MCR3U Functions

Grade 11 Mathematics

1.1 Domain and Range:

Introduction

Here's the first lesson for the Grade 11 functions course. In this lesson, what we're going to do is look
at first the difference between a relation and a function. Next, we're going to learn how to use the
vertical line test to determine if a relation is a function or not. And lastly, we're going to learn how to
state the domain and range of a relation. So, to start off with, what's the difference between a relation
and a function?

Plot Series

First things first, let's get the definitions out of the way. A relation is most simply put a pattern between
two variables. Um, we can represent this pattern using ordered pairs, table of values, graphs, and
equations, and you would have seen relations described this way all throughout your math career. So,
the next thing we're going to do is be able to determine whether a relation is a function or not. So, what
is a function? A function is a special type of relation in which each value of the independent variable X
corresponds to exactly one value of the dependent variable Y. More simply put, for a relation, so if we
look right here, for a relation to be a function, there must only be one Y value, one Y value that
corresponds to a given X value. That's the most simply put definition there. For a relation to be a
function, there must only be one Y value that corresponds to a given X value. And we're going to look
at a few examples represented in all of these different ways um to be able to tell if there's only one Y
value for a given X value to be able to determine if a relation is a function or not. And I also put a little
note here um just for you to know that all functions are relations but not all relations are functions.
Functions are special types of relations where there's only one Y value that corresponds to a given X
value. So, let's look at a couple different relations and determine if those relations are functions or not.
Our first relation is Y = X^2. That is um a relation you should be familiar with. You would have done
that in Grade 10 quite often. If you graph it, it forms a parabola. Here's the table of values for Y = X^2.
I chose X values between -3 and 3 to get the Y value, just square the given X value, and here are all of
those that here's that table of values written as ordered pairs. If we were to graph those ordered pairs,
here's what the graph of Y = X^2 looks like, a parabola. This relation, you may not be familiar with.
This relation is defined by the equation X = Y^2. So, if I chose Y values between -3 and 3, the X value
can be calculated by squaring the Y value because X is equal to the Y value squared. For example, if Y
was -2, the X value would be equal to that Y value squared, so four. If I if I wrote this table of values as
ordered pairs, this is what I get. And if I graph it, this is the most important thing here. If I graph it, this
is what it would look like. Here's the graph of X = Y^2. What we're going to want to be able to do is
use these graphs to determine if these relations Y = X^2 and X = Y^2 are functions or not. We're going
to use what's called the vertical line test. Just to introduce you to the vertical line test, what we're going
to do is draw vertical lines through X = -2, 1, 0, 1, and 2 on the graphs of both of these relations, and
then we're going to check is there only one Y value for each given X value. So, if I draw those vertical
lines on these graphs, this is what it looks like. And these vertical lines are actually going to be very
useful for determining if there's only one Y value for a given X value. All that you're going to have to
check for is does do any of the vertical lines intersect the relation at more than one point? If it does, for
example, if we look at the relation of X = Y^2, for the vertical line X = 2, it intersects our graph of X =
Y^2 there and there. So, when X is 2, there are two different Y values. So, that is not a function. But if
we look at the graph of Y = X^2, each vertical line only intersects the graph of Y = X^2 once. This one
intersects there, that one there, that one there, that one there, that one there. None of the vertical lines
intersect the graph more than once. So, this one is a function because it passes the vertical line test. No
vertical line crosses the relation in more than one spot. If we look back, so I'm going to show you how
we could have determined this before graphing without the vertical line test. If we look at our table of
values, so let's look at why is X = Y^2 not a function? Well, hopefully what I want you to notice is if
given the ordered pairs, we have an X value that is repeated. If you have X values that are repeated and
have different Y values associated with them, it is not a function because there are two different Y
values, -2 and 2, that correspond to the exact same X value. That is not a function. But if we look at the
table of values for Y = X^2, there are no X values that are repeated. It's fine if Y values are repeated.
That's fine, but there are no X values that are repeated. So, this one is a function. So, I've summarized
this here. So just comparing what happened here when we drew the vertical lines. So, if we're looking
at Y = X^2, none of the vertical lines intersected the graph of Y = X^2 at more than one point. So, we
already talked about that. So, I'm looking at this section here right now. That means each value of the
independent variable corresponds to no more than one value of the dependent variable. So, each X
value has one Y value, okay. So, the relation Y = X^2 is a function. The vertical lines drawn at X = 1,
X = 2 for X = Y^2 intersect the graph at more than one point. So, for X = 2, intersects there and there.
X = 1 intersects there and there. That means it's not a function. That means that some values of the
independent variable correspond to more than one value of the dependent variable. So, for a given X
value, there could be more than one Y value. That is not a function. It fails the vertical line test. So,
let's look at the definition of the vertical line test here. Here's the definition here. Um, I'm going to go
to this version. A vertical line test is simply a method for determining whether a relation is a function
or not. If every vertical line intersects the relation at only one point, then the relation is a function. If
you draw a vertical line and it intersects the relation at more than one point, it's not a function. So, let's
use the vertical line test to classify each of the following relations as a function or not. So, if I take a
vertical line and I pass it through this relation, notice that it only ever touches the relation in one spot.
So, it passes the vertical line test. So, this relation Y = 4X + 5 is a function. This relation is a function.
No vertical line can be drawn that passes through more than one point on the line. Let's look at this
relation. If I take my vertical line and pass it through this relation, notice right there um it's always as
I'm passing through it's always touching more than one spot on the relation. For example, if I stop it
right there at X = 6, it is passing through the relation here and here. So, for when X is 6, Y could be 4,
but it also could be zero. So, there is more than one Y value corresponding to a given X value. So, it is
not a function. This relation is not a function. An infinite number of vertical lines can be drawn that
pass through more than one point on the curve. For example, when X is 6, Y could be zero or four. If
we take our vertical line and go to this relation, it's being a little laggy here. If I go to this relation, as I
pass it through the relation, it's never touching the relation in more than one spot. It passes the vertical
line test. This one is a function. Lastly, we have a circle. A circle is a type of relation defined by the
equation below. If I take my vertical line, pass it through this relation, notice it is touching the circle at
more than one spot as it goes through. For example, if I stop it at X = 2, is passing through the circle
there and there. Since there are more than one Y value for X = 2, it is not a function. So, under here,
relation not a function. Next thing and last part of this lesson is you're going to learn how to state the
domain and the range of a relation. So, let's get the definitions out of the way. Basically, for any
relation, the