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Part 5

Part 5- Instrumentation Q&A

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21 views12 pages

Part 5

Part 5- Instrumentation Q&A

Uploaded by

karlmark324
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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300+ Instrumentation Engineering Interview

Questions – Part 5
Instrumentation Questions / 8 minutes of reading

1. What is the definition of a gas’s thermal


conductivity?

The quantity of heat (in calories) transferred in unit time


(seconds) in a gas between two surfaces 1 cm2 in area when the
temperature difference between the surfaces is 1oC is defined as
thermal conductivity.

2. Define the term “humidity”

It is the amount of water vapour retained by a gas or the


moisture content of the air.
3. Define the term “viscosity”

It is a measure of the system’s fluidity. When shearing stress is


applied to many fluids, they undergo continuous deformation.

4. What is Pitot tube?

A pitot tube (pitot probe) measures the velocity of fluid flow. It


is widely used in industry to calculate the airspeed of aircraft,
the waterspeed of boats, and the flow velocity of liquids, air,
and gases.

5. Pitot tube advantages

1). Low cost

2). Do not have any moving components; this reduces frictional


loss.

3). Simple to install

4). It can introduce fluid flow without stopping it because of its


small size.

5). Pressure loss is really little.

6). Can be simply installed in environments with harsh


circumstances, including high temperatures and pressure.

7). Some types are also simple to take out of the pipeline.
6. What are the drawbacks of pitot tubes?

They can become clogged with sediment, and the pressure


difference detected may be insufficient to provide the desired
accuracy for the flow rate under consideration.

7. List the benefits of the orifice plate.

1).Used in a variety of pipe sizes

2). Used in conjunction with a pressure differential device.

3). There are numerous materials available.

8. Applications of pitot tube

In utility streams where great accuracy is not required, the pitot


tube is employed. The air duct and pipe system uses it. Air flow
velocity is measured using it in aeroplanes. They are utilised to
map the flow profile in a duct or channel.

9. List the orifice plate’s drawbacks.

1). Significant permanent pressure loss

2). Reduces slurry service usage

3). The accuracy is determined by the care taken during


installation.

4). It possesses square root properties.


10. What are the benefits of an electromagnetic flow
meter?

1). It is capable of handling slurries and corrosive fluids.

2). It has a small pressure drop.

3). It can function as a bidirectional meter.

4). Large pipe sizes and capacities are available.

11. Explain the turbine flow metre principle.

When liquid enters through the inlet, the shaft rotates, cutting
the magnetic pickup and producing voltage proportional to the
inflow of water.

12. List the drawbacks of glass Rotameter.

1). Breakage is possible.

2). It must be installed vertically and is limited to low


temperatures.

3). Less precision

4). If the pressure exceeds 35 kg/cm3, the tube will be damaged.

13. Explain the vortex flow meter principle.


It is based on vortex shedding, which occurs when a gas or
liquid flows around an object that is not stream lined. When
fluid flows pass an obstacle, boundary layers of slow moving
fluid form along the outer surface of the obstacle, preventing
the flow from following contours of the obstacle on its
downstream side.

14. Why do we need mathematical process modelling?

The physical equipment needed to control the chemical process


has not yet been built. As a result, we can’t experiment to see
how the process reacts to different inputs, and thus can’t design
an appropriate control system. If the process equipment must
be replaced,

The procedure is expensive and open to experimentation. As a


result, we require a simple description of how the process
responds to various inputs, which mathematical models can
provide to the control designer.

15. Define continuous processes.

A continuous process is one in which materials or work flow


more or less continuously through a plant apparatus while
being treated. The problem with continuous processes is caused
by changes in load.

16. Define batch processes.


A batch process is one in which the materials or work are
stationary at one physical location while being treated.

17. Explain proportional band.

The proportional band is defined as the change in input


required by the proportional controller mode to produce a full-
scale change in output.

18. Explain offset?

It is the steady-state deviation (error) caused by a change in the


value of the load variable.

19. What does integral (reset) windup mean?

Overcharging occurs when there is a continuous error in the


integral capacitor, which must discharge via a long time
constant discharge path, preventing a quick return to the
desired control point.

20. How will air be vented in the D.P. cell? What


happens if seal pots are used?

Opening the vent plugs on a liquid service transmitter allows air


to escape. When using seal pots, isolate the primary isolation
valves and open the vent valves. Using a pump, fill the line from
the transmitter drain plug.

21. Define cascade control.


Cascade control is a two-loop control system in which the set
point of one loop (the inner loop) is the output of the controller
of the other loop (the outer loop)

22. What role does an I/P converter play in a control


system?

In some process loops, the controller and final control element


are both electronic. To connect these two, we need a device that
converts electric current linearly into gas pressure (4-20mA to 3-
15 psi). This type of device is known as I/P converter.

23. Define control valve cavitation?

When a liquid enters a valve and the static pressure at the vena
contracta drops to less than the fluid vapour pressure before
recovering to above the fluid vapour pressure, the vapour
bubbles formed at the vena contracts implode or collapse. This
is referred to as cavitation.

24. Why is instrument calibration important?

Calibration of all instruments is critical because it allows the


instrument to be checked against a known standard and, as a
result, errors in accuracy can be identified.

25. What is LVDT?


The linear variable differential transformer is what converts
linear motion into electrical signals. It has a single primary
winding and two secondary windings.

26. What is the range of LVDT?

1.25mm to250m

27. What is Controlled Mexium?

It is the process energy or material that controls a variable. The


controlled variable is a property or condition of the controlled
medium. For example, in a tank where the temperature is
automatically controlled, the controlled variable is temperature
and the controlled medium is water.

28. What is the purpose of a three-way manifold valve?

If you apply too much pressure to your differential pressure


transmitter, you risk damaging it. This is referred to as over-
ranging the transmitter. A three-way manifold valve prevents
the instrument from becoming over-ranged. It also allows the
transmitter to be isolated from the process loop.

29. What is Manipulated variable?

It is the quantity or condition that the automatic controller


changes in order to affect the value of the controlled variable.

30. What exactly is a plant layout?


A proper layout is required for a good process to run smoothly.
The primary goal of a plant layout should be to have a low
handling cost and a short throughput time.

31. Types of plant layout

1). Plant layouts are classified into two types:

2). Product or straight-line layouts: In this, the flow from one


operation to the next is minimised for any product class as
machinery is located.

3). Process arrangements, also known as functional


arrangements, are the grouping of similar facilities.

32. What is impedance?

The opposition to the flow of current in an AC circuit.

33. What is reactance?

Capacitance or inductance creates resistance to the flow of


alternating current.

34. What is Error?

The difference between the signal’s indication and its true value.

35. What is Span Error?


It is the difference between the actual and specified spans,
expressed as a percentage of the specified span.

36. What is Zero Error?

It is the error of a device operating under the specified


operating conditions when the input is in the lower range.

37. Define Static gain

It is the ratio of the change in output to the change in input


after the steady state has been reached.

38. What is Reset Action?

It is the movement of the value at a rate proportional to the


magnitude of the deviation.

39. What is rate action?

It is defined as a continuous linear relationship between the rate


of change of the controlled variable and the position of the final
control element. Value motion is produced by rate action in
proportion to the rate of change of actual measurement.

40. Explain repeatability?

The degree of agreement between a series of consecutive


output measurements for the same value of the measured
signal under the same operating conditions.
41. Explain Reproducibility?

The degree of agreement between repeated measurements of


output for the same input value taken under the same
operating conditions.

42. Define Response?

It is the general behaviour of a device’s output as a function of


input, both in time and in space.

43. Explain proportional band

It is the set of controlled variable values that correspond to the


full operating range of the final control element.

44. What is the seal liquid used for filling impulse lines
on crude and viscous liquid?

Glycol.

45. What exactly is absolute pressure?

The total pressure in the system is referred to as absolute


pressure.

Absence pressure = Gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure

46. What exactly is absolute zero pressure?

Vacuum = 760 mm Hg Absolute zero


47. What is the highest vacuum setting?

760 mm Hg is the maximum vacuum.

48. Thermistor is a _________

Digital transducer

49. Resolution of a transducer depends on

Diameter of wire

50. What exactly is vacuum?

Any pressure less than atmospheric pressure is referred to as


vacuum.

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