Solved Model Question Paper-I with effect from 2022-23

(CBCS Scheme)
First/Second Semester
#B.E DEGREE EXAM B.E. Degree Examination
VTU 22SCHEME

Applied Physics for Computer Science Stream

TIME: 03 Hours Max. Marks: 100

Note:

01. Answer any FIVE full questions, choosing at least ONE question from each MODULE.

02. Draw neat sketches where ever necessary.

03. Constants : Speed of Light ‘c’ = 3 ×108 ms-1, Boltzmann Constant ‘k’ = 1.38 ×10-23 JK-1 , Planck’s Constant ‘h’ =
6.625 × 10-34 Js, Acceleration due to gravity ‘g’= 9.8 ms-2 , Permittivity of free space ‘ε0’=8.854 ×10−12 F m−1

Module-1

Q.01a. Define LASER and Discuss the interaction of radiation with matter.

The word Laser stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. It is a device which
amplifies light. It has properties like Coherence, Unidirectional, Monochromatic, Focus ability, etc.

Interaction of an electromagnetic wave with matter leads to transition of an atom or a molecule from one
energy state to another. If the transition is from lower state to higher state it absorbs the incident energy. If
the transition is from higher state to lower state it emits a part of its energy.

Emission or Absorption takes through quantum of energy called photons. h is called quantum energy or
photon energy.

h = 6.626×10-34 Joules Second is Planck’s constant and ‘’ is the frequency.

If ∆E is the difference between the two energy levels,

Then ∆E = (E2 - E1) Joule

According to Max Planck, ∆E = h = (E2-E1)

 = (E2 - E1)/h Hz.

Three types of interactions, which are possible, are as follows:

1) Induced Absorption:
Induced absorption is the absorption of an incident photon by system as a result of which the system is
elevated from a lower energy state to a higher state, wherein the difference in energy of the two states is the
energy of the photon.

Consider the system having two energy states E1 and E2, E2 > E1. When a photon of energy h is incident on
an atom at level E1, the atom goes to a higher energy level by absorbing the energy.

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 1

When an atom is at ground level (E1), if an electromagnetic wave of frequency  is applied to the atom, there
is possibility of getting excited to higher level (E2). The incident photon is absorbed. It is represented as

Atom + Photon → Atom*

2) Spontaneous Emission: The emission of a photon by the transition of a system from a higher energy
state to a lower energy state without the aid of an external energy is called spontaneous emission.

Let ‘E1’ and ‘E2’ be two energy levels in a material, such that E2>E1. E1 is ground level and E2 is the higher
level. h=E2-E1 is the difference in the energy. The atom at higher level (E2) is more unstable as compared
to that at lower level (E1).

The life time of an atom is less in the excited state, In spontaneous emission
atom emits the photon without the aid of any external energy. It is called
spontaneous emission. The process is represented as

Atom* → Atom + Photon

The photons emitted in spontaneous emission may not have same direction and phase similarities. It is
incoherent.

Ex: Glowing electric bulbs, Candle flame etc.

3) Stimulated Emission:

Stimulated emission is the emission of a photon by a system under the influence of a passing photon of right
energy due to which the system transits from a higher energy state to a lower energy state.

The photon thus emitted is called stimulated photon and will have the same phase, energy and direction of
movement as that of the passing photon called the stimulation photon.

Initially the atom is at higher level E2. The incident photon of energy h forces the atom to get de-excited
from higher level E2 to lower level E1.

i.e. h=E2–E1 is the change in energy.

The incident photon stimulates the excited atom to emit a photon of exactly the same energy as that of the
incident photons. The emitted two photons have same phase, frequency, direction and polarization with the
incident photon and results in coherent beam of radiation. This kind of action is responsible for lasing
action.

Atom* + Photon → Atom + (Photon + Photon)

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 2

1b. Define Acceptance angle and Numerical Aperture and hence derive an expression for NA in terms
of RIs core, cladding and surrounding.

θ1 C
90-θ1
B
θ1
θ0 0
A n1
n2
Surrounding medium (n0 )

Acceptance angle is defined as “The maximum angle that a light ray can take relative to the axis of the fiber
to propagate through the fiber”.
Sine of the acceptance angle of an optical fiber is called as “Numerical aperture”.
Consider a light ray entering into the core of an optical fiber with an angle of incidence(θ 0), such that after
entering, the ray incidents on the core-cladding interface with an angle of incidence equal to the critical
angle.
From figure it is clear that any ray which enters into the core with an angle more than θ0, will have to be
incident at an angle less than the critical angle at the core-cladding interface.Therefore, the ray does not
undergo total internal reflection and the ray will be lost. Thus for any ray to propagate through the fiber it
must enter with an angle less than θ0. This maximum angle is called as ‘Acceptance angle’ and the conical
surface described by the ray when rotated about the axis of the fiber is called ‘Acceptance cone’.

Let n0, n1 and n2 are the refractive indices of the surrounding medium, core and cladding respectively.

Now, applying Snell’s law at the point of entry of the ray i.e., at A,

𝑛0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 = 𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1
𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 = 𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
0

Applying Snell’s law at B,

𝑛1 sin( 90 − 𝜃1) = 𝑛2 sin 90

𝑛1 cos 𝜃1 = 𝑛2 sin 90
𝑛
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 = 𝑛2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
1

𝑛
From expression (1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 = 𝑛1 √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃1
0

Substituting for cos θ1 from (2)

𝑛 𝑛2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 = 𝑛1 √1 − 𝑛22
0 1

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 3

 𝑛1 𝑛12 − 𝑛22
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 = √
𝑛0 𝑛12
√𝑛12 − 𝑛22
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 =
𝑛0

If 𝑛0 =1 i.e., surrounding medium if it is air

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 = √𝑛12 − 𝑛22

i.e., 𝑁. 𝐴. = √𝑛12 − 𝑛22

1c. A LASER source has a power output of 10-3 W. Calculate the number of photons emitted per
second given the wavelength of LASER 692.8 nanometer.

OR

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 4

Q2 a. llustrate the construction and working of Semiconductor LASER with a neat sketch and energy
level diagram also mention its applications.

Semiconductor diode laser is one in which the active medium is formulated by semiconducting materials.

Construction:

 Gallium-Arsenide Laser is a single crystal of GaAs consists of heavily doped n-type and p-type.
 The diode is very small size with sides of the order of 1mm.
 The width of the junction varies from 1-100m.
 The top and bottom surfaces are metalized and Ohmic contacts are provided for external connection.
 The front and rear faces are polished. The polished faces functions as the resonant cavity. The other
two faces are roughened to prevent lasing action in that direction.

Working:

 The energy band diagram of heavily doped p-n junction is as shown. At thermal equilibrium the
Fermi level is uniform.

 Because of very high doping on n- side, the Fermi level is pushed in to the conduction band and
electrons occupy the portions of the conduction band that lies below the Fermi level and

 on p-side, the Fermi level lies within the valence band and holes occupy the portions of the valence
band that lies above the Fermi level.

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 5

 Energy level diagram
(a) Before biasing (b) After biasing

 A suitable forward bias is applied to overcome the potential barrier. As a result, electrons from n-
region and holes from p-region injected into the junction.

 The current begins to flow following which there will be a region in junction in which the population
inversion can be achieved.

 Initially concentration of electrons in the energy levels at the bottom of the conduction band will be
less than that of energy levels at top of valence band. So that the recombination of electrons and
holes result only in spontaneous emission.

 When the current exceeds the threshold value, population inversion is achieved in the active region
which is formulated in the junction.

 At this stage the photons emitted by spontaneous emission triggers stimulated emission, over a large
number of recombination leading to build up laser.

 Since the energy gap of GaAs is 1.4eV, the wavelength of emitted light is 8400 Ao .

2b. Discuss the types of optical fibers based on Modes of Propagation and RI profile.

Based on the refractive index profile and mode of propagation, there are three types of optical fibers,

1. Single mode fiber

2. Step index multimode fiber
3. Graded index multimode fiber
(i) Single mode fiber

 Single mode fibers have a core material of uniform refractive index value.

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 6

  Cladding material also has a uniform refractive index but of lesser value than that of core.
 Thus its refractive index profile takes a shape of a step. The diameter of the core is about 8-10 µm
and the diameter of the cladding is about 60-70 µm.

 Because of its narrow core, it can guide just a single mode as shown in above figure.
 Single mode fibers are the extensively used ones ant they are less expensive. They need LASERs as
the source of light.

(ii) Step index multimode fiber

 A step index multimode fiber is very much similar to the single mode fiber except that its core is of
large diameter. A typical fiber has a core diameter 50 to 200 µm and a cladding about 100 to 250µm
outer diameter.
 Its refractive index profile is also similar to that of a single mode fiber but with a larger plane region
for the core.
 Due to the large core diameter it can transmit a number of modes of wave propagation.
 The step index multimode fiber can accept either a LASER or an LED as source of light.
 It is the least expensive of all and its typical application is in data links which has lower bandwidth
requirements.

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 7

(iii) Graded index multimode fiber

 It is also called GRIN.

 The refractive index of core decreases in the radially outward direction from the axis of the fiber and
becomes equal to that of cladding at the interface but the refractive index of the cladding remains
uniform.
 Laser or LED is used as a source of light.
 It is the expensive of all. It is used in telephone trunk between central offices.

2c. Obtain the attenuation co-efficient of the given fiber of length 1500 m given the input and output
power 100 mW and 70 mW.

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 8

 Module-2
Q3a. Setup SchrÖdinger time- independent wave equation in one dimension.

Consider a particle of mass ‘m’ moving with velocity ‘v’. The de-Broglie wavelength ‘λ’ is

h h
λ=  → (1) Where ‘mv’ is the momentum of the particle.
mv P
The wave eqn is

𝜓 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑖(𝑘𝑥−𝜔𝑡) → (2)

Where ‘A’ is a constant and ‘ω’ is the angular frequency of the wave.

Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘t’ twice

d 2
2
  A 2 ei ( kxt )   2 → (3)
dt
The equation of a travelling wave is

d2y 1 d2y

dx2 v 2 dt 2
Where ‘y’ is the displacement and ‘v’ is the velocity.

Similarly, for the de-Broglie wave associated with the particle

d 2 1 d 2
 → (4)
dx2 v 2 dt 2
where ‘ψ’ is the displacement at time ‘t’.

From eqns (3) & (4)

d 2 2
  
dx2 v2
But ω = 2πυ and v =υ λ where ‘υ’ is the frequency and ‘λ’ is the wavelength.

d 2 4 2 1 1 d 2
  2  or 2   2 → (5)
dx 2   4  dx 2

1 2 m2 v2 P 2
K .E  mv   → (6)
2 2m 2m

h2
 → (7)
2m2

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 9

Using eqn (5)

h2  1  d 2 h 2 d 2
K .E      → (8)
2m  4 2  dx 2 8 2 m dx 2

Total Energy E = K.E + P.E

h2 d 2
E V
8 2 m dx 2

h2 d 2
E V  
8 2 m dx 2

d 2 8 2 m
  E  V 
dx 2 h2

d 2 8 2 m
 2 E  V   0
dx 2 h

This is the time independent Schrodinger wave equation for one dimensional case.

For three dimensional case it can be eritten as follows.

𝑑2 𝜓 𝑑2𝜓 𝑑2𝜓 8𝜋 2 𝑚
[ + + ] + (𝐸 − 𝑉)𝜓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 2 ℎ2

3b. State and Explain Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle and Principle of Complementarity.

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle states that “It is impossible to measure simultaneously both the position
and momentum of a particle accurately. If we make an effort to measure very accurately the position of a
particle, it leads to large uncertainty in the measurement of momentum and vice versa”.
If ∆ x and Px are the uncertainties in the measurement of position and momentum of the particle then the
uncertainty can be written as

∆ x . Px ≥ (h/4π)

In any simultaneous determination of the position and momentum of the particle, the product of the
corresponding uncertainties inherently present in the measurement is equal to or greater than h/4π.

Similarly, 1) ∆E.∆t ≥ h/4π 2) ∆L.∆θ ≥ h/4π

Principle of complementarity as stated by Bohr “In a situation where the wave aspect of the system is
revealed, its particle aspect is concealed (hidden) and in a situation where the particle aspect is revealed its

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 10

wave aspect is concealed (hidden). Revealing both simultaneously is impossible; the wave and aspects are
complementary.”

Note: Meaning of complementary: things are different from each other but make a good combination.

Explanation: If an experiment is designed to measure the particle nature of matter, during this experiment
errors of measurement of both position and time is zero and hence and hence momentum, energy and the
wave nature of the matter are completely unknown. and vice versa.

3c. An electron is kinetic energy 500 keV is in vacuum. Calculate the group velocity and de Broglie
wavelength assuming the mass of the moving electron is equal to the rest mass of electron

OR

Q.04 a Discuss the motion of a quantum particle in a one-dimensional infinite potential well of width
‘a’ and also obtain the eigen functions and energy eigen states well (potential well of infinite depth) or
of a particle in a box

Y-Axis

V= V=0 V=

Particle x=0 x x=a X-Axis

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 11

Consider a particle of a mass ‘m’ free to move in one dimension along positive x -direction between x =0
to x =a. The potential energy outside this region is infinite and within the region is zero. The particle is in
bound state. Such a configuration of potential in space is called infinite potential well. It is also called
particle in a box. The Schrödinger equation outside the well is

d 2 8 2 m
 2 E     0 → (1) ∵V = ∞
dx 2 h

For outside, the equation holds good if ψ = 0 & |ψ|² = 0. That is particle cannot be found outside the well and
also at the walls

The Schrodinger’s equation inside the well is:

d 2 8 2 m
 2 E  0 → (2) ∵V = 0
dx 2 h

8 2 m
Let 2
E  k2 → (3)
h

d 2
2
 k 2  0
dx

The solution of above equation is:

ψ = C cos k x + D sin k x → (4)

at x = 0 → ψ = 0

0 = C cos 0 + D sin 0

∴C=0

Also x = a → ψ = 0

0 = C cos ka + D sin ka

But C = 0

∴D sin ka = 0 (5

D0 (because the wave concept vanishes)

i.e. ka = nπ where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4… (Quantum number)

n
k= → (6)
a
MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 12
sub eqn (5) and (6) in (4)

n
 n  D sin x → (7)
a
This gives permitted wave functions.

The Energy Eigen value given by

Substitute equation (6) in (3)

8 2 m n 2 2
E  k 2

h2 a2

n2h2
E
8ma 2
This is the expression for energy Eigen value.

For n = 0 is not acceptable inside the well because ψn = 0. It means that the electron is not present inside the
well which is not true. Thus the lowest energy value for n = 1 is called zero point energy value or ground
state energy.

h2
i.e. Ezero-point =
8ma 2

The states for which n >1 are called exited states.

The energy of the particle at the ground state is

h2
E1 = = E0
8ma 2

The energy of the particle in the first excited state is E2 = 4E0.

The energy of the particle in the second excited state is E3=9 E0.

a
i.e.   n2 dx  1 → (8)
0

using the values of ψn from eqn (7)

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 13

a
n
D xdx  1
2
sin 2
0 a
1  cos(2n / a ) x 
a
D2   dx  1
0    1  cos 2 
2  sin 2    
D2  a a
2 n   2 
  dx   cos xdx   1
2 0 0 a 
2 n 
a
D2  a
 x  2n sin a x   1
2  0
D2
a  0  1
2
D2
a 1
2
2
D
a

Substitute D in equation (7)

the normalized wave functions of a particle in one dimensional infinite potential well is:

2 n
n  sin x → (9)
a a

b Explain the physical significance of the Wave Function.

A physical situation in quantum mechanics is represented by a function called wave function. It is denoted
by ‘ψ’. It accounts for the wave like properties of particles. Wave function is obtained by solving
Schrodinger equation.

Mathematically it is given by

𝜓 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑖(𝑘𝑥−𝜔𝑡)

The wave function itself has no physical significance, the physical significance is given by a function called
probability density or probability function.

According to max born interpretation, as square of the amplitude A2 for electromagnetic waves represent
Intensity of the wave. In quantum mechanics square of the amplitude A2 represent the probability of finding
the particle in certain position

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 14

Q4c. The speed of electron is measured to wit in an uncertainty of 2 × 104 ms−1 in one dimension.
What is the minimum width required by the electron to be confined in an atom?

Module-3
Q.05 Define a bit and qubit and explain the properties of qubit.

Bit is a basic unit in which information in a classical computer is stored in the form binary numbers 0 and 1.

Qubit is a basic unit in which information in a quantum computer is stored. Superposition, Entanglement,
and Tunneling are all special properties that define a qubit.

Quantum bits, called qubits are similar to bits having two measurable states called 0 and 1 states. Qubits can
also be in a superposition state of these 0 and 1 states as shown in the figure. A qubit |𝜓⟩ could be in |0⟩ or
|1⟩ state which the superposition of both is |0⟩ and |1⟩ state.

This is written as, |𝜓⟩ = α |0⟩+ β |1⟩

Where α and β called the amplitude of the states which are a complex number.

i) A qubit can be in a superposed state of the two states 0 and 1.Qubit is a superposition of both |0⟩ and |1⟩
state is given by
|ψ⟩ = α |0⟩+ β |1⟩.

ii) If measurements are carried out with a qubit in superposed state then the results that we get will be
probabilistic unlike how it’s deterministic in a classical computer. The total probability of all the states of
the quantum system must be 100%.
i.e. |α|2 + |β|2 =1 is called Normalization rule.

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 15

iii)Owing to the quantum nature, the qubit changes its state at once when subjected to measurement. This
means, one cannot copy information fromqubits the way we do in the present computers and is known as
"no cloning principle".

Q.05 b Discuss the CNOT gate and its operation on four different input states.

The CNOT gate is a typical multi-qubit logic gate and the circuit is as follows.

The matrix representation of CNOT gate is given by

The Transformation could be expressed as |𝐴, 𝐵⟩ → |𝐴, 𝐵 ⊕ 𝐴⟩

Consider the operations of CNOT gate on the four inputs |00⟩, |01⟩,|10⟩ and |11⟩.

Here in the inputs to the CNOT Gate the control qubit is |0⟩. Hence no change in the state of Target qubit
|0⟩.|00⟩ → |00⟩

Here in the inputs to the CNOT Gate the control qubit is |0⟩. Hence no change in the state of Target qubit
|1⟩.|01⟩ → |01⟩

Here in the inputs to the CNOT Gate the control qubit is |1⟩. Hence the state of Target qubit flips from |0⟩ to
|1⟩. |10⟩ → |11⟩

Here in the inputs to the CNOT Gate the control qubit is |1⟩. Hence the state of Target qubit flips from |1⟩ to
|0⟩. |11⟩ → |10⟩

The Truth Table of operation of CNOT gate is as follows.

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 16

Q.05c A Linear Operator ’X’ operates such that X |0⟩ = |1⟩ and X |1⟩= |0⟩ Find the matrix
representation of ’X’.

OR

Q.06

a State the Pauli matrices and apply Pauli matrices on the states |0⟩ and |1 ⟩ .

Pauli Matrices are set of 2 × 2 matrices. Which are very much useful in the study of quantum computation
and quantum information. The pauli matrices are given by

0 1 0 −𝑖 1 0
𝜎𝑥 = 𝑋 = [ ] , 𝜎𝑦 = 𝑌 = [ ] and 𝜎𝑧 = 𝑍 = [ ]
1 0 𝑖 0 0 −1
0 1 1 0
𝜎𝑥 |0⟩ = [ ] [ ] = [ ] = |1⟩
1 0 0 1

0 1 0 1
𝜎𝑥 |1⟩ = [ ] [ ] = [ ] = |0⟩
1 0 1 0
MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 17
 0 −𝑖 1 0
𝜎𝑦 |0⟩ = [ ] [ ] = [ ] = 𝑖|1⟩
𝑖 0 0 𝑖

0 −𝑖 0 −𝑖
𝜎𝑥 |1⟩ = [ ] [ ] = [ ] = −𝑖|0⟩
𝑖 0 1 0

1 0 1 1
𝜎𝑧 |0⟩ = [ ] [ ] = [ ] = |0⟩
0 −1 0 0

1 0 0 0
𝜎𝑧 |1⟩ = [ ] [ ] = [ ] = −|1⟩
0 −1 1 −1
Q.06 b. Elucidate the differences between classical and quantum computing.

Classical computing Quantum computing

It is large scale integrated multi-purpose It is high speed parallel computer based on
computer. quantum mechanics.
Information storage is bit based on voltage or Information storage is Quantum bit based on
charge etc. direction of an electron spin.
Information processing is carried out by logic Information processing is carried out by
gates e.g. NOT, AND, OR etc. Quantum logic gates.

Classical computers use binary codes i.e. bits 0 Quantum computers use Qubits i.e. 0, 1 and
or 1 to represent information. both of them simultaneously to run machines
faster.
Operations are defined by Boolean Operations are defined by linear algebra over
Algebra. Hilbert Space and can be represented by
unitary matrices with complex elements.
Circuit behaviour is governed by classical Circuit behavior is governed explicitly by
physics. quantum mechanics.

Q.06 c. Describe the working of controlled-Z gate mentioning its matrix representation and truth-
table.

Controlled Z Gate, The operation of Z Gate is controlled by a Control Qubit. If the control Qubit is |𝐴⟩ is
equal to |1⟩ then only the Z gate transforms the Target Qubit |𝐵⟩ as per the Pauli-Z operation.

The action of Controlled Z-Gate could is specified by a matrix as follows.

The schematic circuit of controlled Z gate and the truth table are as follows

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 18

Controlled Z Gate, The operation of Z Gate is controlled by a Control Qubit. If the control Qubit is |𝐴⟩ is
equal to |1⟩ then only the Z gate transforms the Target Qubit |𝐵⟩ as per the Pauli-Z operation.

The action of Controlled Z-Gate could is specified by a matrix as follows.

The schematic circuit of controlled Z gate and the truth table are as follows

MODULE-4

Q.07 a Define Fermi Factor and Discuss the variation of Fermi factor with temperature and energy

Fermi factor is the probability of occupation of a given energy state by the electrons in a material at thermal
equilibrium.

The probability f(E) that a given energy state with energy E is occupied by the electrons at a steady
temperature T is given by

1
f (E)  ( E  EF )

𝑓(𝐸) =
1
𝐸−𝐸𝑓
e kT
1
𝑒 𝑘𝑇 +1

f(E) is called the Fermi factor.

The dependence of Fermi factor on temperature and energy is as shown in the figure.

i) Probability of occupation for E<EF at T=0K:

When T=0K and E<EF

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 19
 1 1
𝑓(𝐸) = 𝑒 −∞+1 = 0+1 = 1

The probability of occupation of energy state is 100%

f(E)=1 for E<EF.

f(E)=1 means the energy level is certainly occupied and E<EF applies to all energy levels below EF.
Therefore at T=0K all the energy levels below the Fermi level are occupied.

ii) Probability of occupation for E>EF at T=0K:

When T=0K and E>EF

1 1
𝑓(𝐸) = 𝑒 ∞+1 = ∞ = 0

The probability of occupation of energy state is 0%

f(E)=0 for E>EF

... At T=0K, all the energy levels above Fermi levels are unoccupied. Hence at T=0K the variation of f(E) for
different energy values, becomes a step function as shown in the above figure.

iii) The probability of occupation at ordinary temperature( for E≈EF at T>0K)

At ordinary temperatures though the value of probability remains 1, for E<E F it starts reducing from 1 for
values of E close to but lesser than EF as in the figure.

The values of f(E)becomes ½ at E=EF

This is because for E=EF

(𝐸−𝐸𝑓 )
𝑒 𝑘𝑇 = 𝑒0 = 1
1 1 1
.. . 𝑓(𝐸) = (𝐸−𝐸𝑓 ) = 1+1 = 2
𝑒 𝑘𝑇 +1

The probability of occupation of energy state is 50%

Further for E>EF the probability value falls off to zero rapidly.

Hence, the Fermi energy is the most probable or the average energy of the electrons across which the energy
transitions occur at temperature above zero degree absolute.

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 20

Q.07 b Explain DC and AC Josephson effects

Consider two superconductors separated by insulating barrier of thickness less than 10-20 Å, then the cooper
pairs tunneling through the insulating barrier is known as Josephson superconducting quantum tunneling.
The junction between the two superconductors with insulating barrier is known as Josephson junction.

Josephson junction is an arrangement of two superconductors separated by an insulating barrier. When the
barrier is thin enough, cooper pairs from one superconductor can tunnel through the barrier and reach the
other superconductor.

Josephson proposed that this kind of tunneling leads to three kinds of effect, namely

1. dc Josephson effect
2. ac Josephson effect
3. quantum interference

1. dc Josephson effect

As per dc Josephson Effect, the tunneling of cooper pairs through the junction occurs without any resistance,
which results in a steady dc current without any application of voltage between the two superconductors.

The super current through the junction is given by,

𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 Ф0

Where, Ф0 = phase difference between the wave functions describing the cooper pairs on both the sides of
the junction.
IC = critical current at zero voltage which depends on the thickness and width of the insulating layer.

2. ac Josephson effect

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 21

When a dc voltage is applied across the junction, the tunneling of cooper pairs occur in such a way than an
ac current would develop in the junction and this effect is called as ac Josephson Effect.
When a potential difference of ‘V’ is applied between the two sides of the junction then a radio frequency
(RF) current oscillations across the junction is generated.

𝐼 = 𝐼𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (Ф0 + ∆Ф)

The energies of the cooper pairs on both sides of the barrier difference is E = hν = 2eV (Calculated using
quantum mechanical concept).
2 𝑒𝑉
Therefore it can be shown that, ∆Ф = 𝜔𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑡 ( )
ℎ
2 𝑒𝑉
Hence, 𝐼 = 𝐼𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (Ф0 + 2𝜋𝑡 ( ))
ℎ
2 𝑒𝑉
I = Alternating current of frequency ν = ℎ
It shows that a photon of frequency ν is emitted or absorbed when a cooper pair crosses the junction. Thus
when a voltage is applied across the junction, an ac current gets generated. This is known as ac Josephson
Effect.

Q.07 c Calculate the probability of occupation of an energy level 0.2 eV above fermi level at
temperature 27°C

OR

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 22

Q.08 a Describe Meissner’s Effect and hence classifies superconductors into Soft and Hard
superconductors using M-H graphs.

A superconducting material kept in a magnetic field expels the magnetic flux out of its body when it is
cooled below the critical temperature and thus becomes perfect diamagnet. This effect is called Meissner
effect.

Fig: Superconductor sample subjected to an applied magnetic field with temperature (i) above and (ii) below
TC. The flux expulsion below Tc is called Meissner effect

When the temperature is lowered to Tc, the flux is suddenly and completely expelled, as the specimen
becomes superconducting. The Meissner effect is reversible. When the temperature is raised the flux
penetrates the material, after it reaches Tc. Then the substance will be in the normal state.

The magnetic induction inside the specimen

B = µo (H + M)

Where 'H' is the intensity of the magnetizing field and ‘M’ is the magnetization produced within the
material.

For T < Tc, B=0

µ0 (H + M) = 0

M = -H

M/H = -1= χ

Susceptibility is -1 i.e. it is perfect diamagnetism.

Hence superconducting material do not allow the magnetic flux to exist inside the material.

There are two types of superconductors. They are type-I superconductors and type-II superconductors.

i)Type-I superconductors:

Type-I superconductors exhibit complete Meissner effect. Below the critical field it behaves as perfect
diamagnetic. If the external magnetic field increases beyond Hc the superconducting specimen gets
converted to normal state. The magnetic flux penetrates and resistance increase from zero to some value. As
the critical field is very low for type-I superconductors, they are not used in construction of solenoids and
superconducting magnets.

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 23

i) Type-II superconductors

Type-II superconductors are hard superconductors. They exist in three states

i) Superconducting state

ii) Mixed state

ii) Normal state

They are having two critical fields Hc1 and Hc2. For the field less then Hc1, it expels the magnetic field
completely and becomes a perfect diamagnetic. Between Hc1 and Hc2 the flux starts penetrating throughout
the specimen. This state is called vortex state. Hc2 is 100 times higher than Hc1. At Hc2 the flux penetrates
completely and becomes normal conductor. Type-II superconductors are used in the manufacturing of the
superconducting magnets of high magnetic fields above 10 Tesla.

Q.08 b Enumerate the assumptions of Quantum free Electron Theory of Metals.

⮚ The energy values of the conduction electrons are quantized. The allowed energy values are realized in
terms of a set of energy values.
⮚ The distribution of electrons in the various allowed energy levels occur as per Pauli’s exclusion principle.
⮚ The electrons travel with a constant potential inside the metal but confined within its boundaries.
⮚ The attraction between the electrons and the lattice ions and the repulsion between the electrons
themselves are ignored.

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 24

Q.08 c Lead has superconducting transition temperature of 7.26 K. If the initial field at 0K is 50 × 103
Am-1 Calculate the critical field at 6k.

Module-5

Q.09 a Discuss timing in Linear motion, Uniform motion, slow in and slow out.

Timing animation refers to the duration of an action.

In animation, timing of action consists of placing objects or characters in particular locations at specific
frames to give the illusion of motion.

Line of action: Individual drawings or poses have a line of action, which indicates the visual flow of action
at that single image.

1) Uniform motion: It is the easiest to animate because the distance the object travels between frames is
always the same.

The object moves the same distance between consecutive frames. The longer the distance between frames,
the higher the speed.

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 25

2) Ease out / Speed up

The object is speeding up i.e it’s speed increases gradually, often from a still position.

The frames are located such that, initially the frames are closely spaced with gradual increase in the
spacings.

3) Ease in/ Slowed down.

The object is slowing down, it’s speed decreases gradually often in preparation for stopping.

The frames are located such that, initially the frames are widely spaced with gradual decrease in the
spacings of the frames.

4) Ease out- Ease in or Ease-Ease.

It is the combination of speed up and slowed down. That is the object initially gets speed up initially and
finally comes to still position with slowing down.

In the beginning the frames are located such that, initially the frames are closely spaced with gradual
increase in the spacings up to middle position.

From the middle position onwards, the frames are widely spaced with gradual decrease in the spacings of the
frames towards the still position.

Q.09 b Distinguish between descriptive and inferential statistics

Statistical physics is a branch of physics that evolved from a foundation of statistical mechanics, which
uses methods of probability theory and statistics, particularly the mathematical tools for dealing with large
populations and approximations, in solving physical problems.

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 26

Descriptive statistics: The term “descriptive statistics” refers to summarizing and organizing the
characteristics of a data set. A data set is a collection of responses or observations from a sample or entire
population.

In quantitative research, after collecting data, the first step of statistical analysis is to describe characteristics
of the responses, such as the average of one variable (e.g., age), or the relation between two variables (e.g.,
age and creativity).

Descriptive statistics comprises three main categories – Frequency Distribution, Measures of Central
Tendency, and Measures of Variability.

Inferential Statistics:

Inferential Statistics is a method that allows us to use information collected from a sample to make
decisions, predictions, or inferences from a population. The major inferential statistics are based on
statistical models such as Analysis of Variance, chi-square test, student’s t distribution, regression analysis,
etc.

Q09.c Illustrate the odd rule and odd rule multipliers with a suitable example.

 When acceleration is constant, The Odd Rule is used (Simple Pattern of Odd Numbers) to time the
frames.

 Between consecutive frames, the distance moved by the object is a multiple of an odd number.

 For acceleration, the distance between frames increases by multiples of 1, 3, 5, 7, etc.

 For deceleration, the multiples start at a higher odd number and decrease, for example 7, 5, 3, 1.

 The Odd Rule is a multiplying system based on the smallest distance (base distance) travelled between
two frames in the sequence

OR

Q.10 a Describe Jumping and parts of jump.

A jump action includes a take-off, free movement through the air, and a landing.

Parts of Jump :

Crouch—A squatting pose taken as preparation for jumping.

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 27

Take off—Character pushes up fast and straightens legs with feet still on the ground. The amount of time (or
number of frames) needed for the push is called the push time.

In the air— Both the character’s feet are off the ground, and the character’s CG moves in a parabolic arc as
any free-falling body would.

Landing—Character touches the ground and bends knees to return to a crouch. The distance from the
character’s CG when her feet hit to the ground to the point where the character stops crouching is called the
stop height. The stop height is not always exactly the same as the push height.

Push height: The distance between Center of gravity (CG) in crouch position to CG of Take off position

Jump Height: The distance between CG in takeoff position to CG of position at air.

Stop Height: The distance between CG in Landing position to CG of Crouch position during landing

Q.10 b Discuss the salient features of Normal distribution using bell curves.

The bell curve is a normal probability distribution of variables plotted on the graph and is like a bell shape
where the highest or top point of the curve represents the most probable event out of all the series data.

CHARACTERISTICS

1. The Normal Curve is Symmetrical: The normal probability curve is symmetrical around its vertical axis
called ordinate which represents the mean of distribution. The symmetry about the ordinate at the central
point of the curve implies that the size, shape, and slope of the curve on one side of the curve is identical to
that of the other. In other words, the left and right halves of the middle central point are mirror images, as
shown in the figure given here.

2. The Normal Curve is Unimodel: Since there is only one maximum point in the curve, thus the normal
probability curve is unimodal, i.e. it has only one mode.

3. The Normal Curve is Bilateral: The total area under the curve is 1, the 50% area of the curve lies to the
left side of the maximum central ordinate and 50% of the area lies to the right side. Hence the curve is
bilateral.
MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 28
4. The Normal Curve is a mathematical model in behavioral Sciences: This curve is used as a measurement
scale. The measurement un it of this scale is ± 1σ (the unit standard deviation).

Standard Deviations: The standard normal distribution is a normal probability

distribution that has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. The Standard
Deviation is a measure of how spread-out numbers are. As per 3 sigma rule of normal distribution,

68% of values are within 1 standard deviation of the mean.

95% of values are within 2 standard deviations of the mean.

99.7%of values are within 3 standard deviations of the mean

Q.10 c The number of particles emitted per second by a random radioactive source has a Poisson's
distribution with λ = 4. Calculate the probability of P(X = 0) and P(X = 1) .

***********************************************************************************

ALL THE BEST

MQP -01 SOLVED / Department of Physics/SVIT Page 29