Quantitative Chemistry Mastery Booklet

Quantitative Chemistry is how chemists work out how much substance is used and made in a chemical reaction.

Conservation of mass

Recap questions:

1. What is the law of conservation of mass?

2. Look at the reaction below:
Na + Cl2  NaCl
Explain how you know it is not balanced
3. Balance the equation
4. If 20g of Na is used, and 110g of NaCl is formed. What is the mass of Cl 2 used?
5. Explain your answer
6. Look at the reaction below:
Mg(s) + HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Balance the equation
7. What do the state symbols in the equation stand for?
8. Identify all elements and compounds in the equation
9. What are the reactants and what are the products?
10. A student adds 10g of Mg to a flask which has 100g of HCl in it. The mass of the flask at the end is less
than 110g. Explain why.

In chemical reactions, the mass is conserved. This means that the mass of the reactants = the mass of the
products. Sometimes it can look like the mass is changing, but it is usually down to a gas being involved:

 If the mass appears to decrease, it is because a gas is formed which escapes the container
 If the mass appears to increase, it is because atoms from a gas in the atmosphere have been added

In a reaction, marble powder is mixed with hydrochloric acid

11. The formula for marble powder is CaCO3 and its name is calcium carbonate. Which atoms are present in
calcium carbonate?
12. Is calcium carbonate an element or a compound? Explain your answer.
13. Calcium carbonate is an ionic substance. Predict the properties of calcium carbonate
14. Below is a symbol equation for the reaction.
CaCO3 + HCl  CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Copy the equation into your exercise book and balance it
15. Explain why the mass of this reaction appears to decrease

Magnesium can be heated in the air to react with oxygen

16. Oxygen in the air is a simple molecular substance. Predict its properties.
17. The magnesium and oxygen form magnesium oxide. Write a word equation for this reaction. Identify the
reactants and the product.
18. Magnesium oxide has a formula MgO. Use this information to write a symbol equation for this reaction.
19. Balance the symbol equation.
20. The diagrams below show what is occurring during the reaction. White circles are atoms of oxygen, and
grey ones are atoms of magnesium.

a. Label two elements in the diagrams

b. Label a compound in the diagrams
c. Name all the elements and compounds
d. Use the number of particles to prove that mass has been conserved in this reaction

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 e. Use the number of particles to explain why the mass of the product is greater than the mass of the
initial magnesium

Part 1: Relative formula mass

Remember that the relative atomic mass of an atom can be found by using the mass numbers of the periodic
table. The relative formula mass of a compound is the sum of the relative atomic masses of the atoms involved. It
is often given by the symbol Mr

Worked example 1:

What is the Mr of CaCO3?

CaCO3 has one calcium atom, one carbon atom and three oxygen atoms. The relative mass of calcium is 40,
carbon is 12 and oxygen is 16. To calculate the total:

40 + 12 + (3 x 16) = 100

Worked example 2:

What is the Mr of Ca(OH)2?

Ca(OH)2 has one atom of calcium, two atoms of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen (remember that everything in
the brackets is multiplied by the little number. To calculate the total:

40 + (2 x 16) + (2 x 1) = 74

21. For each of the compounds below calculate their Mr

a. CO e. Na2O i. CuSO4
b. MgO f. Al2O3 j. K2SO4
c. H2O2 g. Al(OH)3 k. Al2(SO4)3
d. SO2 h. Mg(NO3)2

22. Challenge: a substance has an Mr of 180. A student knows that it has atoms of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen in it. What is its formula?

Part 2: The mole

We will return to Mr soon. In everyday life, there are some words we can use which represent a number. For
example:

A score = 20
A dozen = 12
A baker’s dozen = 13
A gross = 144
A great gross = 1728

These words exist because in different contexts those words are more useful than the numbers they represent.
Someone selling eggs will refer to them “by the dozen” as eggs come in containers of six or twelve. So “dozen” is
more useful than “twelve.”

23. How many eggs in:

a. Two dozen d. Four and a half dozen g. One twelfth of a gross

b. Three dozen e. Two gross h. A score of baker’s
c. A quarter of a dozen f. Seven gross dozens

In chemistry, we have a similar word called a “mole.” A “mole” is a word which represents a number just like
“dozen” represents “twelve.” A mole represents the number 6.022x1023. This number is called The Avogadro
Constant. This number is useful to chemists because when you are talking about atoms or molecules, you are
normally referring to an enormous number of them, so it is useful to have a word which can represent enormous
numbers.

24. How many atoms are in:

a. One mole of atoms c. Seven moles of atoms e. A dozen moles of

b. Two moles of atoms d. Half a mole of atoms atoms

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 f. A score of moles of
atoms

25. How many:

a. Electrons are in one mole of electrons?
b. Protons are in one mole of protons?
c. Electrons are in two and a half moles of electrons?
26. Worked example: Sodium has 11 electrons in each atom. How many electrons are in one mole of sodium
atoms?
Answer: one mole of atoms is 6.022x1023. If each atom has 11 electrons then there must be 11 x
6.022x1023 electrons in total which = 6.62x1024
27. How many electrons are in:
a. One mole of lithium atoms
b. Two moles of carbon atoms
c. One mole of carbon dioxide molecules
d. Half a mole of methane molecules
28. Challenge: A sample of iron metal is found to have 4.85x1026 electrons in it. How many moles of iron
atoms are present?

Part 3: moles and Mr

We can now combine parts 1 and 2. This is because the M r of a substance represents the mass of one mole of that
substance.

For example: water has the formula H2O. Each molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms O
and one oxygen atom. Its Mr is 18. This means that 18 grams of water, contains one mole of
water molecules.
H H

This leaves us with a formula relating moles, mass and M r:

mass
moles=
Mr
Worked example 3

How many moles are in 30g of CO2? Worked example 4

The Mr of CO2 is How many moles are in 175g of Na2CO3?

12 + (16x2) = 44 Mr = (2 x 23) + 12 + (3 x 16) = 106

Moles = 30/44 = 0.68 Moles = 175/106 = 1.65

29. How many moles are in:

a. 10g CO2 e. 45g Cl2 i. 11g H3PO4

b. 20g CO2 f. 40g NH4Cl j. 500g Mg(NO3)2
c. 150g CH4 g. 0.8g Na2SO4 k. 1kg NaF
d. 12g NH3 h. 35g of water l. 1.2kg Ca(OH)2

The equations can be rearranged to:

mass
mass=moles × Mr and Mr=
moles
30. What is the mass of:

a. 5 moles of Cl2 (answer is 355g – you c. 0.01 moles of Ag

need to work it out) d. 0.002 moles of (NH4)2SO4
b. 0.2 moles of Al2O3 e. 0.3 moles of Na2CO3
31. An experiment was carried out to find the Mr of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). It was found that 1 g contains
0.00568 moles of Vitamin C molecules. Calculate the Mr of vitamin C.

Part 4: manipulating ratios

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We can use all of the above to make important chemical calculations. But before that, we must understand how to
use ratios. On a youth camp, there must be a ratio of at least one leader to six children. This can be written as a
ratio of 1:6

If there are 12 children, there must be at least 2 leaders. This is because in a ratio you can multiply or divide either
side to get to a target number. If the target is 12 children, we must multiply 6 by 2. But we must also multiply the
other side by 2. This can be represented as

1:6
x2 x2
2: 12

However, this becomes a bit more complicated when we use different numbers. If there are 100 children, how
many leaders do we need?

The easiest way to do this is in two steps. First divide the ratio by the original target side (in this case 6). Then
multiply by 100 to get to your target of 100:
÷6 1:6 ÷6
0.17 : 1
This shows that if we have 100 children, we need 17 leaders. x x 100
100 17 : 100
This simple method can be applied to any ratio.

32. Using the ratio above of 1:6, how many leaders are needed for:

a. 40 children e. 87 children h. A mole of

b. 81 children f. A dozen children children
c. 600 children g. A score of
d. 700 children children

33. How many children can be supervised by:

a. 8 leaders b. 51 leaders c. 23 leaders

34. A different youth camp has different rules and requires 3 leaders for every 11 children. How many leaders
are needed for:

a. 22 children c. 230 children

b. 100 children d. 80 children

35. How many children can be supervised by:

a. 36 leaders c. 10 leaders
b. 45 leaders d. 79 leaders

Part 5: Balanced equations

The above becomes relevant when we start to look at balanced equations. Take the equation as an example:

2H2 + O2  2H2O can be shown as:

H H O O H O H

H H
H O H

We can see that two molecules of hydrogen react with one molecule of oxygen to form two molecules of water.
This can be expressed as a ratio:

H2 O2 H2O
2 1 2
Using part 4 we could therefore establish that if we had four molecules of hydrogen and two of oxygen, we would
obtain four of water. If I used a dozen hydrogen molecules, I would need half a dozen oxygen molecules and would
obtain a dozen water molecules.

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 H2 O2 H2O
A dozen Half a dozen A dozen
When we do a chemical reaction we do not use such tiny amounts, we use much larger amounts, which we can
represent with the mole. If I have two moles of hydrogen I would need one mole of oxygen and would obtain two
moles of water as below:

H2 O2 H2O
Two moles One mole Two moles
If I was starting with 8 moles of hydrogen then it is obvious I would need 4 moles of oxygen. But it is more
complicated if we use different numbers. If I started with 13.87 moles of hydrogen, how many moles of oxygen
would I need?

H2 O2 H2O
2 1 2
÷2
1 0.5

x 13.87 13.8 6.94

7

We can also now predict how much water we would expect to obtain from the reaction:

H2 O2 H2O
2 1 2
÷2.
1 0.5 1

x 13.87 13.8 6.94 13.8

7 7

Worked example 4:

Hydrogen and nitrogen react together to make ammonia (NH3). Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction
and calculate how much nitrogen would be needed to react with 19.30 moles of hydrogen and how much ammonia
would be produced.

First, we write the equation:

H2 + N2  NH3

Then balance:

3H2 + N2  2NH3

Then we calculate our ratio:

H2 N2 NH3
3 1 2
÷3
1 0.33 0.67

x 19.30 19.3 6.37 12.9

0 3

So 6.37 moles of nitrogen would be needed and would produce 12.93 moles of ammonia.

Guided practice:

36. Methane (CH4) reacts with oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water.
a. Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction:
CH4 + __O2  CO2 + __H2O
b. Fill in the top row of the table below with the numbers from your balanced equation

CH4 O2 CO2 H2O

÷____

5
 x _____
c. If you started with two moles of CH4, how much O2 would you need? (the answer is 4, but you must
use a calculation to prove this)
d. If you started with 3.5 moles of CH4, how much O2 would you need?
e. If you started with 3.5 moles of CH4, how much CO2 would you expect?
37. Ethane (C2H6) also reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, the equation being:
2C2H6 + 5O2  4CO2 + 6H2O
a. If 4 moles of ethane are used, show that 8 moles of CO2 are produced
b. If 5 moles of ethane are used, show that 15 moles of H2O are produced
c. If 7 moles of ethane are used, show that 21 moles of H2o are produced.
d. If 19 moles of oxygen is used, how much water is produced?
e. How many moles of oxygen and ethane would you have to use to generate 43 moles of water?
38. Sulphur reacts with oxygen to make sulphur trioxide as below:
S8 + O2  SO3
a. Balance the equation
b. How many moles of sulphur would be required to produce 12 moles of sulphur trioxide?
c. A chemist uses 17 moles of sulphur. How much oxygen would they need for a complete reaction?
d. How much sulphur dioxide would be produced?

Part 6: moles and masses

In the questions above you were given a number of moles of one substance (e.g. hydrogen) and asked to work out
the moles of another substance (e.g. water). Normally, instead of being given the number of moles you will be
given a mass. Using the equation from part 3 you will have to use that mass to calculate the number of moles for
yourself.

Worked example 5:

A student reacts 45g of lithium with oxygen to make lithium oxide. What mass of lithium oxide is produced?

Step 1: Construct the symbol equation:

4Li + O2 2Li2O

Step 2: work out the moles using moles = mass ÷ M r

45g of lithium, with an Mr of 7

Moles = 45 ÷ 7 = 6.43

Step 3: manipulate the ratio

Li O2 Li2O
4 1 2
÷4
1 0.5

x 6.43 6.43 3.22

Step 4: work out mass using moles x Mr

Moles Li2O = 3.22, Mr of Li2O = 30

Mass = 3.22 x 30 = 96.60g of Li2O produced.

Guided example:

Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide (MgO). Calculate how much magnesium oxide is
produced from 13.60g of magnesium.

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Step 1: Construct the symbol equation:

___Mg + O2  ___MgO

Step 2: work out the moles using moles = mass ÷ M r

13.60g of Mg, Mr of Mg is ____

Step 3: manipulate the ratio

Mg O2 MgO
___ ___ ___
÷ ___
1

x ____
Step 4: work out mass using moles x Mr

Answer should come out as: 22.67g

Step by step summarised:

Step 1: Construct the symbol equation

Step 2: work out the moles using moles = mass ÷ Mr
Step 3: manipulate the ratio
Step 4: work out mass using moles x Mr

39. Li + F2  LiF
a. Show that 31g of Lithium produces approximately 115g of lithium fluoride
b. Show that 90g of fluorine produces approximately 123g of lithium fluoride
c. How much lithium was used if 87g of lithium fluoride is produced?

40. Ca + O2  CaO
a. Show that approximately 107g of calcium needed to produce 150g of calcium oxide
b. Show that the amount of calcium oxide produced from 1kg of calcium is approximately 1400g.
(change everything into grams!)
c. Calculate the amount of calcium oxide formed from 0.82g of oxygen
41. P4 + O2  P2O5
a. Show that the amount of product formed from 43g of phosphorous is just less than 100g.
b. 21g of oxygen is used. How much product is formed?
c. How much oxygen would be needed for 90g of product?
42. Al + Cl2  Al2Cl3
a. 1.3kg of aluminium is used. How much aluminium chloride is produced?
b. How much chlorine is required to react with 77g of aluminium?
43. K + H2O  KOH + H2
a. How much hydrogen is produced from a reaction using 132g of water?
b. How much potassium is required to produce 0.55g of potassium hydroxide?
44. Challenge: C4H10 reacts with oxygen in complete combustion to produce carbon dioxide and water. It reacts
with oxygen in incomplete combustion to produce carbon monoxide (CO) and water. Use this information
to show the difference in the mass of oxygen between the two reactions if in each one we start with 15g of
butane.

Part 7: Going the other way

In all of the above, we used a balanced equation to work out masses. We can also go in reverse by using a mass to
work out how to balance an equation.

Worked example 6:

Sodium nitrate, NaNO3, decomposes to give sodium nitrite, NaNO2, and oxygen gas. When 8.5g of sodium nitrate is
used, 6.9g of sodium nitrite and 1.6g of oxygen is produced. Construct and balance an equation for this reaction.

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Step 1: write an unbalanced symbol equation
NaNO3  NaNO2 + O2

Even though we could balance this now, the question wants us to use the masses to balance it
Step 2: work out Mr of everything in the equation
NaNO3  NaNO2 + O2

85 69 32

Step 3: work out the number of moles of everything you have using mass ÷ M r
NaNO3  NaNO2 + O2

8.5/85 6.9/69 32/1.6

=0.1 =0.1 =0.05

Step 4: convert to whole number ratio by dividing by smallest number

0.1/0.05 0.1/0.05 0.05/0.05

=2 =2 =1

Step 5: put these numbers into the equation

2NaNO3  2NaNO2 + O2

Which you can now see is balanced.

Worked example 7:

Copper reacts with oxygen to form copper oxide, CuO. In an experiment 6.35g of copper reacts with 1.60g of
oxygen. Balance an equation for this reaction.

Step 1: write an unbalanced symbol equation

Cu + O2  CuO

Step 2: work out Mr of everything in the equation

63.5 32 79.5

Step 3: work out the number of moles of everything you have using mass ÷ M r

Cu + O2  CuO

6.35/63.5 1.6/32 9.55/9.5

0.1 0.05 0.1

Note that we worked out the mass of copper oxide from combining the mass of the reactants – this is the law of
conservation of mass.

Step 4: convert to whole number ratio by dividing by smallest number

0.1/0.05 0.05/0.05 0.1/0.05

=2 =1 =2

Step 5: put these numbers into the equation

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2Cu + O2  2CuO

Which you can now see is balanced.

45. Potassium nitrate (KNO3) decomposes (breaks down) on heating to give potassium nitrite (KNO 2) and
oxygen. When 4.04 g of KNO3 is heated, 3.40 g of KNO2 is produced. Construct a balanced equation for this
reaction. When you have finished, check that you got it right by seeing if the equation is balanced.

46. Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3reacts with carbon (C) to give iron metal (Fe) and carbon dioxide (CO 2). When 480 g of
Fe2O3 is heated with carbon, 336 g of Fe and 198 g of CO2 are produced. Construct a balanced equation for
this reaction.

47. Challenge: 0.01 moles of Z are burnt completely in oxygen. The word equation is:
Z + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water
The symbol equation is:
CxHy + O2  ___CO2 + ___H2O (where x and y are unknown numbers

c. 1.76g of carbon dioxide and 0.90g of water are produced. Use this information to work out the
balancing numbers of CO2 and H2O

d. Use this information to establish x and y

Part 8: limiting reactants

All of the above assumed that we had enough of both reactant to do a perfect reaction with no reactant left over.
In reality, one reactant is usually left over at the end and is referred to as an excess reactant. The other reactant
is all used up and because there isn’t more of it limits the reaction. It is therefore called the limiting reactant.

Worked example 8:

3 moles of magnesium reacts with 7 moles of oxygen. Which is the limiting reactant?

Step 1: construct and balance an equation

2Mg + O2  2MgO

Step 2: manipulate the ratio using the number of moles for one of the reactants

In this case we will choose magnesium, but it doesn’t really matter so long as you only pick one.

Mg O2 MgO
2 1 2
÷2 1 0.5

x3 3 1.5

This shows us that if we start with 3 moles of magnesium, we only need 1.5 moles of oxygen. In out case we have
7 moles of oxygen.

Step 3: Assign the excess and limiting reactants

We have a lot more oxygen than we need which means that it is the excess and magnesium is the limiting
reactant

Guided example:

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4 moles of aluminium reacts with 3 moles of hydrochloric acid. Which is the limiting reactant?

Step 1: construct and balance an equation

2Al +___HCl  ____AlCl3 + 3H2

Step 2: manipulate the ratio using the number of moles for one of the reactants

Al HCl AlCl3 H2
2 3
÷2
1

x4 4

Step 3: Assign the excess and limiting reactants

In this case, do we have more or less HCl than we need?

48. Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia: N2 + H2  NH3

e. Balance the equation
f. For each of the below conditions, prove what the limiting reactant is:
i. 0.5 moles of N2 + 3 moles of H2, show that nitrogen limiting
ii. 3 moles of N2 + 7 moles of H2, show that hydrogen limiting
iii. 0.5 moles of N2 + 2.0 moles of H2, show that nitrogen limiting
g. Challenge: For each of the above, work out how many moles of ammonia will be produced
49. Sulphur dioxide reacts with oxygen to make sulphur trioxide.
h. Construct and balance an equation for this reaction
i. For each of the below conditions, work out what the limiting reactant is:
iv. 3 moles of SO2 + 3 moles of O2
v. 3 moles of SO2 + 2 moles of O2
vi. 2.0 moles of SO2 + 0.4 moles of O2

As before, sometimes you will only be provided with masses and will need to calculate moles for yourself

50. 5.00 g of iron and 5.00 g of sulphur are heated together to form iron (II) sulphide. Show that Fe is limiting.
Fe + S  FeS
51. In the Solvay process, ammonia is recovered by the unbalanced equation shown. If 2kg of ammonium
chloride and 0.5kg of calcium oxide show that CaO is limiting
NH4Cl + CaO  CaCl2 + H2O + NH3
52. 17g of methane reacts with 20g of oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water.
a. Show that O2 is limiting
b. Challenge: What mass of carbon dioxide would you expect to obtain from this reaction? Remember
to use the number of moles of your limiting reactant to calculate this.
53. 28g Aluminium reacts with 49g of fluorine gas to form aluminium fluoride (AlF 3).
c. What is the limiting reactant?
d. Challenge: What mass of aluminium fluoride would you expect to obtain from this reaction?
54. In the manufacture of titanium, what mass of titanium can theoretically be formed when 0.5 kg of titanium
chloride reacts with 0.1 kg of magnesium?
TiCl4 + 2 Mg  Ti + 2 MgCl2
55. In the manufacture of sulphur trioxide, what mass of sulphur trioxide can theoretically be formed when 1
kg of sulphur dioxide reacts with 0.5 kg of oxygen?
56. Challenge: Hydrazine (N2H4) was used as the rocket fuel for the Apollo missions to the moon. It is by
reaction of ammonia with sodium chlorate. What mass of hydrazine is made by reaction of 100 g of
ammonia with 100 g of sodium chloriate?
2 NH3 + NaOCl → N2H4 + NaCl + H2O

Part 9: concentrations of solution

The concentration of a solution tells us how much substance there is dissolved in the water. High concentration
means lots of substance and low concentration means less. We measure concentration in g/dm 3.

A dm3 is a decimetre cubed. This is 1000cm3. To convert from one to the other: ÷ 1000
3 3 3
So 1cm = 1/1000dm = 0.001dm
cm3 dm3

x 1000
10
 57. Convert the below to dm3

j. 10cm3 l. 200 cm3 n. 730 cm3

k. 100 cm3 m. 0.03 cm3 o. 1900 cm3

58. Convert the below to cm3

p. 1dm3 r. 70 dm3
q. 10dm3 s. 0.8 dm3

Calculating concentration

To calculate the concentration we divide the mass by the volume and give units of g/dm 3

mass
Concentration=
volume
Worked example 9

43g of sodium chloride is dissolved in 500cm3 of water. What is the concentration?

First, change the volume into dm3

500 ÷ 1000 = 0.5dm3

Then, divide the mass by the volume 43/0.5 = 86g/dm3

59. Calculate the concentration of:

t. 40g solute in 350cm3
u. 100g solute in 77cm3
v. 0.08g solute in 20cm3
w. 90g solute in 780cm3
60. For each of the below, calculate the concentration in g/dm3. You will need to convert the moles to masses
first.
x. 3 moles HCl in 100cm3 water
y. 8 moles Na2SO4 in 750cm3 water
z. 4 moles nitric acid in 300cm3 water
aa. 4 moles nitric acid in 0.83dm3 water

You may also need to rearrange the equation in order to answer questions.

61. Using 83g of solute, how much water is needed to:

bb. Make a 34g/dm-3 solution
cc. Make a 0.1g/dm-3 solution
dd. Make a 83g/dm-3 solution
ee. Make a 79g/dm-3 solution
62. What mass of solute is in:
ff. 25cm3 of a 2.3g/dm3 solution (remember to convert to dm3)
gg. 250cm3 of a 71g/dm3 solution
hh. 2.3dm3 of a 61g/dm3 solution

Summary question:

Aluminium hydroxide reacts with sulphuric acid as below

Al(OH)3 + H2SO4  Al2(SO4)3 + H2O

63. Balance the equation

64. If the sulphuric acid is made by dissolving 6 moles of H 2SO4 in 755cm3, what is its concentration?
65. How many moles of aluminium hydroxide are in 35g of it?
66. How many moles of aluminium sulphate are produced from a reaction involving 35g of aluminium
hydroxide?
67. What mass of water is produced from a reaction involving 12g of sulphuric acid?
68. 41g of aluminium hydroxide is reacted with 41g of sulphuric acid. Which is in excess and which is limiting?

Extra questions 1. What is the atomic number of an atom?

11
 2. Explain in terms of electrons what occurs 17. How many electrons can go in the first shell?
when magnesium bonds with oxygen 18. What charge will an ion of lithium take?
3. What is the name for a substance made of 19. What charge will an ion of oxygen take?
billions of oppositely charged ions joined 20. In terms of electrons, what do group 0
together? elements have in common?
4. How are the electrons in a phosphorous atom 21. What is a fullerene?
arranged? 22. Name KOH
5. Explain why ionic compounds conduct 23. How do you calculate the number of neutrons
electricity in solution in an atom?
6. What is graphene? 24. Explain why ionic compounds do not conduct
7. Explain in terms of electrons what occurs electricity when solid
when lithium bonds with chlorine 25. What is an element?
8. Why did Mendeleev put some elements in 26. Give a reason for alloying a metal
groups? 27. In ionic bonds, electrons are
9. What is an atom? ___________________
10. Will NaCl (l) conduct electricity? 28. How many electrons are in a given element?
11. Explain in terms of electrons what occurs 29. Why don't sulphur ions and oxygen ions form
when sodium bonds with oxygen ionic bonds with each other?
12. Define inert 30. What charge do electrons have?
13. What are groups in the periodic table?
14. What charge will an ion of beryllium take?
15. Explain why pure metals are soft
16. Explain in terms of electrons what occurs
when beryllium bonds with oxygen (3 marks)

Summary problem 2

A student conducts the reaction below between aluminium chloride and sodium to form sodium chloride and
aluminium:

Na + AlCl3  NaCl + Al

1) Balance the equation

2) Identify reactants, products, elements and compounds
3) This reaction is called a displacement reaction. What is a displacement reaction?
4) If this reaction can take place, what can you conclude about the relative reactivity of sodium and
aluminium?
5) Sodium is a reactive metal, but is less reactive than potassium.
a. Draw the full atomic structure of sodium and potassium
b. Use your diagrams to explain why sodium is less reactive than potassium.
6) Solid sodium conducts electricity. Explain why with reference to its structure and bonding.
7) Solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity. Explain why with reference to its structure and bonding.
8) If the student wanted sodium chloride to conduct electricity, what could they do?
9) Explain your answer to question 8.
10) Aluminium chloride has a high melting point, but when chlorine is an element (not a compound) it has a
very low melting point.
a. Describe the structure and bonding in elemental chlorine (Cl2)
b. Draw a diagram of a covalent molecule
c. Explain why chlorine has a low boiling point
d. Explain why aluminium chloride has a high boiling point
11) In terms of electrons, explain how AlCl3 is formed from aluminium and chlorine atoms
12) Explain why aluminium chloride has three chlorines in it but sodium chloride only has one
13) Give the formulae of sodium and aluminium ions
14) How many electrons are there in one aluminium ion?
15) How many electrons are there in 15 aluminium ions?
16) How many electrons are there in one mole of aluminium ions?
17) Calculate the Mr of every substance involved in the reaction above
18) If 5 moles of Na and 5 moles of AlCl3 are used, which one is in excess and which one is limiting?
19) If 30g of Na and 25g of AlCl3 are used, which one is in excess and which one is limiting?
20) 90g of sodium is fully reacted with aluminium chloride.
a. What mass of aluminium is produced?
b. What mass of aluminium chloride will have been required?
c. What mass of sodium chloride is produced?

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Mixed practice sets

The questions below are designed to be used after specific points in the booklet as additional practice. Your
teacher will tell you when to do each one.

Set 1: after conservation of mass

1) A sample of magnesium is heated in air and the mass increases. Explain why.
2) A sample of magnesium is added to acid and it starts bubbling. What will happen to the mass? Explain your
answer.
3) A student mixes two colourless and clear solutions together, and a white solid forms. The mass stays the
same. Explain why.
4) A student reacts 20g of solid with a gas and the mass of the resulting solid is found to be 30g. What mass
of gas reacted?
5) The student actually started with 25g of gas. Explain why the mass did not increase to 45g.

Set 2: after relative formula mass

6) Calculate the relative formula mass of:

a. KCl d. KMnO4 g. Ba(OH)2

b. HNO3 e. LiO h. (NH4)2SO4
c. VF5 f. H2O2

7) In the reaction below, K and LiBr react together to form KBr and a second substance. Calculate the Mr of
the reactants and the known product:
K + LiBr  KBr + ?
8) Calculate the Mr of the unknown substance by subtracting the Mr of KBr from the Mr of the reactants.
9) Identify the unknown substance

Set 3: after the mole

10) How many atoms are in a mole of atoms?

11) How many atoms are in two moles of atoms?
12) How many electrons are in ten moles of electrons?
13) How many electrons are in 0.8 moles of electrons?
14) One mole of atom A has a mass of 32g. What would the mass of 0.06 moles of atom A be?
15) A molecule has 12 electrons. How many electrons are in one mole of that molecule?
16) How many electrons would be in 20 moles of that molecule?
17) Calculate the number of electrons in H2SO4
18) How many electrons would be in 2 moles of H2SO4?
19) How many electrons would be in 12 moles of (NH4)3PO4?
20) What is the Mr of (NH4)3PO4?
21) What is the Mr of Li2O?

Set 4: after moles and Mr 29) Draw a molecule of oxygen gas (O2)
30) How many moles are in 200g of oxygen gas?
22) How many moles are in 40g of K2Cr2O7? 31) How many electrons are in 200g of oxygen
23) What is the Mr of a substance if 3.2 moles gas?
has a mass of 100g? 32) How many electrons are in 150g of oxygen
24) What is the mass of 4 moles of a substance gas?
with an Mr of 84? 33) Ozone has three oxygen atoms all chemically
25) Calculate the Mr of a substance with a mass bonded. What is its Mr?
of 250g that contains 8 moles 34) What is the mass of 10 moles of O3?
26) What is the mass of 0.8 moles a substance 35) How many more atoms are in 30g of O3
with an Mr of 25? compared to 25g of O2?
27) How many moles are in 25g of CO2?
28) How many atoms of H are there in 2 moles of Set 6: after ratios
HBr?
36) Balance the equation: N2 + H2  NH3
Set 5: after moles and Mr 37) What is the ratio of nitrogen molecules to
hydrogen molecules?

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 38) If 6 H2 molecules are used, how many NH3 49) How many moles of F2 are required to
molecules can be formed? produce 11.8 moles of KF?
39) If 4 moles of N2 are used, how much H2 is 50) What is the mass of 11.8 moles of KF?
needed? 51) What is the mass of 5 moles of F2?
40) If 7.2 moles of H2 are used, how much N2 is 52) 10g of F2 are used. What mass of KCl is
needed and how much NH3 can be formed? required?
41) How many moles of H2 are required to form 53) What mass of KF will be produced?
15 moles of NH3? 54) What mass of Cl2 will be produced?
42) What is the mass of 15 moles of NH3?
55) A student wants to make 39.2g of KF. What
(remember to use the formula on page 3)
mass of KCl and F2 are required?
Set 7: after ratios
Set 9: after reacting masses
43) Balance the equation: AlCl3 + F2  AlF3 + Cl2
44) 2 moles of AlCl3 are used. How much F2 is 56) Balance the equation: Na + Al2O3  Na2O +
needed? Al
45) What is the Mr of AlCl3? 57) What mass of Al will be produced from 10g of
46) What mass of AlF3 equates to 43 moles? Al2O3?
47) How many atoms are in 43 moles of AlF3? 58) What mass of Na would be required?
59) What mass of Al2O3 is required for 946g of
Set 8: after reacting masses Na2O?
60) How many atoms are in 15g of Al2O3?
48) Balance the equation: KCl + F2  KF + Cl2

Set 10: after going from masses  balanced equations

61) 150g of C2H6 reacts with 400g of O2 to make 440g of CO2 and 270g of H2O. use this information to construct
a balanced symbol equation for this reaction.

Set 11: after going from masses  balanced equations

62) Oxygen reacts with glucose (C6H12O6) to produce carbon dioxide and water. Construct an unbalanced
symbol equation for this reaction.
63) 18g of glucose reacts with 19.2g of oxygen to make 26.4 g of carbon dioxide and 10.8g of water. Use this
information to construct a balanced symbol equation for this reaction.

Set 12: after limiting and excess

64) Balance the equation: P4 + O2  P2O5

65) 5 moles of P4 are used and 3 moles of O2. Which is in excess and which is limiting?
66) 6 moles of P4 are used with 6.5 moles of O2. Which is excess and which is limiting?
67) 10g of P4 are used with 15g of O2. Which is excess and which is limiting? (remember to convert to moles
first.
68) If 20g of P4 are used in an excess of oxygen, what mass of P2O5 will be produced?

Set 13: after limiting and excess

69) In the reaction S8 + O2  SO3, 332.8g of S8 is reacted with 499.2g of O2. Use this information to construct a
balanced symbol equation.
70) If 150g of S8 had have been used with 200g of O2 what would be the excess and what would be limiting?

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