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SS2 First Term E-Notes

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21 views5 pages

SS2 First Term E-Notes

Uploaded by

temiannabel.adedeji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK
1. Central Processing Unit
2. Logic Circuit 1
3. Logic Circuit 2
4. Communication
5. Safety and Security 1
6. Safety and Security 2
7. MTB
8. Concept of Computer Files
9. Data Manipulation 1
10. Data Manipulation 2
11. Revision
12. Exams
13. Carol
14. Go Home

Definition of the CPU


The Central Processing Unit (CPU) also known as the microchip or the microprocessor (or
processor for short) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions
of a computer program. This is the brain or heart of the computer.
Picture of the CPU

Main Components of the Central Processing Unit


The central processing unit consists of two main parts. Which are;
1. Control Units (CU)
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
The Control Unit
The control unit uses electrical signals to direct the entire computer system to carry out or
execute, stored program instructions. Like an orchestra leader, the control unit does not
execute program instructions; rather, it directs other parts of the system to do so. The control
unit must communicate with both the arithmetic/logic unit and memory.

Functions of the control unit The control Unit


i. It activates the appropriate circuits necessary for inputs and output devices.
ii. It causes the entire computer system to operate automatically.
iii. It directs the system to execute instructions.
iv. It helps in communication between the memory and the arithmetic logic unit.
v. It aids in the loading of data and instructions residing in the secondary memory to the main
memory as required.
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
The arithmetic/Logic unit: This part of the CPU executes all arithmetic and logical operations. It
is also defined as part of the CPU that carries out arithmetic and logic operations on operands
in computer instruction.
Functions of the ALU
i. The arithmetic and logic unit executes arithmetic and logical operation.
Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Logical operations compare numbers, letters and special characters.
ii. Compares operation test for three conditions:

Central Processing Flow Diagram


What is the Memory Unit?
i. The memory unit is part of the computer that holds data and instructions for processing.
ii. It may also be defined as the storage space in the computer where data to be processed and
instructions required for processing are stored.
Types of Memories in Computer
Memory is of two types:
i.Primary memory/main memory/internal memory
ii.Secondary memory/auxiliary memory/external memory
Primary Memory:
The primary memory is the memory that can be directly accessed by the CPU, the CPU
constantly interact with it, reads instructions stored there and executes them as required.
Types of Primary memory
There are two types of primary memory:
i. RAM
ii. ROM
RAM (Radom Access Memory):
Random access memory also called the Read/Write memory, is the temporary memory of a
computer. It is said to be ‘volatile’ since its contents are accessible only as long as the
computer is on. The contents of RAM are cleared once the computer is turned off or if there is a
power cut.
Types of RAM
1. Dynamic RAM: Dynamic RAM (DRAM) is a type of physical memory used in most personal
computers. The term dynamic indicates that the memory must be constantly refreshed
(reenergized) or it will lose its contents.
2. Static RAM: Static RAM (SRAM) is a type of RAM that holds its data without external refresh,
for as long as power is supplied to the circuit. This is contrasted to dynamic RAM (DRAM), which
must be refreshed many times per second to hold its data contents
ROM (Read Only Memory)
Read Only Memory is a special type of memory which can only be read and the contents of
which are not lost even when the computer is switched off or if there is a power cut. It typically
contains the manufacturer’s instructions.
Types of ROM
i. Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM): This type of ROM can be re-programmed by using
a special device called a PROM programmer. Generally, a PROM can only be changed/updated
once.
ii. Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM): This type of ROM can have its contents
erased by ultraviolet light and then reprogrammed by a PROM programmer.
iii. Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM): These are also erasable
like EPROM, but the same work of erasing is performed with electric current.
Differences between RAM and ROM

RAM ROM

It is volatile (It loses data when power is It is non-volatile (retains data even when
turned off) power is off)

Data in RAM can be changed or deleted ROM is fixed or data cannot be modified.

RAM chip are bigger in size ROM chip are smaller in size

RAM chips are relatively expensive ROM chips are relatively less expensive

RAM stores all the applications and data when ROM usually stores instructions that are required
the computer is running for booting the computer

Secondary Memory
This type of memory is a non-volatile memory. It is slower than the main memory. These are
used for storing data/Information permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories
instead they are accessed via input-output routines. Contents of secondary memories are first
transferred to the main memory, and then the CPU can access it.
Types of Secondary Memory
Secondary memory can be of the following types:
Magnetic: Data and information are stored and retrieved using magnetism
Examples
Magnetic disk
Magnetic tape
Hard disk
floppy disks
Optical: Optical storage devices employ light (laser beams) to store and retrieve data and
information
Examples
CD
VCD
DVD
Electronic: This holds data and information in the form of electric voltage
Example
Flash Memory
Others include Punch card
Secondary Storage Devices
1. Floppy Diskette
There are two standard sizes used these days which are 5 □((1 )/4) inches and 3 □(1/2) inches,
in size, commonly referred to as the mini-floppy and microfloppy. The capacity of 5 □((1 )/4)
inches floppy is 1.2 MB and that of 3 □(1/2) inches is 1.44 MB.
2. CD-ROM drives
They are of three types
a. CD-ROM
CD-ROM stands for (Compact Disc Read Only Memory), and it is mainly used to mass produce
audio CDs and computer games. Computer users can only read data and music from the discs,
but they cannot burn their information onto the discs, from their personal computers.
b. CD-R
CD-R (Compact Disc Recordable) also known as WORM (Write Once Read Many) is a blank disc
that users can put into a CD-ROM drive to burn or make a copy of their personal data, music,
videos and information. CD-Recordable discs are designed for one-time recording only.
3. CD-RW
The CD-RW (Compact Disc Rewritable) can be erased and returned to its original blank state.
New files can then be copied onto the rewritable disk. CD-RW never became as popular as the
CD-R because they are not compatible with most disc players to listen to music. They are
primarily used to move data from one computer to another or to copy files that are only needed
a few times.
3. DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
DVD is very similar to a CD but it has a much larger capacity. A standard DVD can hold 4.7 GB
of data. DVDs are of the same types as CDs along with different formats as explained about
CDs.
4. Combo Drives
These drives combine the function of a DVD drive and a CD-RW drive.
5. Hard disk: Largest in capacity
Differences between Primary and Secondary Memory

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

These devices are temporary These devices are permanent (Non-


(Volatile) volatile)

These devices are expensive These devices are cheaper

They have less storage capacity They have storage capacities

They are usually faster They are slower

Directly accessed by the CPU Not directly accessed by the CPU

Internal memory External Memory

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