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22 views18 pages

Lecture - 24

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yuvrajsinghiitbhu
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Lecture 24- Fluid Mechanics (CH0102)

Mahendra Kumar Pal, PhD


Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT BHU, Varanasi

<date/time> <footer> 1
Course Content
 Introduction Week#1
 Fluid Statics Week#2
 Fluid Kinematics Week#3
 Viscous Flow Week#4
 Fluid Dynamics Week#5
 Flow Through pipes Week#6
 Dimensional Analysis and Hydraulics Similitude Week#7
 Boundary Layer Flow Week#8
Topics for the Module on Boundary Layer Flow
 Boundary Layer Concept
 Displacement, Momentum and Energy Thickness
 Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow
 Drag Force and Drag Coefficients
 Drag on Flat Plate
 Boundary Layer Separation and Control
 Streamlined and Bluffed Bodies
 Lift and drag on Cylinder and an Airfoil
 Introduction to Turbulence
Recap of the Previous Lecture
 Boundary Layer Flow .
 Boundary Layer Concept
 Displacement and Momentum Energy Thickness
∗
 Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow
 Drag Force and Drag Coefficients
∗∗
 Drag on Flat Plate
 Boundary Layer Separation and Control
 Streamlined and Bluffed Bodies
 Lift and drag on Cylinder and an Airfoil
Thodore Von Karman, 1921;
 Introduction to Turbulence
Momentum Interval Theorem
Nondimensional profiles for flat plate boundary layer flow

Velocity Profile
Content of the Lecture
 Boundary Layer Flow
 Boundary Layer Concept
 Displacement, Momentum and Energy Thickness
 Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow
 Drag Force and Drag Coefficients
 Drag on Flat Plate
 Boundary Layer Separation and Control
 Streamlined and Bluffed Bodies
 Lift and drag on Cylinder and an Airfoil
 Introduction to Turbulence
Drag Forces
Boundary Conditions:
BC: C
DA: D
A B

Thodore Von Karman, 1921; Momentum Interval Theorem


Drag Forces
Drag is component of force on a body acting parallel to direction of relative motion. Drag
force is written in functional form as follows

Application of Buckingham Pi Theorem

For laminar Flow over plate:


Drag Coefficient .
/

For Turbulent Flow over


.
Pure Frictional Drag plate: /
/
Pressure Gradient in Boundary Layer Flow
Favorable Pressure Gradient ( ): is one in which pressure decreases in
the flow direction. Pressure increases when velocity is increasing with
Adverse Pressure Gradient( ): is one in which pressure increases in flow
direction

If the Adverse Pressure Gradient is


severe enough, the fluid particle in
boundary layer flow will come to rest.
When this occurs, particles will forced
away from the body surface as they make
room for following particle. This
phenomena is called flow separation.
At Separation point:
Discussion
Methods for Preventing Separation of Boundary Layer
Back flow and eddies are formed and hence continuous loss of energy. Therefore,
controlling boundary flow separation is needed.
Suitable Methods
1. Suction of slow moving fluid by suction slot
2. Supplying additional energy from blower
3. Providing bypass in slotted wing
4. Rotating boundary in direction of flow
5. Providing small divergence in a diffusers
6. Providing guide-blade in a bend
Streamlining
Optimum amount of fairing or tapering at which total drag force is minimized.

Streamlined Body: defined as the body whose surface coincide with streamlines

Bluff Body: defined as body whose surface does not coincide with streamlines. A
body in which its dimensions in the direction of incoming flow is comparable to its
dimension in a direction normal to the flow
Lift
The component of total force in the direction perpendicular to the direction of
motion is called lift force.
= Summation of forces due to pressure difference and shear stresses in the
perpendicular to the direction of motion

It can estimated mathematically using


Drag on Cylinder
From Experiment, it has been observed that:
1. When Reynold number is >1, drag force is directly proportional to velocity
2. When Reynold number is in range of 1-2000, drag coefficient decreases and
reaches to minimum value of 0.95
3. With further increment in Reynold number, drag coefficient increases and
attains the maximum value of 1.2
Lift on Cylinder
Applying Bernoulli to the point far away from cylinder and on the surface

Velocity on the surface:


Lift on Cylinder
Lift force on Element =
Total Lift force:

Also known as Kutta-Joukowski Equation


Summary of the Lecture
 Boundary Layer Flow
 Boundary Layer Concept
 Displacement, Momentum and Energy Thickness
 Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow
 Drag Force and Drag Coefficients
 Drag on Flat Plate
 Boundary Layer Separation and Control
 Streamlined and Bluffed Bodies
 Lift and drag on Cylinder and an Airfoil
 Introduction to Turbulence
Reference Books

Fox and McDonald Dr. R. K. Bansal

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