Surveying-II (CL-413)

Semester-IV, Civil Engineering

FoT, D D University
 Syllabus
1.PERMANENT ADJUSTMENTS:
Optics of the Telescope; Permanent Adjustment of Dumpy Level, Tilting Level and the Vernier Theodolite.
2.TACHEOMETRY:
Principles of Tachometry; Use of analytic lenses; Field-work; Computation, Tachometric Table, Direct Reading Tachometers: Applications of
Tachometry by digital Theodolite.
3.CURVES:
Theory of Simple, Compound, Reverse & Vertical Curves, Transition curves – Cubic Spiral, Cubic Parabola and Lemniscate.
4.ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS:
Principles & Instruments used, Trilateration, study of Total station.
5.PHOTOGRAMMETRY:
Principles, Photo-Theodolite, Aerial Photogrammetry, Stereoscopy and parallax and their applications, Field-Work, Plotting from air
photographs, Applications of air Surveys.
6.ERRORS:
Mistakes; Cumulative & Compensating Errors, Probability Curve; Principle of Least Squares; Probable Errors; R.M.S. Value; Weighted
Observations. Adjustments of a Trilateration Network.
7.HYDROGRAPHY: Gauge, Sounding, Location of Sounding.
8.FIELD ASTRONOMY & INTRODUCTION OF REMOTE SENSING, GIS AND GPS:
Field astronomy fundamentals, spherical Trigonometry, determination of terrestrial co-ordinates and Azimuth, Introduction to GIS and GPS.
 Reference Books
• Surveying Volume-1 & 2 by S K Duggal, Tata McGraw Hill
Publication
• Fundamentals of Surveying by S K Roy, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd
Publication
• Surveying & Levelling by S C Rangwala, Charotar Publication
House
• Surveying Volume 1,2 & 3 by Dr. K.R. Arora
• Surveying and Levelling Vol. I and II by T.P Kanetkar and S.V
Kulkarni, Vidyarthi Book Depot, Pune
 Curves

Surveying-II (CL-413)
 Content
• Introduction
• Types of Curves
• Detailed theory and numerical examples
• Setting out work
 Curves in Alignment
• In highways, railways, or canals the curve are provided for
smooth or gradual change in direction due the nature of
terrain, cultural features, or other unavoidable reasons.
 Curves in Alignment
• The horizontal curve may be a simple circular curve or a
compound curve. For a smooth transition between straight
and a curve, a transition or easement curve is provided.

• The vertical curves are used to provide a smooth change in

direction taking place in the vertical plane due to change of
grade.
Curves in Alignment
Curves in Alignment
Curves in Alignment
Curves in Alignment
Curves in Alignment
 Classification
Simple or Circular

Compound
Horizontal
Reverse

Curves Transition

Valley
Vertical
Summit
 Terminology
• Degree of Curve:
• The angle, a unit chord (A chord of a circle is a straight line segment
whose endpoints both lie on the circle) of length 30m (approx.
100 ft.) subtends at the centre of the circle formed by the curve is
known as the degree of the curve. It is commonly designated as ‘D’.

• When the unit chord subtends an angle of 1˚, it is called a one-

degree curve, when subtends 2˚, a two-degree curve, and so-on.
 Terminology
• Relation between Degree & Radius of Curve:

𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟗
R= 𝑫
(Where, R in ‘m’ and D in ‘degree’)
 Elements of Circular Curve
• AB-Back Tangent B Ø or Δ
• BC-Forward Tangent I
• B- Vertex of Curve/Point of Intersection
E
• Ø or Δ- Deflection Angle
T1 T2
• I- Intersection Angle D
• T1 & T2- Tangent Points A C
R R
• BT1 & BT2- Tangent Length Ø/2 Ø/2
• T1DT2- Chord Length
• T1ET2- Curve Length O
 Elements of Circular Curve
• Mid point-E- Summit of Curve
• BE- Apex Distance or External Dist. B Ø or Δ
I
• DE- Versed Sine of Curve or Mid ordinate
• R- Radius of Curve E
• T1 - Point of Curve or T1 T2
D
Beginning Point A C
• T2 - End of Curve or R Ø/2 Ø/2 R
Point of Tangency
O
 Important Relationship
• Ø = 180˚ – I

• Tangent Length, T1B or T2B = R tan(Ø/2)

π 𝑅 Ø˚
• Length of Curve, T1ET2 =
180˚
 Important Relationship
• Length of Long Chord, 2T1D = 2 R sin(Ø/2)

• Apex Distance or External Distance= R (sec(Ø/2) – 1)

• Mid Ordinate, DE = R (cos(Ø/2) – 1)

 Setting out of Simple Circular Curve
• Chain & Tape Method
– Taking offset from the long chord
– Taking offset from the chord produced
– Successively Bisecting the arcs
– Taking offset from the tangent

• Instrumental Method
– Deflection Angle method or Rankine’s Method
Offset from Long Chord Method

O
Offset from Tangent (Radial)
Offset from Tangent (Perpendicular)
Successive Bisection of Arcs
Offset from Chord Produced
 Deflection angle ( Rankine's Method)
• In this method, curves are staked out by use of deflection
angles turned at the point of curvature from the tangent to
points along the curve.

• The curve is set out by driving pegs at regular interval equal to

the length of the normal chord.
• Usually, the sub-chords are provided at the beginning and end
of the curve to adjust the actual length of the curve.
 Deflection angle ( Rankine's Method)
• The method is based on the assumption that there is no
difference between length of the arcs and their corresponding
chords of normal length or less.

• The underlying principle behind this method is: The angle

subtended by any chord at the centre of the circle is twice
the angle between the chord and a tangent at one of its
ends.
 Deflection angle ( Rankine's Method)
• The method is based on the assumption that there is no
difference between length of the arcs and their corresponding
chords of normal length or less.

• The underlying principle behind this method is: The angle

subtended by any chord at the centre of the circle is twice
the angle between the chord and a tangent at one of its
ends.
 Deflection angle ( Rankine's Method)
• The angle subtended by any chord at the centre of the circle
is twice the angle between the chord and a tangent at one of
its ends.
 Deflection angle ( Rankine's Method)
• Let points a, b, c, d, e are to be identified in
the field to layout a curve between T1 and
T2 to change direction from the straight
alignment AV to VB .

• To decide about the points, chords ab, bc, cd,

de are being considered having nominal
length of 30m. To adjust the actual length of
the curve two sub-chords have been provided
one at the beginning, T1 a and other, eT2 at
the end of the curve.
 Deflection angle ( Rankine's Method)
• The amount of deflection angles that are
to be set from the tangent line at the P.C.
are computed before setting out the
points.

• let the tangential angles for points a, b,

c,… be δ1, δ,…, δ, δn and their deflection
angles (from the tangent at P.C.)
be Δa, Δb, ….. , Δn.
 Deflection angle ( Rankine's Method)
• Now, for the first tangential angle δ1, from the property of a
circle: Arc T1 a = R x 2δ1 radians
• Assuming the length of the arc is same as that of its chord, if
C1 is the length of the first chord i.e., chord T1 a, then
 Deflection angle ( Rankine's Method)
• Similarly, tangential angles for chords of nominal length, say
C,

• And for last chord of length, say Cn

 Deflection angle ( Rankine's Method)
• The deflection angles for the different points a, b, c, etc. can
be obtained from the tangential angles. For the first point a,
the deflection angle Δa is equal to the tangential angle of the
chord to this point i.e., δ1. Thus,
 Deflection angle ( Rankine's Method)
• The deflection angle to the next point
i.e., b is Δb for which the chord length
is T1 b. Thus, the deflection angle…

• Thus, the deflection angle for any

point on the curve is the deflection
angle upto previous point plus the
tangential angle at the previous point.
Rankine's Method- Field Procedure
• A theodolite is set up at the point of curvature T1, and get it temporary
adjusted.

• The Vernier A is set to zero, and get the upper plate clamped. After
opening the lower plate main screw, sight the point of intersection, V.
Then the lower plate main screw gets tightened and get the point V
bisected exactly using the lower plate tangent screw. Now the line of sight
is in the direction of the rear tangent T1 V and the Vernier A reads zero.

• Open the upper plate main screw, and set the Vernier A to the deflection
angle Da. The line of sight is now directed along the chord T1 a. Clamp the
upper plate.
Rankine's Method- Field Procedure
• Hold the zero end of the tape of a steel tape at T1. Note a mark
equal to the first chord length C1 on the tape and swing an arrow
pointed at the mark around ‘a' till it is bisected along the line of
sight. The arrow point then indicates the position of the first peg
‘a'. Fix the first peg at ‘a'.
• Unclamp the upper plate, and set the Vernier A to the deflection
angle Db. The line of sight is now directed along T1 b.
• With the zero end of the tape at a, and an arrow at a mark on the
tape equal to the normal chord length C, swing the tape around b
until the arrow is bisected along the line of sight. Fix the second
peg at the point b at the arrow point.
Rankine's Method- Field Procedure
• It may be noted that the deflection angles are measured from
the tangent point T1 but the chord lengths are measured
from the preceding point. thus, deflection angles observed
are cumulative in nature but chord lengths swung are
individual in nature.

• Repeat steps (5) and (6) till the last point is reached. The last
point so located must coincide with the tangent point
T2 already fixed from the point of intersection.
 Rankine's Method- Example
• Two tangents intersect at chainage of 1192.0 m, the
deflection angle being 50˚30’. Calculate all necessary data to
set out a curve of radius 300 m to connect the two tangents if
it is intended to set out the curve by Rankine’s method. Take
peg interval of 20 m. If the theodolite has a least count of
20’’, tabulate the actual readings of deflection angles to be
set out.
Rankine's Method- Example
Rankine's Method- Example
 Rankine's Method- Example
• Two tangents intersect at chainage 2380 m, the deflection
angle being 50° 30'. Compute the necessary data for setting
out a 5.7° curve to connect the two tangents if it is intended
to set out the curve by Rankine's Method of tangential angles.
Take the length of the normal chord as 30 m. Also, tabulate
the values of the deflection angles for setting out with a
theodolite having least count of 20".
 Two Theodolite Method
• In two theodolite method, curves are staked out by angular
measurements only. Accuracy attained in this method is quite
high. Thus, the method is used when higher accuracy is
required and when the topography is rough or field condition
is difficult.
 Two Theodolite Method
• The underlying principle of this
method is that the deflection
angle between a tangent (at any
point on a circle) and a chord is
equal to the angle which the
chord subtends in the alternate
segment.
 Two Theodolite Method
• Two theodolites are used simultaneously placing one at the
point of curvature (T1) and the other at the point of tangent
(T2). Deflection angles for specified chord lengths are
computed as defined in the Rankine's method.
• The deflection angles are set at the theodolites. Ranging from
both the theodolites at the defined angles provide the location
of the point along curve.
• Thus, the curve is set out by driving pegs at suitable location
identified through the theodolites.