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18 views6 pages

Exp 6

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noorispoor0
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Experiment 6: Basic Operations on Signals

Objective: To learn and perform basic operations on signals in MATLAB,


including addition, subtraction, scaling, multiplication, differentiation, integra-
tion, noise addition, and various transformations.

Creating and Plotting Signals


Steps:

1. Create a time vector.


2. Generate a sine wave signal.
3. Generate a cosine wave signal.
MATLAB Code:
% Create a time vector
t = 0:0.01:2;

% Create a sine wave signal


x = sin (2* pi *5* t ) ;

% Create a cosine wave signal


y = cos (2* pi *3* t ) ;

Adding Signals
Explanation: Adding two signals combines their amplitudes at each point in
time.
Steps:
1. Add the sine and cosine wave signals.
2. Plot the resulting signal.
MATLAB Code:

1
z = x + y;
plot (t , z ) ;
xlabel ( ’ Time ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ Amplitude ’) ;
title ( ’ Addition of Sine and Cosine Waves ’) ;
grid on ;

Subtracting Signals
Explanation: Subtracting one signal from another takes the difference of their
amplitudes at each point in time.
Steps:

1. Subtract the cosine wave from the sine wave.


2. Plot the resulting signal.
MATLAB Code:
w = x - y;
plot (t , w ) ;
xlabel ( ’ Time ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ Amplitude ’) ;
title ( ’ Subtraction of Sine and Cosine Waves ’) ;
grid on ;

Scaling a Signal
Explanation: Multiplying a signal by a scalar changes its amplitude.
Steps:
1. Multiply the sine wave by a scalar.
2. Plot the resulting scaled signal.

MATLAB Code:
scaled_x = 2 * x ;
plot (t , scaled_x ) ;
xlabel ( ’ Time ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ Amplitude ’) ;
title ( ’ Scaled Sine Wave ’) ;
grid on ;

2
Element-wise Multiplication of Signals
Explanation: Element-wise multiplication multiplies corresponding elements
of two signals.
Steps:
1. Multiply the sine and cosine waves element-wise.

2. Plot the resulting signal.


MATLAB Code:
mult_signal = x .* y ;
plot (t , mult_signal ) ;
xlabel ( ’ Time ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ Amplitude ’) ;
title ( ’ Element - wise Multiplication of Sine and Cosine
Waves ’) ;
grid on ;

Numerical Differentiation
Explanation: Differentiation approximates the derivative of a signal.
Steps:
1. Differentiate the sine wave numerically.
2. Plot the resulting differentiated signal.
MATLAB Code:
dx = diff ( x ) / ( t (2) - t (1) ) ;
plot ( t (1: end -1) , dx ) ;
xlabel ( ’ Time ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ Amplitude ’) ;
title ( ’ Numerical Differentiation of Sine Wave ’) ;
grid on ;

Numerical Integration
Explanation: Integration approximates the cumulative sum of a signal.
Steps:
1. Integrate the sine wave numerically.

2. Plot the resulting integrated signal.

3
MATLAB Code:
integral_signal = cumsum ( x ) * ( t (2) - t (1) ) ;
plot (t , integral_signal ) ;
xlabel ( ’ Time ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ Amplitude ’) ;
title ( ’ Numerical Integration of Sine Wave ’) ;
grid on ;

Generating and Adding Noise


Explanation: Noise can be added to a signal to simulate real-world conditions.
Steps:

1. Generate random noise.


2. Add noise to the sine wave signal.
3. Plot the noisy signal.
MATLAB Code:
noise = randn ( size ( t ) ) ;
noisy_signal = x + noise ;
plot (t , noisy_signal ) ;
xlabel ( ’ Time ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ Amplitude ’) ;
title ( ’ Noisy Sine Wave ’) ;
grid on ;

Time Shifting a Signal


Explanation: Time shifting moves a signal in time.
Steps:

1. Calculate the shifted time vector.


2. Interpolate the original signal onto the shifted time vector.
3. Plot the original and shifted signals.
MATLAB Code:
time_shift = 0.5;
shifted_t = t - time_shift ;
shifted_signal = interp1 (t , x , shifted_t ) ;
plot (t , x , shifted_t , shifted_signal ) ;

4
xlabel ( ’ Time ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ Amplitude ’) ;
title ( ’ Time Shifted Sine Wave ’) ;
grid on ;

Time Scaling a Signal


Explanation: Time scaling changes the duration of a signal.
Steps:

1. Calculate the scaled time vector.


2. Interpolate the original signal onto the scaled time vector.
3. Plot the original and scaled signals.
MATLAB Code:
tim e_scal e_fact or = 2;
scaled_t = t * time _scale _facto r ;
scaled_signal = interp1 (t , x , scaled_t ) ;
plot (t , x , scaled_t , scaled_signal ) ;
xlabel ( ’ Time ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ Amplitude ’) ;
title ( ’ Time Scaled Sine Wave ’) ;
grid on ;

Time Inverting a Signal


Explanation: Time inversion reverses a signal in time.
Steps:

1. Invert the sine wave signal in time.


2. Plot the resulting time-inverted signal.
MATLAB Code:
t i m e _ i n v e r t e d _ s i g n a l = x ( end : -1:1) ;
plot (t , t i m e _ i n v e r t e d _ s i g n a l ) ;
xlabel ( ’ Time ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ Amplitude ’) ;
title ( ’ Time Inverted Sine Wave ’) ;
grid on ;

5
Amplitude Scaling a Signal
Explanation: Amplitude scaling changes the amplitude of a signal.
Steps:
1. Scale the amplitude of the sine wave.
2. Plot the resulting scaled signal.

MATLAB Code:
amplitude_scale = 2;
s c a l e d _ a m p l i t u d e _ s i g n a l = x * amplitude_scale ;
plot (t , s c a l e d _ a m p l i t u d e _ s i g n a l ) ;
xlabel ( ’ Time ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ Amplitude ’) ;
title ( ’ Amplitude Scaled Sine Wave ’) ;
grid on ;

Amplitude Inverting a Signal


Explanation: Amplitude inversion changes the sign of the amplitude of a
signal.
Steps:
1. Invert the amplitude of the sine wave.
2. Plot the resulting amplitude-inverted signal.
MATLAB Code:
a m p l i t u d e _ i n v e r t e d _ s i g n a l = -x ;
plot (t , a m p l i t u d e _ i n v e r t e d _ s i g n a l ) ;
xlabel ( ’ Time ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ Amplitude ’) ;
title ( ’ Amplitude Inverted Sine Wave ’) ;
grid on ;

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