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BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Represe

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18 views1 page

BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Represe

Uploaded by

saranvelu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) is a pre-trained

language model that processes text in both directions (left-to-right and right-to-
left) to capture context. It generates deep contextual embeddings for words,
improving performance on various NLP tasks through fine-tuning.

During training, both the encoder and decoder parts of a Transformer are typically
trained. The encoder processes input data, while the decoder generates output
sequences, with both components learning from the data to improve model
performance.

Masking 15% of words during BERT training helps the model learn to predict missing
words and understand context. This proportion balances training effectiveness and
model performance, ensuring sufficient data for learning while maintaining
challenging prediction tasks.

The softmax function converts a vector of raw scores into probabilities by


exponentiating each score and normalizing by the sum of all exponentiated scores.
It is commonly used in classification tasks to produce a probability distribution
over classes.

BERT models include:

1. BERT-Base: Standard version with 12 layers and 110 million parameters.


2. BERT-Large: Larger version with 24 layers and 345 million parameters.
3. DistilBERT: Smaller, faster version with reduced size but similar performance.

BIO stands for **Beginning, Inside, Outside** and is used for named entity
recognition (NER). It tags words to indicate if they are at the beginning, inside,
or outside of an entity, helping to identify and classify entities in text.

**Softmax** converts raw scores into probabilities by exponentiating and


normalizing them. **Argmax** selects the index of the highest score from a set of
values. While softmax provides probability distributions, argmax gives a single
predicted class.

An embedding layer transforms categorical data, like words or items, into dense,
continuous vector representations. Each input token is mapped to a vector of fixed
size, capturing semantic relationships and improving model performance in tasks
like NLP and recommendation systems.

GPT models, like GPT-4, use a decoder-only architecture to generate text. They
predict the next word in a sequence based on preceding words, leveraging self-
attention to understand context and produce coherent, contextually relevant
responses.

The AutoTokenizer library automatically loads pre-trained tokenizers for various


models. It handles tokenization and detokenization processes, converting text to
model-compatible token IDs and vice versa, facilitating consistent input
preprocessing for NLP tasks across different models.

d_model refers to the dimensionality of the hidden states and embeddings in a


Transformer model. It defines the size of the vectors used throughout the model,
affecting how features and representations are processed and learned. For instance,
in BERT, d_model is 768 for BERT-Base.

Representing words with 500+ dimensions allows capturing rich, nuanced semantic
relationships and contexts. Higher dimensions provide a more detailed and
expressive representation of word meanings, enabling models to better understand
and differentiate between subtle linguistic nuances.

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