PROJECT REPORT

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

SESSION2024-25
Submitted
in the partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology to
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by:-
PRIYANSHU RANJAN
B.TECH. CIVIL ENGINEERING

(ROLL NO. 2202160009015)

Under the Supervision of:

MRS. TABASSUM ABBASI
(HOD CIVIL ENGINEERING)

IIMT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING GREATER

NOIDA UTTAR PRADESH
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of that task would not be completed without the
expression of gratitude to the people who made it possible. I take this
opportunity to acknowledge all those who guided, encouraged and helped
me in winding up this project report.

I feel greatly honoured for having done my Project Report. I thank

Mrs.Tabassum Abbasi (H.O.D. Civil Engineering) them with full zeal and
enthusiasm that they gave this big opportunity to me.

Last but not the least; I would like to extend my deep sense of gratitude
and thanks to my Parents, Friends and God in successful completion of
this project Report.

Priyanshu Ranjan
B. TECH
CIVIL ENGINEERING
 DECLARATION
1. Priyanshu Ranjan , a student of IIMT COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING.

GREATER NOIDA UTTAR PRADESH hereby declare that this project

Report is the record of authentic work carried out by me during the
academic year 2024 and has not been submitted to any other university or
institute towards the awards of any degree an attempt has been made by
me to provide all relevant and important details regarding the topic to
support the theoretical advice with concrete research evidence. This will
be helpful to clean the fog surrounding the various aspect of the topic. I
hope that this project will be beneficial.

Priyanshu Ranjan
B. TECH
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Contents
 ➢ Introduction ➢ Classification Of Buildings Based
on Occupancy ➢ Safety Induction ➢ Worker’s Safety
➢ Precautions At Site for Safety ➢ Equipment Used
for Safety at Construction ➢ Foundation ➢
Concreting ➢ Wall Construction ➢ Beams And
Columns ➢ Slab Casting ➢ Materials Used for
Construction at Site ➢ Aggregate ➢ Reinforcement ➢
Fly Ash ➢ Admixtures ➢ Equipment’s Used ➢
Conclusion

INTRODUCTION
Architects are persons legally permitted to practice architecture. Engineers
are experts in specific scientific disciplines and are legally permitted to
design parts of buildings; in some cases, complete buildings.

All others / training institutions – This subdivision shall include any

building or a group of buildings under single management which is used
for students not less than 100 in number. In the case of temporary
buildings/structure which are utilized for educational purposes,

The construction of the new college building marks a transformative

milestone in our institution's growth and commitment to fostering an
exceptional learning environment. Designed with both innovation and
functionality in mind, this new facility will house cutting-edge classrooms,
collaborative learning spaces, and modern amenities that support our
students' academic, social, and personal development.

With a focus on sustainability and adaptability, the building's design

incorporates eco-friendly materials and energy-efficient systems to reduce
our environmental footprint. This expansion will not only enhance the
campus aesthetic but will also strengthen our resources for teaching,
research, and community engagement.

This new building reflects our dedication to providing students with the
tools and spaces they need to thrive, preparing them for success in a
rapidly evolving world.

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON

OCCUPANCY: -

• GROUP-A RESIDENSIAL BUILDINGS

• GROUP-B EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS

• GROUP-C INSTITUTIONAL BULIDINGS

• GROUP-D ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS

• GROUP-E BUSINESS BUILDINGS

• GROUP-F MERCANTILE BUILDINGS

• GROUP-G INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS • GROUP-H STORAGE BUILDINGS

• GROUP-1 HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: -
These building include any building in which sleeping accommodation provide for
normal residential purposes, with or without cooking and dining facilities It includes
single or multi- family dwellings, apartment, lodgings or rooming houses, restaurants,
hostels dormitories and residential hostels

EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS: -
These include any building used for school, college or day-care purposes
involving assembly for construction, education or recreation and which is
not covered by assembly buildings

INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS: -
These buildings are used for different purposes, such as medical or other
treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness,
diseases or infirmity, care of infants, convalescents or aged persons and for
penal detention in which the liberty of the inmates is restricted.
Institutional buildings primarily provide sleeping accommodation for the
occupants.

ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS: -
These are the buildings where groups of people meet or gather for
amusement, recreation, social, religious, assembly halls, city halls,
marriage halls, exhibition halls, museums, places of work ship, etc

BUSINESS BUILDINGS: -
These buildings are used for transaction of business, for keeping of
accounts and records and for similar purposes, offices, banks, professional
establishments, courts houses, libraries. The principal function of these
buildings is transaction of public business and keeping of books and
records.
MERCANTILE BUILDINGS: -
These buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for display an sale of
merchandise either wholesale or retail, office, shops, storage service
facilities incidental to the sale of merchandise and located in the same
building.

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS: -
These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds and properties
are fabrication, assembled, manufactured or processed, as assembly plant,
laboratories, dry cleaning plants, power plants, pumping stations, smoke
houses, laundries etc.

STORAGE BUILDINGS: -
These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods,
wares or merchandise vehicles and animals, as warehouses, cold storage,
garages, trucks.

HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS: -
These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacture or
processing of highly combustible or explosive materials or products which
are liable to burn with extreme rapidly and/or which may produce
poisonous elements for storage handling, acids or other liquids or
chemicals producing flames, fumes and ex plosive, poisonous, irritant or
corrosive gases processing of any material producing explosive mixtures
of dust which result in the division of matter into fine particles subjected to
spontaneous ignition
SAFETY INDUCTION: -
Safety is very important part of any work. An induction video was showed
which highlighted the need and importance of safety at construction site.
Most accidents can be prevented by taking simple measures or adopting
proper working procedures. It is very important to discuss issues on safety
and health that should be paid attention to on construction sites for easy
reference by the workers. If we work carefully and take appropriate safety
measures, there will definitely be fewer work injury cases, and our sites
will become a safe and secure place to work in. It is important to educate
everyone in the site regarding safety for following purposes.

Worker’s safety: -
➢ Construction progress
➢ Standard procedure
➢ Legal cases
➢ Working efficiency
➢ Working efficiency

Precautions at site for safety:-

➢ Wear protective equipment.
➢ Do not drink or take drugs while working. ➢ Pay attention to
personal hygiene ➢ Do not play in the workplace.
➢ Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any unsafe
condition.
Equipment used for safety at construction: -
■Construction Site Fall
■Crane Accidents
■Scaffolding Accidents
■Electrical Accidents
■Trench Collapses
■Fires and Explosions
■Welding Accidents
■Cutting Accidents
■Structure Failure
■Building Collapse
■Supervisor Negligence
■Punch Press Malfunctions
■Compressor Accidents
■Exploding Compressor
■Gas Explosions During Welding Run-Over by Operating Equipment
■Unsafe/Dangerous Equipment Accidents
FOUNDATION
Footings are strips of concrete or filled concrete blocks placed under
foundation wall. Gravel or crushed stone footings may also be used. The
purpose of footing is to transfer the loads safely in the ground. Generally,
in high rise buildings three types of footings are provided
Isolated Footing: -
An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column. It is
usually either square or rectangular in plan. It represents the simplest, most
economical type and most widely used footing. Whenever possible, square
footings are provided so as to reduce the bending moments and shearing
forces at their critical sections. Isolated footings are used in case of light
column loads, when columns are not closely spaced. An isolated footing
must, therefore, be provided by two sets of reinforcement bars placed on
top of the other near the bottom of the footing. In case of property line
restrictions, footings may be designed for eccentric loading or combined
footing is used as an alternative to isolated footing.
Combined footing: -
Whenever a column is to be provided near the edge of property and it may
not be permissible to extend the footing beyond a certain limit. In such a
case, the load on the footing will be eccentric and hence this will result in
uneven distribution of load to the supporting soil. Hence, an alternative
design would be to provide a common footing to the edge column and to
an interior column close to it. Combined footings under two or more
columns are used under closely spaced, heavily loaded interior columns
where individual footings, if they were provided, would be either very
close to each other, or overlap each other. This footing is called "combined
footing". A view of Isolated and Combined footings at construction site
Raft footing or Mat footing-
This is a footing that covers the entire area under the structure. This
footing is used when very heavy loads of building are to be transmitted to
the underlying soil having very low and differential bearing capacities.
Due to its rigidity, it minimizes differential settlement. There are several
types of raft foundation in use. The most common types are; the flat slab
and the slab-beam types Raft footings are provided in following cases-
■When the ground water table is high, rafts are often placed over piles to
control buoyancy.
■When isolated footings for column overlap on each other.
■When total area of footing slab is more than 50% of total area.
■Where underground flooring is required this type of footing is provided
and it serves as footing as well as floor.
CONCRETING: -
After shuttering and scaffolding concreting should be done.
Most read 19 During concreting following equipment's are used-
■Concrete mixer.
■Mounted concrete pump.
■Concrete vibrators (e.g. Needle vibrator, plate/surface vibrator etc.).

During concreting work following instructions should be followed-

■There should be proper compaction of poured concrete.
■There should be spacers to provide cover to reinforcement.
■There should be proper curing of concrete construction.

WALL CONSTRUCTION:-
In framed structure generally brick walls are constructed for partition
purpose and half brick walls are made. But at the site no wall was
constructed with brick because it was a high-rise building. All the walls
were constructed as RCC wall because these acts as a shear wall and
provide horizontal stability to building and reduces the deflection.

BEAMS AND COLUMNS: -

In framed structure fixed type beams are constructed. In such type of
beams proper reinforcement should be done for positive as well as
negative bending moments. In such type of structures short columns are
constructed with minimum eccentricity. In square or rectangular shaped
columns min. 4 no's of 12 mm diameter bars must be used and spacing
should not be more than as per code IS Code 456:2000.
SLAB CASTING: -
Slabs are of following types-
One way slab- In one way slab load transfer occurs only in one direction.
For one way slab aspect ratio should be more than or equal to 2. In one
way slab reinforcement calculated is provided only in shorter direction and
in other direction distribution steel is provided.
Two-way slab- In two-way slab load transfer occurs in both the directions.
For two-way slab aspect ratio should be less than 2. In two-way slab
reinforcement is provided in both shorter and longer directions and at the
supports negative reinforcement is also provided.
MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION AT
SITE: -
At the construction site following materials were being used
Cement The function of cement is to combine with water and to form
cement paste. This paste first sets i.e. it becomes firms and then hardens
due to chemical reaction, called hydration, between the cement and water.
On setting & hardening, the cement binds the aggregate together into a
stone like hard mass & thus provides strength, durability & water-tighten
to the concrete. Quality of cement is based on grade of cement. The grades
of cement are as-
■33 Grades
■43 Grades
■53 Grades
■At the site Portland cement of 53 grades (ULTRATECH CEMENT) was
used.
■The initial setting time of cement = 30 minutes (1/2 hr.) ■The
final setting time of cement = 10 hrs.

Aggregate: -
Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shapes.
Most read 24 Neat cement is very rarely used in construction works since
it is liable to shrink too much and become cracks on setting. Moreover, it
will be costly to use neat cement in construction work. Therefore, cement
is mixed with some inert strong & durable hard materials. They also
reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative much cheaper as
cement.
Types of aggregates:
■Fine Aggregate
■Coarse Aggregate
■Fine aggregate (sand)- The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm, I.S.
sieve and entirely retain on 75 micron (.075mm) I.S. sieve is known as fine
aggregate.

Function of fine aggregate

The function of using fine aggregate in a concrete mix is to fill up the
voids existing in the coarse aggregate and to obtain a dense and strong
concrete with less quantity of cement and increase the workability of the
concrete mix.
Coarse aggregate- The aggregate, which pass through 75 mm I.S. sieve
and entirely retain on 4.75 I.S. sieve is known as coarse aggregates.
At construction site aggregate used are as follows Coarse aggregate of
20mm size. Coarse aggregate of 12.5 mm size (As per concrete mix
design). Fine aggregate in form of coarse sand.

Reinforcement:-
The material that develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase
its strength is called reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension,
shear, bending moment, torsion and compression.

Function of reinforcement-
Reinforcement working as a tension member because concrete is strong in
compression and week in tension so reinforcement resists the tensile
stresses in the concrete members. At the site contractor using the high
strength steel bars and T.M.T. (Thermo Mechanically Treated) bars of
diameter 8 mm, 10 mm, 16 mm, & 32 mm as per requirement of design. At
construction site 8 mm, 10 mm, 16 mm, & 32 mm (T.M.T.) reinforcement
bars were being used. The bars were of grade Fe415 for 8mm and Fe500
for other diameter bars. The bars were of brand TATA TISCON.
■The main reason of using steel bars in RCC is that, the coefficients of
thermal expansion of steel bars and concrete is of approximately equal
value.
Fly ash:-
At the site, a small amount of fly ash was also being used which is
produced by burning of coal in thermal power plants. The main advantages
of using fly ash in building construction are as follows-
➢ It is free of cost.
➢ Its consumption reduces environmental pollution.
➢ It has a fair quality of bonding properties.

Admixtures:-
Admixtures are generally used to affect workability of concrete mix
and to reduce water content. Admixtures also increases the target
mean strength of concrete At the site HYPERPLAST PC-711
(MADE BY- DON CHEMICALS) admixture was being used to
increase workability and to reduce quantity of water in concrete mix.

Types of admixtures:-
➢ Accelerators
➢ Retarders
➢ Water reducers/plasticizers/superplasticizers
➢ Air entraining agents
➢ Bonding admixtures
Other materials-
■Stone dust
■Plywood

EQUIPMENTS USED: -
➢ Concrete pump
➢ Rotary mixer for transporting R.M.C.
➢ Crane
➢ Boom pump (used in construction of retaining wall where
transportation of R.M.C. was very difficult because of excavation
work)
➢ Ready Mix Concrete plant
 CONCLUSION: -

We can conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and

practical work done. As the scope of understanding will be much more
when practical work is done. As we get more knowledge in such a
situation where we have great experience doing the practical work.
Knowing the loads we have designed the slabs depending upon the ratio of
longer to shorter span of panel. In this project we have designed slash as
two-way slabs depending upon the end condition, corresponding bending
moment. The coefficients have been calculated as per 1.5. code methods
for corresponding by ratio. The calculations have been done for foods on
beams and columns and designed frame analysis Hy by moment monme
distribution method. Heru, we have a very low bearing capacity, hard soil
and isolated footing done.