PROPOSED LESSON PLAN FOR WEEK 4 STARTING FROM 29/01 TO 02/01/24

School: Kings kids International school

Term: Third term 2021/2022 academic session

Subject: Geography

Topic : Mountain

Class: SS1

Number in class: 21

Average age: 13

Duration: 40 minutes

Time Table fit:

Main Aim:

Subsidiary Aim: By the end of this lesson, the students should be able to;

1. Identify major types of mountains

2. State and explain the distinguishing characteristics of various types of mountains

3. Explain the formation of mountains

Personal Aim:

Assumptions: The students have some knowledge of what mountains are.

Anticipated problems: The differences between the various types of mountains may not be
clear

Possible solutions: The lesson will be aimed at giving in-depth knowledge of mountain
formation

Teaching aid/materials: Essential Geography for senior secondary school, illustrative

diagrams and sketches

Procedure and timing:

Interactional pattern: Discussion and interaction

Step 1: MOUNTAINS
Mountains are great elevated land surfaces resulting from intense action of internal forces. They
have steep slopes and show distinct peaks. Mountains are classified according to their mode of
formation, resulting in four major types of mountains. These are (i) Fold mountain (ii) Block
Mountain (iii) Volcanic Mountain (iv) Residual mountain

(a) Fold Mountains

Characteristics: They contain old hard rocks with steep sides. They have wrinkling or folding
appearance and show distinct peaks of great heights. Fold Mountains exist in layered form. They are
soft, and have anticlines and synclines.

Folding shortens the earth’s crust. They form most wide spread type of Mountains and are noted
for active volcanoes. They form the highest Mountain ranges. Examples of Fold Mountains include
Himalayas, Rockies, Andes, Alps and Atlas Mountains.

Mode of formation: They are formed by large-scale horizontal earth movement as a result of stress
and compressional forces which cause expansion or contraction of some parts of the earth. Such
stresses therefore subject the rocks to compressional forces.

The compressional forces produce wrinkling or folding of the earth. The up folds of the wrinkles are
anticlines while the down folds are called syncline.

A fold may be simple, but where the compressional forces are complex, it results in asymmetrical
folding. When pushed further, it forms an over-fold. An over-fold later forms a recumbent fold. In
some cases, faults or cracks result in extreme folding to form over thrust fold.

(b) Block Mountains

Characteristics: Block Mountains are made up of old hard rocks with flat or slightly sloping surfaces.
They have steep sides. They are associated with rift valleys. Examples of Block Mountains include
Hunsruck Mountain, Voges Mountain and the Black Forest of the Rhine land. Example of rift valley
is the East African rift valley system which is about 4.800km.

Mode of formation: Block Mountains are formed when the earth cracks due to faulting. Faulting
may result from tensional forces or compressional forces. Tensional forces are those that tend to
pull the earth’s crust apart and they result in a normal fault while the Compressional forces are
those that shorten the crust to produce a reverse or thrust fault. Therefore, if a block of rock
between two normal faults rises or the land on either sides of the block subsides, a Block mountain
or Horst is formed. At times, a block in between two faults may subside so that rift valley or graben
is formed. The slopes and height of Block Mountains are modified by agents of denudation.

(c) Volcanic Mountain

Characteristics: Volcanic Mountains are made up of lava. They have irregular sides with conical
shape. Materials that make up volcanic mountains include ash, volcanic bombs, and cinders which
are arranged in layers. Examples include Mt. Fuji (Japan), Mt. Mayon (Philippines), Mt Kilimanjaro,
Kenya, Elgon, Ruwenzori and Cameroon (all in Africa).
Mode of formation: Volcanic Mountains are formed from volcanoes which are built from materials
(molten magma) ejected through fissures or vents in the earth’s crust. The materials also include
molten lava, volcanic bombs, cinders, ash, dust and liquid mud. They fall around the vent in
successive layers, building up an extensive volcanic cone. Volcanic mountains are also called
mountain of accumulation.

(d) Residual Mountain

Characteristic: Residual Mountains are formed from the remains of already existing mountains. They
have irregular surfaces with steep sides. They occur in varying heights and sizes and are caused by
agents of denudation. Examples include Mt Manodnock (U.S.A), Highlands of Scotland, Highlands
of Scandinavia and Decon Plateau.

Mode of formation: Residual Mountains are formed from already existing mountains which are
lowered or reduced by agents of denudation such as running water, ice and wind. Residual
mountains are therefore, the remains of the existing mountains. Some hard and very resistant parts
of the existing mountains remain after the lowering of the upper part. This remaining part is called
residual mountain which is also called mountain of denudation.

Importance or uses of mountains

1. Sources of minerals.

2. Formation of rainfall.

3. For transhumance.

4. Climatic barriers.

5. For defence.

6. As tourist centres

7. Construction of Hydro-Electric Power.

8. As wind-breaks.

Disadvantages of Mountains

1. Barriers to Communication.

2. Prevent Human Habitation.

3. Mountains Promote Soil Erosion.

4. Mountains Occupy good land that could have been used for other useful things.

5. Mountains soil is poor in nutrients.

Assignment:

1. With the aid if diagrams, explain the formation of any two types of mountain.
 2. List two disadvantages of mountains.
3. Explain the mode of formation of residual mountain.
4. What is mountain of accumulation?
Evaluation:

1. The unfolds of the wrinkles produced in fold mountain is known as a. synclines (b) anticlines
(c) push ups (d) push downs
2. Which of these is not a fold mountain (a) Atlas Mountain (b) Himalayas c. Mt. Kenya (d) Alps
3. Which of these mountains is produced by faulting? (a) fold mountain (b) residual mountain
(c) block mountain (d) volcanic mountain
4. Another name for “Mountain of Accumulation” is (a) residual mountain (b) fold mountain (c)
volcanic mountain (d) block mountain
5. Mountain Manodnock in USA is an example of (a) fold mountain (b) block mountain (c)
volcanic mountain (d) residual mountain.

Teachers evaluation:

Summary/Conclusion: