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Probability

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15 views3 pages

Probability

Uploaded by

sachin.chawla03
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Probability

Probability: Probability is the study of mathematics which calculates the degree of uncertainty. There are two types of
approaches to study probability-

1. Experimental or Empirical Probability:

The result of probability based on the actual experiment is called experimental probability. In this case, the results could
be different if we do the same experiment again.

2. Probability — A Theoretical Approach:

In the theoretical approach, The probability associated with an event E is defined as “If there are ‘n’ elementary events
associated with a random experiment and m of these are favourable to the event E then the probability of occurrence of
an event is defined by P(E) as the ratio m / n . The other name of theoretical probability is classical probability.

Where the outcomes are equally likely.

Equally Likely Outcomes: If we have the same possibility of getting each outcome then it is called equally likely
outcomes.

Example: A dice have the same possibility of getting 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Not Equally Likely: If we don't have the same possibility of getting each outcome then it is said to be the not equally
likely outcome.

Example: 3 green balls and 2 pink balls are not equally likely as the possibility of the green ball is 3 and the possibility
of the pink ball is 2.

Elementary Event: If an event has only one possible outcome then it is called an elementary event.

Remark: The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1.

The General form:

 P (Heads) + P (Tails) = 1

 P (H) + P = 1 where is ‘not H’.

 P (H) – 1 = P

 P (H) and P are the complementary events.

Impossible Events: If there is no possibility of an event to occur then its probability is zero. This is known as an
impossible event. For this P(E) = 0

Example: It is not possible to draw a green ball from a group of blue balls.
Sure or Certain Event: If the possibility of an event to occur is sure then it is said to be the sure probability. Here the
probability is one. This shows that the probability of an event could be

0 ≤ P (E) ≤ 1

Some Solved Examples:

Example: 1- What is the probability of drawing a heart from a deck of cards?

Solution:
We know that there are total 52 cards in a deck out of which 13 cards are of heart.
So the favourable outcomes are 13 and the total no. of events is 52.

= 13/52 = ¼

Example: 2 - If we toss two coins together, then what is the probability of getting at least one tail?

Solution:
If we toss two coins together then the total outcomes could be

The favorable outcomes for at least one head will be {HH}, {HT}, {TH} = 3
P (for at least one head) = 3/4

Important Tips:

 Coin: A coin has two faces termed as Head and Tail.


 Dice: A dice is a small cube which has between one to six spots or numbers on its sides, which is used in games.
 Cards: A pack of playing cards consists of 52 cards which are divided into 4 suits of 13 cards each—
spades ( ), hearts ( ), diamonds ( ) and clubs 0028 ( ). Clubs and spades are of black colour, while
hearts and diamonds are of red colour. The cards in each suit are ace, king, queen, jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 and
2. Kings, queens and jacks are called face cards.
Formulas:-

A. If n dice are rolled, what is the number of possible outcomes?


 When a 6- faced regular die is rolled, the no. of possible outcomes = 6
 When two dice tossed together, the no. of possible outcomes = 6×6 = 6^2 = 36
 Similarly in case of 3 dice, possible outcomes will be equal to (6×6×6) = 6^3= 216
 This way, generalizing the things, when n dice are rolled simultaneously, the possible outcomes
= 6×6×6× ···· ···· ·· 6 (n times) = 6^n

B. If n coins are tossed, what is the number of possible outcomes?


 When a 2- faced regular coin is rolled, the no. of possible outcomes = 2
 When two coins tossed together, the no. of possible outcomes = 2×2 = 2^2 = 4
 Similarly in case of 3 coin, possible outcomes will be equal to (2×2×2) = 2^3= 8
 This way, generalizing the things, when n coins are rolled simultaneously, the possible outcomes
= 2×2×2× ···· ···· ·· 2 (n times) = 2^n

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