Comprehensive social service programs that include food assistance, health services, and education.
Sustainable Agriculture:
- Agriculture is the largest employer in the world, providing livelihoods for 40% of the global population.
- Investing in smallholder farmers is an important way to increase food security and nutrition.
- Sustainable agriculture practices are crucial to protect the environment.
- Since the 1900s, some 75 percent of crop diversity has been lost from farmers' fields.
- Better use of agricultural biodiversity can contribute to more nutritious diets, enhanced livelihoods, and more
resilient and sustainable farming systems.
Global Food Security Index (GFSI):
GFSI Rankings:
- Singapore is the runaway winner (Global Rank: 19), followed by Malaysia (43).
- Rice exporters are at lower tiers: Thailand (53), Vietnam (64), Cambodia (84), and Myanmar (80).
- Rice importers' ranks, excluding Singapore and Malaysia, are Indonesia (73) and the Philippines (79).
- ASEAN countries with high GFSI are ahead in affordability, availability, and quality and safety criteria.
GFSI Criteria:
- Affordability:
- Singapore posted the highest per capita income at $73,168, followed by Malaysia with $9,503 in 2016.
- Indonesia has $3,570, the Philippines $2,186.
- The two leaders had little (if no) poverty.
- Malaysia's poverty incidence was only 1.6% in 2014 versus 21.6% for the Philippines.
- Quality and Safety:
- Rice importers Singapore and Malaysia beat rice exporters Vietnam and Thailand.
- The Philippines is even ahead of Cambodia, a rice exporter.
- The level of development of a country affects the quality and safety criteria.
- Natural Resources and Resilience (NRR):
- The 2017 GFSI includes a new environmental criterion that recognizes the growing emphasis on resource
conservation, climate change adaptation, and sustainable agriculture practices.
- Factors such as temperature change, land deforestation, and depletion of water resources are considered.