University of Dhaka (Affiliated Colleges)

Department of Mathematics
Curriculum for 1 (one) Year M. Sc. Program
(Effective Academic Year 2022-2023)

The M. S. program has duration of one academic year. Each student of the program has to take
seven courses (each of 4 credits).

Credit Requirement 32 Credits

7 Courses, 28 Credits
Viva Voce 4 Credits

List of Courses for M. S. Program

Course No. Course Title Credits

Group A
370501 THEORY OF GROUPS 4
370502 THEORY OF RINGS AND MODULES 4
370503 ADVANCED NUMBER THEORY 4
370504 REAL FUNCTION THEORY 4
370505 GENERAL TOPOLOGY 4
Group B
370506 DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL EQUATIONS 4
370507 OPERATIONS RESEARCH 4
370508 NUMERICAL METHODS FOR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 4
370509 GEOMETRY OF DIFFERENTIAL MANIFOLDS 4
370510 DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS 4
370511 MATHEMATICAL BIOLOGY 4
370512 OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT 4
370513 THEORY OF RELATIVITY 4
370514 FLUID DYNAMICS 4
370515 QUANTUM MECHANICS 4

370599 Viva-Voce 4

Note: The students will choose seven courses at least two courses from each Group

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Course Code: 370501 Credit Hours: 4.00 Year: MS Semester:
Hrs /Week
Course Title: THEORY OF GROUPS
Total Marks: 100
Course Teacher: Course Type: Pre-requisite: Academic Session:
Theory 2022-2023

Rationale:
Theory of groups and representations is key to many branches of sciences and mathematics
such as studying symmetries in geometry, Conservation laws of physics are related to the
symmetry of physical laws under various transformations, group theory predicted the existence
of many elementary particles before they were found experimentally. The structure and
behavior of molecules and crystals depends on their different symmetries. Group theory shows
up in many other areas of geometry and Topology. Examples include different kinds of groups,
such as the fundamentalgroup of a space. Classical problems in algebra have been resolved
with group theory. Cryptography uses a lot of group theory. Different cryptosystems use
different groups. This a course that may be studied for its own sake or from view point of
applications.

Course Objectives:
By the end of the module, students should be familiar with the topics listed in the Course
Contents. In particular, students will be able to prove the Class Equation for finite Groups,
learn the techniques to prove Sylow Theorems and their applications for analyzing the
structures of Finite Groups of given orders. They should be able to find Extensions and Split
Extensions of groups; find Representation using Matrix; prove Schur’s Lemma, Maschke’s
Theorems; find Group Characters.

Course Content:
1. Finite Abelian group and Free Group: Fundamental theorem of finite Abelian group,
Free products of groups and Free groups.
2. Group action: Conjugation, Class equation if finite group, Orbit Stabilizer theorem.
3. Sylow Theory: Finite p-groups, classification of Groups of order p, p2, pq, p3
4. Group Extensions: Direct Products, Cyclic Extentions, Split Extentions, Semi-direct
Product, Wreath Products, and Tensor product.
5. Series of Groups: Solvable, Super solvable, Nilpotent Groups and their subgroups;
Commutator Group, Composition series, Normal series, Factor Groups; Upper and
Lower Central Series
6. Group Representation: Permutational and Matrix Representation of Groups,
Reducibility, Schur’s Lemma, Maschk’s Theorem
7. Group Character: Group Characters, Reducible, Irreducible, Faithful Characters;
Orthogonality of First and Second Kind.

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Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):
After the successful completion of the course, students will be an able to:
 To understand basic ideas and applications of Groups
 To get introduced to different terminologies and properties of Finite Groups
 To get familiar with different classes of Groups, such as Symmetry Groups, Permutation Groups,
Dihedral Groups, Klein4 Groups
 To find and prove the Class Equation for Finite Groups
 To learn the techniques of proofs of Sylow Theorems in the module
 To learn to apply Representation Theory of Groups and decomposition into irreducible representations
to find Group Characters of Finite Groups
 to find Group Characters of Finite Groups

Evaluation: Incourse Assessment 30 Marks. Final examination (Theory, 3 hours) 70 Marks.

Eight questions will be set of which any five are to be answered.

References:
1. David S. Dummit, Richard M. Foote, Abstract Algebra,John Wiley and Sons Inc.
2. Joseph A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra,Cengage Learning.
3. W. Ledermann. Introduction to Group Characters, Cambridge University Press
4. I. D. Macdonald, The Theory of Groups, Oxford University Press
5. Thomas W. Judson, Abstract Algebra: Theory and Application, Orthogonal
Publishing

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Course Code: 370502 Credit Hours: 4.00 Year: MS Semester:
Hrs /Week
Course Title: THEORY OF RINGS
AND MODULES Total Marks: 100
Course Teacher: Course Type: Pre-requisite: Academic Session:
Theory 2022-2023

Rationale:
A ring is an important fundamental concept in algebra and includes integers, polynomials and
matrices as some of the basic examples. Ring theory has applications in number theory and
geometry. A module over a ring is a generalization of vector space over a field. The study of
modules over a ring 𝑹𝑹 provides us with an insight into the structure of 𝑹𝑹. In this course we
shall develop ring and module theory leading to the fundamental theorems of Wedderburn and
some of its applications.

Course Objectives:
By the end of the course the student should understand:

1. The importance of rings and modules as central objects in algebra and some of its
applications.
2. The basic structure and theory of rings and modules.
3. How to develop this theory to investigate important classes of integral domains.
4. The concept of a module as a generalization of a vector space and an Abelian group.
5. The classification of any finitely generated module as a homomorphic image of a free
module.
6. Simple modules, Schur's lemma. Radical, simple and semi simple artinian rings.
Examples.
7. Semi-simple modules, artinian modules, their endomorphism. Examples.
8. The Wedderburn-Artin theorem.

Course Content:
1. Topics in the Theory of Rings: Polynomial rings over Unique Factorization Domain
(UFD), Wedderburn’s and Jacobson’s Theorems, the Radical, Semisimple and Simple
rings.

2. Rings of Fractions: Rings of fractions and embedding theorems, local rings and
Noetherian rings, Rings with Ore conditions and related theorems.

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 3. Field Theory: Irreducible Polynomials and Eisenstein criterion, Algebraic extensions of
fields, Splitting fields and Finite fields.

4. Modules and vector spaces: Definition and examples, submodules and direct sums, 𝑅𝑅-
homomorphisms and quotient modules, completely reducible and free modules,
projective and injective modules, Noetherian and Artinian rings and modules.
Wedderburn-Artin theorem.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):

After the successful completion of the course, students will be an able to:
 See the relations between algebra and its applications in and outside mathematics.
 To get introduced to different terminologies and properties of Finite Groups
 Become familiar with rings and fields, and understand the structure theory of modules over a Euclidean
domain along with its implications
 Write precise and accurate mathematical definitions of objects in ring theory.
 Use mathematical definitions to identify and construct examples and to distinguish examples from non-
examples
 Validate and critically assess a mathematical proof.
 To understand how every finitely generated module is a homomorphic image of a free module.
 Use a combination of theoretical knowledge and independent mathematical thinking to investigate
questions in ring theory and to construct proofs.
 Write about ring theory in a coherent, grammatically correct and technically accurate manner.

Evaluation: Incourse Assessment 30 Marks. Final examination (Theory, 3 hours) 70 Marks.

Eight questions will be set of which any five are to be answered.

References:
1. Hiram Paley and Paul M. Weichsel. A First Course in Abstract Algebra, Holt,
Rinehart and Winston

2. S Lang, Algebra, Springer

3. Thomas W Hungerford, Algebra, Springer

4. P.B. Bhattarcharya, S.K. Jain & S.R. Nagpaul, Basic Abstract Algebra, Cambridge
University Press

5. David S. Dummit, Richard M. Foote, Abstract Algebra, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Course Code: 370503 Credit Hours: 4.00 Year: MS Semester:
Hrs /Week
Course Title: ADVANCED NUMBER
THEORY Total Marks: 100
Course Teacher: Course Type: Pre-requisite: Academic Session:
Theory 2022-2023

Rationale:
Number theory is a broad subject with many strong connections with other branches of
mathematics. The idea of the course is to give a solid introduction to quadratic fired and
algebraic number theory. It will be bridging the gap between elementary number theory and
the systematic study of advanced topics.

Course Objectives:
By the end of the course the student should understand:

• Learn quadratic field specially, Euclidian quadratic fields

• Get idea on quadratic residues, and law of quadratic reciprocity.
• Learn the distribution of prime numbers. An extended idea on prime number theory and
several arithmetical functions related to prime number theory.
• Get an idea on Algebraic Number theory.

Course Content:
1. Quadratic Fields: Arithmetic of quadratic fields, Euclidean quadratic fields.
2. Quadratic Residuacity: Quadratic residues and nonresidues, Euler criterion, Legendre
symbol, Gauss’s lemma, law of quadratic reciprocity, Jacobi' s symbol.
3. Average orders of Arithmetic Functions: Lim sup, Lim inf, average orders of
arithmetical functions.
4. Distribution of Prime Numbers: Bertrand’s postulate, Chebyshev’s theorem, the
function 𝜃𝜃(𝑥𝑥) and 𝜓𝜓(𝑥𝑥). The prime number theory; elementary proof via Selbdrg’s
lemma, complex analytical proof.
5. Primes in Arithmetic Progressions: Characters of an abelian group, L-functions,
Dirichlet's proof of infinitude of primes in arithmetic progressions.
6. Algebraic Number Theory: Noetherian ring and Dedekind domains, ideal classes and
the unit theorem, units in real quadratic field.

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Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):
After the successful completion of the course, students will be an able to:
 Arithmetic of Euclidian quadratic field. quadratic residues, Jacobi’s symbol, gauss lemma, and
law of quadratic reciprocity. They can extend their idea on Quadratic residuacity for further ideas.
 Arithmetic functions and average orders of arithmetic functions
 The distribution of prime numbers. An extended idea on prime number theory and several
arithmetical functions related to prime number theory, the function 𝜃𝜃(𝑥𝑥)and 𝜓𝜓(𝑥𝑥). They will see
the elementary proof as well as complex analytical proof of prime number theorem.
 Get an idea on Algebraic Number theory and get direction for future study on this area.

Evaluation: Incourse Assessment 30 Marks. Final examination (Theory, 3 hours) 70 Marks.

Eight questions will be set of which any five are to be answered.

References:
1. G.H. Hardy and E M Wright. An introduction to the theory of numbers, Oxford
University Press
2. Kenneth Ireland, Michael Rosen, A Classical Introduction to Modern Number
Theory, Springer New York
3. Ivan Niven, H. S. Zuckerman, H. L. Montgomery, An Introduction to The Theory of
Numbers, John Wiley and sons
4. S. Rose. A course in number theory, Oxford University Press
5. P. Samuel, Algebraic Theory of Numbers, Dover Publication

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Course Code: 370504 Credit Hours: 4.00 Year: MS Semester:
Hrs /Week
Course Title: REAL FUNCTION
THEORY Total Marks: 100
Course Teacher: Course Type: Pre-requisite: Academic Session:
Theory 2022-2023

Rationale:
This is a continuation of a course on introduction to measure theory in 𝑛𝑛 −dimensional Euclidian space
offered in the senior year of the undergraduate program. The general abstract theory of measure,
integration, and their applications is in order for a complete knowledge of the subject.
Course Objectives:
The course’s objectives include introducing students to the ideas of abstract measure and its
properties, integration of real function on an abstract measure space and its properties, and finally
their applications in modern analysis.
Course Content:
1. Topics of Lebesgue Integration on ℝ: Uniform integrability, Convergence in Measure,
Characterization of Riemann Lebesgue integrability, Vitali convergence theorem, continuity,
absolute continuity, and differentiability of monotone functions.
2. General measure spaces: Measures and measurable sets, measure induced from the outer
measure, an extension of a pre-measure to a measure, signed the measure, Hahn and Jordan
decomposition.
3. Integration over general measure spaces: Measurable functions. Integration of measurable
functions, the Radon-Nikodym derivative, and its properties.
4. Construction of some particular measures: Product measure and theorem of Fubini and
Toneli, Caratheodory outer measure, and Hausdorff measures in a metric space.
5. Measure and Topology: Construction of Radon measures, Bair measures. Kakatuni’s fixed
point theorem, Invariant Borel measures, and von Neumann’s theorem.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):

After the successful completion of the course, students will be an able to:
 Students will learn the abstract theory of measures,
 Students will learn the abstract theory integrations,
 Students will learn the abstract theory applications in modern analysis
 Students will learn the abstract theory of measure space
 Students will learn the abstract theory of Topology

Evaluation: Incourse Assessment 30 Marks. Final examination (Theory, 3 hours) 70 Marks.

Eight questions will be set of which any five are to be answered.
References:
1. H.L. Royden, P.M. Fitzpatrick. Real Analysis, PHI

2. Gerald B. Folland, Real Analysis Modern Techniques and their applications. John Wiley &
Sons Inc.

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 Course Code: 370505 Credit Hours: 4.00 Year: MS Semester:
Hrs /Week
Course Title: GENERAL
TOPOLOGY Total Marks: 100
Course Teacher: Course Type: Pre-requisite: Academic Session:
Theory 2022-2023

Rationale:
Geometry has grown out of efforts to understand the world around us, and has been a central part of
mathematics from the ancient times to the present. Topology has been designed to describe, quantify,
and compare shapes of complex objects. Together, geometry and topology provide a very powerful set
of mathematical tools that is of great importance in mathematics and its applications. This module will
introduce the students to the mathematical foundation of modern geometry based on the notion of
distance. We will study metric spaces and their transformations. Through examples, we will
demonstrate how a choice of distance determines shapes, and will discuss the main types of geometries.
An important part of the course will be the study of continuous maps of spaces. A proper context for
the general discussion of continuity is the topological space, and the students will be guided through
the foundations of topology. Geometry and topology are actively researched by mathematicians and we
shall indicate the most exciting areas for further study

Course Objectives:
The main objective of this topic is to compare several notions that describe convergence in topological
spaces.

The objectives of this course are to:

1. discussion of product topologies and introduce quotient spaces

2. introduce convergence of nets and filters in a topological space
3. demonstrate concepts of countability and separation axioms, notion of Lindel 𝑜𝑜̈ f space, proof of
Urysohm’s Lemma. To give the idea how a topological space depends upon the distribution of
open sets in the space and introduce the connection between different spaces such as regular
spaces, completely regular spaces, and normal spaces, Urysohnmetrization theorem (Statement)
and Tietze Extention theorem(Statement).
4. introduce student the concept of compactness by describing generalization of finiteness and
Heine-Borel theorem to demonstrate notions of compactness and compactification constructions.
Introduce the notion of different types of connected spaces and the relation between pathwise and
local connectedness, components, path components, locally path connectedness.
5. introduce to the concept of uniform topological space and metrizable space, and their relation.
6. introduce to the concept of Functional spaces and establish a relation between point-wise and
uniform convergences
7. introduce students to the notion of Commutative Topological Groups, Bases, Subgroups and
Quotient groups, completion of topological groups, continuous homomorphisms, Groups of
functions
8. develop the student’s ability to handle abstract ideas in topology to understand real world
applications

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 Course Content:
1. Product and quotient topological spaces: Constructing continuous functions, Pasting lemma,
Maps into products, Product topology, Uniform topology on ℝ𝐽𝐽 , Uniform limit theorem,
Quotient topology.
2. Convergence: Convergence of nets and filters.

3. Countability and Separationproperties: Lindel𝑜𝑜̈ f space, Regular spaces, Completely regular

spaces, Normal spaces, Characterization of Normality, Urysohn lemma, Statements of
Urysohnmetrization theorem and TietzeExtention theorem.
4. Compactness and Connectedness: Compact and locally compact spaces, Uniform continuity
theorem, Compactification, Path connectedness, locally connectedness, components, Path
components, Locally path connectedness
5. Uniform spaces: Uniformisability and uniform metrisability.
6. Function spaces: Topology of pointwise convergence, Topology of uniform convergence,
Compact open topology.
7. Topological Groups: Topological group, Elementary properties, Bases, Subgroups and
Quotients of topoloical groups, completion of topological groups, Continuous
homomorphisms, Groups of functions, Uniformities and metrisation.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):

After the successful completion of the course, students will be an able to:
 learn the idea of different product topologies.
 learn the notation of quotient spaces.
 understand to work with various notions of compactness and be familiar with various compactification
constructions.
 learn about connected spaces. They will also understand the relation between Pathwise and local connectedness,
and components, path components, locally path connectedness.
 gain knowledge of Functional spaces and establish a relation between point-wise and uniform convergences.
They will able to distinguish uniform and point-wise convergences
 study the important relation: “If a uniformity is metrizable, so is the uniform topology it generates. In the opposite
direction, metrizability of the uniform topology does not imply that the uniformity itself is metrizable”.
 learn the notion of different properties of commutative topological groups.

Evaluation: Incourse Assessment 30 Marks. Final examination (Theory, 3 hours) 70 Marks.

Eight questions will be set of which any five are to be answered.

References:
1. Munkres. James, Topology. Pearson
2. J. Kelly, General Topology.
3. G.F. Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis
4. James Dugundji. Topology, William C Brown Pub, 1966.
5. K. D. Joshi, Introduction to General Topology, Wiley Eastern Limited.

10
Course Code: 370506 Credit Hours: 4.00 Year: MS Semester:
Hrs/Week
Course Title: Differential and
Integral Equations Total Marks: 100
Course Teacher: Course Type: Theory Pre-requisite: Academic Session:
2022-2023
MTH-303
Rationale:
This course is intended to develop rigorous practical and analytic skills in differential and
integral equations (DIE). It is intended to illustrate various applications of differential and
integral equation to technical problems as well. The laws of nature are expressed as differential
and integral equations. Scientists and engineers must know how to model the world in terms
of differential and integral equations, and how to solve those equations and interpret and
analyze the solutions. This course focuses on theoretical aspects of linear and nonlinear
differential and integral equations and their applications in science and engineering. More
details are given in the course goals below.
Course Objectives:
The main objective of the course is for students to

1. give knowledge on some basic mathematical analysis of solutions of differential

euqations
2. learn to classify integral equations.
3. Analyze stability and time long dynamics of solutions of DEs.
4. discuss existence and uniqueness of solutions of Integral equations of Volterra and
fredholm type.
5. know how to interpret the solutions of DIE.
6. learn about the application DIE to model and analyze real-life problems.
7. use integro-differential equations with real life exaples
8. numerical methods of integral equations.
9. detail Symmetric kernels and eigenpair analysis.
Course Content:

1. Existence and Uniqueness Theorem of Differential Equations: Review of existence

and uniqueness theorem with some examples, fixed point methods, and existence
theorem for vector valued IVP (higher dimensional cases), boundedness of solutions
2. Periodic Solutions: Periodic solutions of linear and non-linear differential and integral
equations, Asymptotic behavior of solutions of linear differential equations.
3. Stability Analysis: Stability analysis of linear and nonlinear differential equations,
Lyapunov stability analysis.

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 4. Integral Equations: Conversions of IVP’s to integral equations, existence, uniqueness
and general properties of solutions of Volterra integral equations, linear and non-linear
systems of VIE’s resolving kernels, Fredholm theory of IE’s, semi-analytic solutions
of a class of integral equations of Volterra and Fredholm types, singular Integral
equations, Integro-Differential equations.
5. Numerical Solutions of Integral Equations: Degenerate kernel methods, Projection
Methods, Quadrature Methods, Rainer Kress Methods.
6. Hilbert- Schmidt theory: Symmetric kernels, Complex Hilbert space, orthogonal
system of functions, fundamental properties of eigenvalues and eigenfunction for
symmetric kernels, Hilbert-Schmidt theorem with applications.

Course Learning Outcomes:

After the successful completion of the course, students will be able to:
 explain the concept of existence and uniqueness of solutions of differential equations
 explains stability and longtime dynamics of solutions of DE.
 Analyze stability and time long dynamics of solutions of DEs.
 Classify and expresses the existence-uniqueness theorem of integral equations
 Obtain analytic and semi-analytic solutions of a class of integral equations.
 symmetric kernels and relevant theorems
 Quadrature approximations solutions of integral equations using various schemes.
 Projections methods of IEs.
 Applications of Integral equations and Intrgro-differential equations in various branches
science and engineering.

Evaluation: Incourse Assessment 30 Marks. Final examination (Theory, 4 hours): 70 Marks.

Eight questions of equal value will be set, of which any five are to be answered.

References:
1. Ravi P. Agrawal and Donal O’ Regan, An Introduction to Ordinary Differential
Equations, Springer
2. Fred Brauer and John A. Nohel, Ordinary differential equations
3. Masujima, M., Weinheim, Applied Mathematical Methods of Theoretical Physics:
Integral Equations and Calculus of Variations, Germany, Wiley
4. D. E. Atkinson, Numerical solutions of integral equations.
5. M. Rahman, Integral Equations and their Applications, WITpress.

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Course Code: 370507 Credit Hours: 4.00 Year: MS Semester:
Hrs /Week
Course Title: OPERATIONS
RESEARCH Total Marks: 100

Course Teacher: Course Type: Pre-requisite: Academic Session:

Theory 2022-2023

Rationale:
Operations Research (OR), also called Management Science, is the study of scientific
approaches to decision-making problems. Through mathematical modeling, it seeks to design,
improve and operate complex systems in the best possible way. This is a comprehensive course
covering several areas of OR. The module covers topics that include: linear programming,
bounded variable simplex algorithm, transportation and assignment problem, job sequencing,
network model, dynamic programming, integer programming, game theory and nonlinear
programming. Analytic techniques and computer packages will be used to solve problems
facing different real life application oriented decision making problems.

Course Objectives:
The objectives of this course are to:

1. formulate a real-world problem as a mathematical programming model.

2. implement and solve the model using various software packages.

3. solve specialized linear programming problems like the transportation and assignment
problems.

4. solve network models like the shortest path, minimum spanning tree, and maximum flow
problems.

5. understand the applications of, basic methods for, and challenges in integer programming.

6. understand how to model and solve problems using dynamic programming.

7. learn optimality conditions for single- and multiple-variable unconstrained and constrained
nonlinear optimization problems, and corresponding solution methodologies

Course Content:
1. Basics of Operations Research: Introduction, Definition, Characteristic, Necessity, Scope,
Classification of problems, Types of mathematical models, Review of Linear Programming,
Bounded Variable Simplex Algorithm.
2. Transportation and Assignment Problem: Introduction, Formulation, Relationship with LP,
Solution procedure, Travelling Salesman Problem, Applications.
3. Network Models: Network definitions, Shortest Route problem, Minimal Spanning Tree
problem, Maximal-Flow problem.

13
 4. Integer Programming: Introduction, Pure integer and Mixed integer programming problem,
Solution of IP using Branch and Bound Algorithm, Cutting-plane Algorithm, Applications.
5. Sequencing Problem: Sequencing problem processing n jobs through two machines, n jobs
through three machines, two jobs through m machines, n jobs through m machines and
approaches to more complex sequencing problems.
6. Game Theory: Introduction, Zero-sum game and Non-zero-sum game, Minimax-maximin
pure strategies, Mixed strategies and Expected payoff, solution of (2 × 2), (2 × 𝑛𝑛) and (𝑚𝑚 ×
2) games, solution of (𝑚𝑚 × 𝑛𝑛) games by linear programming and Brown’s algorithm.
Evolutionary games: Basic concepts of evolutionary games; Scope of evolutionary games;
Estimation of Nash equilibrium of several 2 × 2 games (Prisoner’s dilemma,
Chicken/snowdrift, stag-hunt, harmony/trivial, etc. using replicator dynamics.
7. Dynamic Programming: introduction, Resource allocation problem, investment Problem,
Production scheduling problem, Stagecoach problem, Equipment replacement problem.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):

After the successful completion of the course, students will be an able to:
 Students will be able to model and solve some real life oriented problems such as, transportation and
assignment problem. Also they will be able to connect these problems with the network models.
 They will be familiarized with job scheduling problems along with their solution procedures.
 Application of bounded variable Linear program will be understood in modeling several network
models.
 They will learn modeling with integer program along with the solution techniques
 Students will get some basic backgrounds on Dynamic programming and Game theory.
 They will be able to solve constrained and unconstrained nonlinear optimization problems
 Students will be able to develop applications using the familiar software tools (EXCEL/SOLVER,
LINDO, MATLAB, MATHEMATICA, etc.) to solve problems.

Evaluation: Incourse Assessment 30 Marks. Final examination (Theory, 3 hours) 70 Marks.

Eight questions will be set of which any five are to be answered.

References:
1. Operations Research, Applications and Algorithms- Wayne L. Winstion, Thomson
Learning.
2. Operations Research, An Introduction- Hamdy A. Taha, Pearson Prentice Hall.
3. Operations Research- A. Ravindran, D.T. Philips, J.J. Solberg, John Wiley and Sons.
4. Introduction to Operations Research, F. Hiller, G. Lieberman, Mc Graw-Hill.
5. Evolutionary dynamics: Exploring the equations of life, Martin Nowak, Harvard
University Press.

14
Course Code: 370508 Credit Hours: 4.00 Year: MS Semester:
Hrs /Week
Course Title: NUMERICAL
METHODS FOR DIFFERENTIAL Total Marks: 100
EQUATIONS
Course Teacher: Course Type: Pre-requisite: Academic Session:
Theory 2022-2023

Rationale:

There are a lot of naturally occurred processes which can be described using ordinary and
partial differential equations (ODEs and PDEs). A thorough knowledge of these processes are
acquired solving the relevant equations. This course deals with numerical methods of various
types of ordinary and partial differential equations. In particular, finite difference methods
(FDMs) for linear and nonlinear ordinary differential equations as well as for elliptic, parabolic,
hyperbolic partial differential equations will be discussed. Moreover, students will learn finite
element methods (FEMs) in details.

Course Objectives:

1. To learn FDM for linear and nonlinear ODEs.

2. To know how to solve PDEs using FDMs.
3. To find numerical integration using FEM.
4. To provide a detailed knowledge about FEM to solve PDEs.
5. To learn how to solve eigenvalue problem using FEM.

Course Content:

Finite Element Method

1. Introduction to FEM: Discretization, Construction of basis functions, Numerical

integration; coordinate transformation, local and global derivatives, mesh
generation, h-p convergence.
2. Galerkin Method: BVP for Ordinary Differential Equations, 2D Poisson’s and
Laplace’s equations, one space dimensional heat and Wave equations.
3. Weighted Residuals Method: Subdomain, Matrix formulation, Modified Galerkin
method to solve 1-D linear and nonlinear BVP.
4. Finite Element Solution of BVP: Outline of FE procedures for Poisson’s and
Laplace’s equations, Matrix formulation, Element concept, Triangular, Rectangular
and Quadrilateral elements (linear and quadratic elements).
5. Variational Formulation of ODEs (BVP): Variational Functional and
Construction of functionals, Rayleigh-Ritz method and finite elements.

15
 Finite Difference Method

6. Elliptic PDEs: Review the solution of 2-space variables Poisson’s and Laplace’s
equations, matrix formulation of the model, Stability, and error analysis of methods.
7. Parabolic PDEs: Review of 1D problems, Heat equation in 2-space variables,
Matrix formulation, Forward, Backward and Crank-Nicolson methods, ADI method,
Von Neumann Stability and error analysis of methods.
8. Hyperbolic PDEs: Wave equation in 1-space variables, Different types of explicit
and implicit methods, Convergence and stability analysis, Wave equation in 2-space
variables, Lax-Wendroff and Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy explicit methods, Wendroff
implicit method, Wave equation in time-dependent and
Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):
After the successful completion of the course, students will be an able to:
 Ability to solve linear and nonlinear ODEs employing FDM
 Analyze PDEs using relevant FDMs.
 Find numerical integration using FEM.
 Apply FEM in solving PDEs.
 Solve eigenvalue problem utilizing FEM.

Evaluation: Incourse Assessment 30 Marks. Final examination (Theory, 3 hours) 70 Marks.

Eight questions will be set of which any five are to be answered.

References:
1. P. E. Lewis and J. P Ward, The finite element method: Principles and Application,
Addison Wesley
2. M. A. Celia and W. G. Gray, Numerical Methods for Differential Equations, Prentice-
Hall Int. Inc.
3. G. D. Smith, Numerical solution of Partial differential equations, Clarendon press,
Oxford
4. A. R. Mitchell and R. Wait, Finite Element Method in Partial Differential Equations,
John Wiley & Sons Ltd
5. S. C. Brenner and L. R. Scott, The Mathematical Theory of Finite Element Methods,
third edition, springer, 2000

16
 Course Code: 370509 Credit Hours: 4.00 Year: MS Semester:
Hrs/Week
Course Title: Geometry of
Differential Manifolds Total Marks: 100
Course Teacher: Course Type: Pre-requisite: Academic Session:
Theory 2022-2023
Rational:
Geometry of Differential Manifolds is based on three dimensional basic vector geometry
of curves and surfaces with calculus. Understanding of this course students will precede to
learn other areas of mathematics such as Differentiable Manifolds, Riemannian Manifolds,
Theory of Relativity and cosmology etc. Upon the successful completion of this course
students will able to apply the concepts of surfaces to find which surface are minimal
surfaces and also to know Weingarten, Gauss and Codazzi equations, Theorema
Egreegium, fundamental theorem of surface theory etc. Students will know the concepts
of developable surfaces, ruled surfaces, Gaussian curvature, Geodesics, Geodesic
curvature, Liouvilles formula, Clairaut’s theorem, Bonnet’s formula and Gauss-Bonnet
theorem. Students will learn about Conformal, isometric and geodesic mapping, Tissot’s
theorem. Theory of differential functions, charts, atlases, differentiable manifolds, smooth
map on Manifolds, Tangent space, Tangent bundles, C ∞ - vector fields and Lie brackets of
vector fields on Manifolds, φ - related vectorfields.
Course Objectives:
The objectives of this course are:
• To give knowledge on mathematical concepts of space curve and surfaces, this
course is very much useful.
• Students will know the concepts of geodesic curvature κ g and its formulae,
Liouville's formula, geodesic on a surface of revolution, Clairaut's theorem,
Bonnet's
formula, geodesics on Liouville surface, Gauss-Bonnet theorem.
• Students will learn about Manifolds structure on a topological space, C ∞ - vector
fields on manifolds etc.

Course Content:
1. Surfaces and Properties of Surface: Minimal surfaces, theorem of minimal
surfaces, general solution of the natural equations, Riccati equation and its solution,
equation of Weingarten, Gauss and Codazzi and their applications, Theoema
Egreegium, fundamental theorem of surface theory.
2. Developable and Ruled Surfaces: Envelop, characteristic, edge of regression,
developable surface, property of lines of curvature on developable, ruled surface,
fundamental coefficients and Gaussian curvature for ruled surface, tangent plane to
a ruled surface.
3. Geodesics on a Surface: Geodesics, differential equation of geodesics, geodesics
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 on plane, surface, sphere, right circular cone, right helicoid, cylinder, torus etc.,
geodesic curvature κ g and its formulae, Liouville's formula, geodesic on a surface
of revolution. Clairaut's theorem, Bonnet's formula, geodesics on Liouville surface,
Gauss-Bonnet theorem, torsion of a geodesic, geodesic parallel.
4. Mapping of Surfaces: Mapping, homeomorphism, isometric lines and
correspondence, Minding theorem, conformal, isometric and geodesic mapping,
Tissot's theorem.
5. Differentiable Manifolds: Theory of differentiable functions, coordinate
functions, charts and atlases, complete, compatiablity, differentiable structures,
differentiable manifolds, local representation of a function between two manifolds
for their charts, induced topology on a manifolds.
6. Topology of a Manifolds: Manifold structure on a topological space, properties of
induced topology, topological restrictions on manifolds.
7. Differentiation on a Manifolds: Partial differentiations, equivalence relation and
class, smooth map on manifolds, derivation of smooth function and tangent vector, structure
of tangent space, independent of tangency relation, tangent space, tangent bundles, tensor
and exterior bundles, tangent map on manifolds.
8. Vector Fields on a Manifolds: C ∞ - vector fields on manifolds, coordinates of vector
fields, set of vector fields, theorem on vector fields and its coordinates, Lie brackets of
vector fields and properties of ϕ - related vector fields.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):

After the successful completion of the course, students will be able to:
 Apply Gauss and Weingarten equations to find out Theorema Egreegium and
Codazzi’s equations.
 Have to know about minimal surface, Riccati equation and its solution with some
problem.
 Know how to check developable surface and how to find Gaussian Curvature and
which surface is ruled surface or skew.
 How to find the geodesics for surfaces of plane, sphere, right circular cone, right
helicoid, cylinder and torus and so on and to know geodesic curvature and its theorem.
 Illustrate different types of mapping and their properties and proof Tissot’s theorem by
using non-conformal mapping.
 Know about manifolds, charts, atlases and compatiability by using composite of two
charts, local representation.
 Illustrate the differential structure of manifold with C ∞ - function and topology.
 Gather Knowledge about smooth map, tangent space, tangent bundles, structure of
tangent space map on manifolds.
 Earn knowledge about the conception of ϕ - related vector fields, to know a lemma and
its applications into proposition of Lie brackets of vector fields.

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Evaluation: Incourse Assessment: 30 Marks. Final examination (Theory, 4 hours): Full
marks: 70. Eight questions of equal value will be set, of which any Five are to be answered.

References:
1. C. E. Weatherburn, Differential Geometry of Three Dimensions, Cambridge University
Press, London.
2. F.W. Warner, Foundations of Differentiable Manifolds and Lie groups, Scott, Foresman
and Company, Glenview, Illiniois, London
3. S.C. Mital and D.C. Agarwal, Differential Geometry, Krishna Prakashan Mandir, India.
4. D. J. Struik, Lectures on Classical Differential Geometry, Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company, Inc. USA.
5. F. Brickell and R.S. Clark, Differentiable Manifolds: AnIntroduction, Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company, London.

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Course Code: 370510 Credit Hours: 4.00 Year: MS Semester:
Hrs/Week
Course Title: DYNAMICAL
SYSTEMS Total Marks: 100
Course Teacher: Course Type: Pre-requisite: Academic Session:
Theory 2022-2023

Rationale:
Dynamics deals with change which evolve in time. Whether the system in question settles
down to equilibrium, keep repeating in cycles, or does something more complicated, it is the
dynamics that we use to analyze the behavior in various places of science.

Course Objectives:
At the end of the year students should be able to know:

1. The qualitative properties of dynamics and to understand asymptotic behavior

2. To classify equilibria by their stability, invariant manifolds and topological types
3. Identify fundamental differences between linear and nonlinear dynamical systems
4. Construct and interpret phase portraits of maps and flows
5. Identify fixed points and periodic points and determine their stability
6. How qualitative structure of the flow can change as parameters are varied
7. Unpredictable long-term behavior in a deterministic dynamical system
8. Characterization and measurements of chaos such as sensitive dependence on initial
conditions and Lyapunov exponents
9. Use fractals to predict or analyze various biological processes or phenomena.

Course Content:
1. Discrete Dynamical Systems: One parameter family of maps, contraction and
expanding map, fixed and periodic points, family of logistic maps, tent map, linear
map, iterative maps, quadratic maps, Smale horseshoe map, and their stability
analysis.
2. Chaotic Dynamical systems: Definitions of chaos, sensitive dependence on initial
conditions, orbit structure, Cantor set, basin of attractor and repeller, strange
attractors, Li-Yorke chaos and Lyapunov exponents.

3. Differential Dynamical Systems: One and two dimensional linear and nonlinear
differential equations, sink, source and saddle points, hyperbolic fixed point, and
their stability; population models; Henon map, Lorenz map; manifold and sub-
manifold, stable and unstable manifold, center manifold theorem, Hartman-
Grobman theorem, Hadamard-Perron theorem, Smale theorem.

20
 4. Bifurcations: Bifurcations, bifurcation points, Saddle-node bifurcation, period-
doubling bifurcation, pitchfork bifurcation, trancritical bifurcation, Hopf
bifurcation, backward bifurcation.

5. Symbolic Dynamical Systems: Sequence spaces, shift map, symbolic dynamics,

sub-shift of finite type.

6. Fractal and Multi-fractal: Basic concept of fractals, self-similarity, fractal

dimension, chaos game, fractals in nature, Koch curve, Sierpinski triangle,
Sierpinski carpet, Multi-fractal.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):

After the successful completion of the course, students will be an able to:
 extend their knowledge of calculus to solve problems in difference (and maybe differential)
equations
 students improve problem solving skills.
 understand the concepts of dynamical systems and to learn how to function in a work group.
 graphical analysis of dynamical systems and understand phase portraits.
 recognize when a dynamical system exhibits chaotic behavior
 generate fractals and find the topological dimension and fractal dimensions.

Evaluation: Incourse Assessment 30 Marks. Final examination (Theory, 3 hours) 70 Marks.

Eight questions will be set of which any five are to be answered.

References:
1. S H Strogatz, Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: With Applications to Physics, Biology,
Chemistry, And Engineering, Westview press, 2000.
2. R.L. Devaney. A First course in chaotic dynamical systems, Westview Press, 1992.
3. R.A. Holmgren. A first course in discrete dynamical systems, Springer, 2001.
4. S. Banerjee, M K Hassan, S. Mukherjee & A Gowrisankar, Fractal Patterns in
Nonlinear Dynamics and Application, CRC press.
5. A. Katok and B. Hasselblatt. Introduction to modern theory of dynamical systems,
CUP, Cambridge, 1995.

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Course Code: 370511 Credit Hours: 4.00 Year: MS Semester:
Hrs/Week
Course Title: MATHEMATICAL
BIOLOGY Total Marks: 100
Course Teacher: Course Type: Pre-requisite: Academic Session:
Theory 2022-2023

Rationale:
To provide students with the mathematical tools used to study and solve a variety of problems
in biology at different scales. Mathematical Biology is one of the most rapidly growing and
exciting areas of Applied Mathematics. This is because recently developed experimental
techniques in the biological sciences, are generating an unprecedented amount of quantitative
data.

Course Objectives:
By the end of the module the student should be able to:

1. to analyze simple models of biological phenomena using mathematics

2. to reproduce models and fundamental results of biological systems

3. introduce the student to advanced mathematical modeling in the Life Sciences

4. apply methods in the module to new problems inside the scope of Mathematical
Biology

5. explore methods for solving the models and discuss the implications of the
predictions.

Course Content:
1. Single Species Continuous Models: Introduction to linear and nonlinear population
models, Sharpe-Lotka age-dependent population model, Gurtin-MaCamy age-
dependent population model.
2. Multi Species Continuous Models: Two species linear and nonlinear population
models, multi-species models, stability. Migration Modeling.
3. Microbial Population Models: Microbial population, dynamics of microbial
competition, chemostat model and stability of equilibrium points.
4. Dynamics of Infectious Diseases: Virus dynamics, Dynamics of infectious diseases,
AIDS/HIV models, dynamics of hepatitis B virus, age-dependent epidemic model, drug
therapy, vaccination effects, Immunization and other public health intervention
strategies, Modeling vector-borne diseases.

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 5. Dynamics with Diffusion: Reaction-Diffusion models, single and multi-species
diffusion models, competition model with diffusion, epidemic model with diffusion,
Pattern formations in systems of reaction-diffusion equations.
6. Stochastic Model: Concepts in probability, stochastic Processes, Brownian motion,
martingales, stochastic linear and nonlinear models of population. Continuous and
discrete time Markov Chain.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):

After the successful completion of the course, students will be an able to:
 the applications of ODE models in a variety of biological systems
 making the student aware how to choose and use different modeling techniques in different
areas
 reaction-diffusion equations and their applications in biology
 introduce the connections between biological questions and mathematical concepts
 develop the mathematics of dynamical systems, linear algebra, differential equations and
difference equations through modeling biological systems
 explore the utility of using mathematical tools to understand the properties and behavior of
biological systems.

Evaluation: Incourse Assessment 30 Marks. Final examination (Theory, 3 hours) 70 Marks.

Eight questions will be set of which any five are to be answered.

References:
1. F Brauer & C Castillo-Chavez, Mathematical models in population biology and
epidemiology, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001.
2. Maia Martcheva, An Introduction to Mathematical Epidemiology, Texts in Applied
Mathematics, Springer, 2015.
3. J.D. Murray, Mathematical Biology, Springer, 1993.
4. H. L. Smith & P. Waltman, Theory of Chemostat, CUP, 1995.
5. M. A. Nowak & R. M. May, Virus Dynamics, Mathematical Principles of Immunology
and Virology, 2000.

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Course Code: 370512 Credit Hours: 4.00 Year: MS Semester:
Hrs/Week
Course Title: OPERATIONS
MANAGEMENT Total Marks: 100
Course Teacher: Course Type: Pre-requisite: Academic Session:
Theory 2022-2023

Rationale:
Operations activities, such as forecasting, choosing a location for an office or plant, allocating
resources, designing products and services, scheduling activities, and assuring and improving
quality are core activities and often strategic issues in business organizations. Production
Management or Operations Management is the management of systems or processes that create
goods and/or services. The material in this course is intended as an introduction to the field of
operations management. The field of operations management is dynamic, and very much a part
of the good things that are happening in business organizations. Much of what the students
learn will have practical application.

Course Objectives:
1. To give knowledge on the ways to manage the business organization efficiently.
2. Students will be able to learn the formulating procedure of different types of management
tools.
3. It will help the students to apply the knowledge gather from this course in real life problems.

Course Content:
Chapter 1: Strategic Capacity Planning

Introduction to Operations Management (OM), the scope of OM, Productivity, Strategy,

Competitiveness. Strategic capacity decision, Defining and measuring capacity, Evaluating
capacity alternatives.

Chapter 2: Quality Control

Management of quality, Statistical process control, Variations and control, Control charts,
Process capability, Improving process capability, Capability analysis.

Chapter 3: Forecasting

Elements of good forecast, Accuracy and control of forecasting, Applications of Forecasting,

Judgmental Forecasting Methods, Time Series, Forecasting Methods for a Constant-Level
Model, Incorporating Seasonal Effects into Forecasting Methods, An Exponential Smoothing
Method for a Linear Trend Model, Holt’s method, Winter’s method, Box-Jenkins Method,
Causal Forecasting with Linear Regression.

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Chapter 4: Inventory Control

Components of Inventory Models, basic inventory models (Economic order quantity (EOQ)
model, EPQ model, fixed order interval model, Single period model, Deterministic
Continuous-Review Models, Deterministic Periodic-Review Model, Stochastic Continuous-
Review Model, Stochastic Single-Period Model for Perishable Products, Stochastic Periodic-
Review Models, Larger Inventory Systems in Practice.
Chapter 5: Planning and Scheduling

Scheduling in high-volume systems, intermediate-volume systems, low-volume systems,

Scheduling methods of Linear Programming, Scheduling jobs through two work centers,
Minimizing scheduling difficulties, scheduling the work force.
Chapter 6: Supply Chain Management
Value chains, supply chains, demand chains, need for supply chain management, benefits of
supply chain management, managing supply chain, evaluating shipping alternatives, Global
supply chain, e-commerce, effective supply chain, optimizing the supply chain.
Chapter 7: Waiting line and Simulation

Goal of Waiting line, Measuring system performance, Queuing models, The Essence of
Simulation, Advantage and limitations of using simulations, applications of Simulation,
Generation of Random Numbers, Generation of Random Observations from a Probability
Distribution, Variance-Reducing Techniques, Regenerative Method of Statistical Analysis,
Monte-Carlo simulation.
Chapter 8: Project Management

Behavioral aspect of project management, Key decisions in project management, PERT

(program evaluation and review technique), CPM (critical path method), Deterministic time
estimates, Probabilistic time estimates, Applications.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):

After the successful completion of the course, students will be an able to:
 be an expert in product and service design
 process selection, technology selection.
 design of work systems, location planning, facility planning.
 quality improvement of goods and services;
 forecasting,
 capacity planning;
 scheduling.
 managing inventory
 manage large scale projects.

Evaluation: Incourse Assessment 30 Marks. Final examination (Theory, 3 hours) 70 Marks.

Eight questions will be set of which any five are to be answered.

25
References:
1. Operations Management by William J. Stevenson, 7th Edition, McGrew-Hill Higher
education.
2. Operations Research by Wayne L. Winston,
3. Introduction to OR by Hillier and Lieberman, 10th Edition, McGrew-Hill Higher
education
4. Fundamentals of Management Science by Turban & Merideth

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Course Code: 370513 Credit Hours: 4.00 Year: MS Semester:
Hrs/Week
Course Title: THEORY OF
RELATIVITY Total Marks: 100
Course Teacher: Course Type: Pre-requisite: Academic Session:
Theory 2022-2023

Rationale:
This course is a module principally on Einstein's general theory of relativity, a relativistic
theory of gravitation which explains gravitational effects as coming from the curvature of
space-time. It provides a comprehensive introduction to material which is currently the subject
of enthusiastic study from the theoretical and experimental standpoints. In addition, in order to
understand the general theory fully, some familiarity with tensor calculus is required. This will
involve some self-study material at the start of the module.

Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to introduce the concept of space-time, the theory of special
relativity and some preliminary ideas from general relativity and the mathematical model of
the expanding universe. The aim of studying this course is to construct mathematical models
of the universe.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):

After the completion of the course students will be able to:

 understand the physical principles which guided Einstein theory of relativity
 solve Einstein's equations in a variety of simple situations
 investigate the geodesic structure of the most important solutions of the theory
 understand the key properties of black holes
 understand the new world view of 4 dimensional Lorentzian space-time that replaced the
Newtonian view of space and universal time
 understand that gravitational phenomena are manifestations of the geometry of space-
time
 understand how geometry is encoded in a metric tensor, understand how Newtonian
gravitation can be recovered in a limit from General Relativity
 understand how a black hole is described by the Schwarzschild metric
 understand how the whole universe can be modeled approximately by the Friedman
metric

Course Contents:
1. Inertial frame, Galilean transformations, Michelson-Morley experiment, Absolute motion
and historical survey.
2. Lorentz transformations, postulates of the special theory of relativity, Lorentz
transformation equation, Consequences of Lorentz transformations, relativistic formulae
for velocity and acceleration.
3. Minkowski’s space and its properties.
4. Relativistic mechanics: Mass and momentum, Newton’s laws of motion, equivalence of
mass and energy, transformation formulae for momentum, energy, force and density.
5. Relativistic optics, relativistic electrodynamics and relativistic fluid mechanics.

27
6. Principle of covariance and principle of equivalence.
7. Relativistic field equations: Energy-momentum tensor, Principle of Mach and Einstein’s
law of gravitation, Schwrzschild’s solution of Einstein’s equation, Newton’s law as first
approximation.
8. The three crucial tests of the general theory of relativity.
9. Cosmology: Cosmology models: (a) Robertson-Walker model (b) Friedmann Model (c)
Einstein’s model (d) de Sitter model.
10. Introduction to unified field theory. String cosmology

References:
1. Goyal J.K., Gupta K.P. Theory of Relativity.
2. Steven Weinberg. Gravitation and Cosmology Principles and applications of the General
Theory of Relativity.
3. Rashid H., Islam N. Theory of Relativity (in Bengali).

28
Course Code: 370514 Credit Hours: 4.00 Year: MS Semester:
Hrs/Week
Course Title: FLUID DYNAMICS
Total Marks: 100
Course Teacher: Course Type: Pre-requisite: Academic Session:
Theory 2022-2023

Rationale:
The course deals with theoretical and practical aspects of hydrodynamics and fluid dynamics.
The various topics covered are: Reynolds Transport Theorem, conservation of mass,
momentum and energy, the development of the Navier-Stokes' equation, ideal and potential
flows, vorticity, hydrodynamic forces in potential flow. Some of the vital topics covered are
boundary layer concept, governing equations, incompressible flows, compressible flows, high
speed flows, internal flow, external flow, dimensional analysis, and introduction to
computational fluid dynamics.

Course Objectives:
1. To understand about the Navier-Stokes equation, steady and unsteady laminar flow.
2. To understand the concept of fluid and to be able to explain the properties of fluid.
3. To understand the hydrostatic forces acting on a solid surface immersed in liquid and to
be able to calculate them in a specific situation.
4. To understand the basic equations of the conservation laws (continuity equation, Euler’s
equation and Bernoulli’s theorem, momentum theorem) and to be able to apply them in
a specific problem.
5. To understand the concept of dimensional analysis and to be able to apply it in a specific
situation.
6. To understand about the Navier-Stokes equation, steady and unsteady laminar flow.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):

Upon completion of this course, students will explore the followings:

 To learn the basic knowledge on fluid properties (continuity, density, viscosity, and surface
tension).
 Describe the fundamental principles of the motion of ideal (inviscid) and real (viscous)
fluid flows.
 Apply analytical concepts to analyze a range of two-dimensional fluid flows, with
appropriate choice of simplifying assumptions and boundary conditions.
 To learn the dimensional analysis (basic/derived quantities, Buckingham’s pi-theorem,
similarity parameters).
 To learn the fundamentals of fluid dynamics.
 Investigate the physics/dynamics of a particular fluid flow giving a critical evaluation of
the effect of significant flow and geometric parameters applying both hydrodynamic
theory and knowledge from other disciples relevant to the problem.

29
 Course Contents:
1. Introduction and General Properties of Navier-Stokes equations: Dimensional analysis
and Similitude, Newton’s law of viscosity, Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids, body
and surface forces, stress vector and components, Relation between the stress and rate of
strain, Derivation of the Navier-Stokes equations of motion and its general properties.
2. (a) Steady Laminar flows: Parallel flow through a straight channel, Plane and generalized
Couette flows, Plane Poiseuille flow. Flow through a circular pipe-the Hagen-Poiseuille
flow, Flow between two coaxial circular cylinders, Flow between two concentric rotating
cylinders.
(b) Unsteady flows: Flow between two parallel plates, Flow over a suddenly accelerated
flat plate, Flow over an oscillation plate (Determination of maximum and average
velocities, the shearing stress, skin-friction and the coefficient of skin-friction).
3. Small Reynolds number flows or very slow motion: Differential equation of very slow
motion, Slow motion over a sphere (Stokes’ solutions), Hydrodynamic theory of
lubrication.
4. Laminar boundary layer theory: General concepts and properties of boundary layer,
Prandtl’s boundary layer equations, Separation of boundary layer, Similarity concept and
similarity solutions of the boundary layer equations, Flow in convergent and divergent
channel, Flow past a wedge, Boundary layer on a flat plate an zero incidences.
5. Karman’s integral equation (or condition): Application of Karman’s integral equation
to boundary layer (Karman-Pohlhausen method), Determination of shearing stress and
boundary layer thickness.
6. Suction and injection in boundary layer: General concepts, Steady flow between two
porous parallel plates, suction/injection through horizontal or vertical plates (some specific
problems).
7. Thermal boundary layers in laminar flows: Derivation of the energy equation, Theory
of similarity in heat transfer, Thermal boundary analogy between heat transfers and skin-
friction. Parallel forced flow past a flat plate at zero incidences, Natural flow past horizontal
or vertical plates (some specific problems).

Evaluation: Incourse Assessment: 30 Marks. Final examination (Theory, 4 hours): Full marks:
70 Eight questions of equal value will be set, of which any Five are to be answered.

References:
1. H. Schlichting: Boundary Layer Theory
2. M.D. Raisinghania: Fluid dynamics with complete hydrodynamics and boundary layer
theory
3. F. Chorlton: A Text Book of Fluid Dynamics
4. D. E. Rutherford: Fluid Dynamics
5. Shanti Swarup: Fluid Dynamics

30
Course Code: 370515 Credit Hours: 4.00 Year: MS Semester:
Hrs/Week
Course Title: QUANTUM
MECHANICS Total Marks: 100
Course Teacher: Course Type: Pre-requisite: Academic Session:
Theory 2022-2023

Rationale:
The course concerns origin of quantum theory, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, Schrödinger
equation, many-particle systems and many other topics.

Course Objectives:
1. To know who invented Quantum theory and what quantum theory.
2. To know why the wave equation is so important and application of wave equation.
3. To learn what Schrodinger equation represents and to know that Schrödinger equation is
used for.
4. To practice one dimensional examples.
5. To know the purpose of formalism, advantages of formalism and the main idea of
formalism.
6. To know what the three –dimensional Schrodinger equation and the properties of
Schrödinger equation.
7. To know what the angular momentum and how it is calculated.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):

Upon completion of this course, students will explore the followings:
 To know the purposes of quantum theory and about black body radiation, photoelectric
effect, Bohr model.
 It describes not only the moment of strings and wires, but also the movement of fluid
surfaces, limitations of wave function,wave particle duality Heisenberg uncertainty
principle etc.
 It gives us a detailed account of the form of the wave functions or probability waves that
control the motion of some smaller particles, also learn about expectation values
Ehrenfest’s theorem, time independent Schrodinger equation etc.
 To know about free particle, potential step, periodic potential, linear harmonic oscillator
etc.
 The formalism of quantum mechanics is built upon two fundamental concepts. Learning
dynamical variables, the Schrodinger and Heisenberg pictures etc.
 To illustrate the solution of the time-independent Schrodinger equation in three-
dimension, learn the separation of the equations in different co-ordinates and the hydrogen
atom etc.
 Learning orbital angular momentum, eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of 𝐿𝐿2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐿𝐿𝑧𝑧 etc.

31
 Course Contents:
1. Origin of Quantum theory: Black body radiation, Photoelectric effect, Compton effect,
Bohr model, De Broglie’s hypothesis, Wave properties of matter.
2. Wave function: wave-particle duality, wave packets, Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
3. Schrödinger equation: Expectation values, Operators, Ehrenfest’s theorem, Time-
independent Schrödinger equation & its general solution, Schrödinger equation in
momentum space.
4. One dimensional examples: free particle, potential step, the square well, linear harmonic
oscillator, periodic potential.
5. Formalism of quantum mechanics: Dynamical variables, Unitary transformations,
Metric representations of wave functions and operators, The Schrödinger and Heisenberg
pictures.
6. Schrödinger equations in three dimensions: Separation of the equation in different co-
ordinates, free particle, square well potential, the hydrogen atom.
7. Angular momentum: Orbital angular momentum, the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of
L2 and Lz, Spin angular momentum, Total angular momentum, addition of angular
momenta.
8. Many-particle systems: System of identical particles, Bosons and Fermions, Two-
electron atoms.

Evaluation: Incourse Assessment: 30 Marks. Final examination (Theory, 4 hours): Full marks:
70 Eight questions of equal value will be set, of which any Five are to be answered.

References:
1. B.H. Bransden& C.J. Joachain. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics.
2. L. I. Schiff . Quantum Mechanics.
3. David J. Griffiths. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics.

Course Code: 370599 VIVA VOCE Credits: 4

Viva Voce on courses taught in the M. S. program.

32