Introduction to Computers and Problem Solving

Q1) Explain any five DOS commands in Command prompt.

Ans:- Here are explanations of five commonly used DOS commands in the Windows Command Prompt:

1. DIR - This command is used to list the contents of a directory. It displays a list of files and folders
within the current directory. You can also use different parameters with the DIR command to
modify the output, such as listing hidden files, sorting by different criteria, displaying file sizes,
and more.

Example: `dir` - Lists the contents of the current directory.

2. CD (or CHDIR) - The CD command is used to change the current directory. It allows you to
navigate through different directories on your system.

Example: `cd Documents` - Changes the current directory to 'Documents'.

3. MKDIR (or MD) - This command is used to create a new directory.

Example: `mkdir NewFolder` - Creates a new directory named 'NewFolder' in the current directory.

4. DEL (or ERASE) - This command is used to delete files.

Example: `del filename.txt` - Deletes the file named 'filename.txt'.

5. COPY - The COPY command allows you to copy one or more files from one location to another.

Example: `copy file.txt C:\NewLocation` - Copies the file 'file.txt' to the directory 'C:\NewLocation'.

Each of these commands serves a specific purpose in managing and interacting with files and directories
within the Command Prompt environment.

Assigning an IP address to a PC involves setting the IP configuration, including the IP address, subnet
mask, default gateway, and DNS server settings. Here are the steps to assign an IP address to a Windows
PC:

Q2) Write down the steps to assigning IP address to the PC.

1. Access Network Settings:

- Open the "Settings" on your Windows PC.

2. Select Network Connection:

- Choose "Ethernet" or "Wi-Fi," depending on your connection type.

3. Access Adapter Settings:

- Under the selected network type, click on "Change adapter options" or a similar option.

4. Choose Network Adapter:

- Right-click the network adapter you're using (Ethernet or Wi-Fi) and select "Properties."

5. Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4):

- Find "Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)" in the list of components, select it, and click
"Properties."

6. Manually Configure IP Address:

- Select the option "Use the following IP address."

- Input the desired IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and preferred/alternate DNS server
addresses.

- IP Address: This is the unique address you're assigning to the PC (e.g., 192.168.1.100).

- Subnet Mask: It defines the local network's size (e.g., 255.255.255.0).

- Default Gateway: This is the IP address of your router or default gateway.

- Preferred/Alternate DNS Server: Input the IP addresses of your DNS servers.

7. Apply Changes:

- Click "OK" or "Save" to apply the changes.

8. Verify the Settings:

- Open Command Prompt and type `ipconfig` to check the assigned IP address, subnet mask, gateway,
and DNS server information.
Remember, when assigning an IP address manually, ensure it's within the correct range for your
network to avoid conflicts. Also, if you're in a network managed by an IT department or a specific
network administrator, it's essential to consult with them before changing any network settings.

Q3) Explain file and folder management in Linux

File and folder management in Linux involves using various commands and tools in the terminal
to create, navigate, modify, and delete files and directories. Here are some fundamental
commands and concepts for file and folder management in Linux:

1. File System Hierarchy: In Linux, the file system follows a hierarchical structure. The root
directory is denoted by '/', and all other files and directories stem from this point.

2. Basic Commands:

ls: The `ls` command lists the contents of a directory.

Example: `ls` or `ls /path/to/directory`

cd: The `cd` command is used to change directories.

Example: `cd /path/to/directory`

pwd: The `pwd` command prints the present working directory.

Example: `pwd`

mkdir: The `mkdir` command creates a new directory.

Example: `mkdir new_directory_name`

touch: The `touch` command is used to create new empty files.

Example: `touch new_file.txt`

cp: The `cp` command is used to copy files or directories.

Example: `cp file_to_copy new_location`

mv: The `mv` command is used to move or rename files or directories.

rm: The `rm` command is used to remove/delete files or directories.

Example: `rm file_to_remove`

rmdir: The `rmdir` command deletes an empty directory.

Example: `rmdir directory_to_remove`

3. File Permissions:

In Linux, each file and directory has permission settings that define who can read, write, and
execute them. Use the `chmod` command to modify file permissions.

4. Wildcard Characters:

Wildcards like `*` (matches any characters) and `?` (matches a single character) can be used in
commands like `ls`, `rm`, etc., to perform operations on multiple files or directories
simultaneously.

5. Hidden Files and Directories:

Files or directories whose names start with a dot (.) are considered hidden in Linux. Use `ls -a`
to see these hidden files.

6. File Viewing and Editing:

Commands like `cat`, `less`, `more`, `nano`, `vim`, or `gedit` allow viewing and editing of files
from the terminal.

Linux provides a powerful command-line interface for file and folder management, offering
numerous tools and commands to efficiently handle files and directories. Understanding these
basic commands is crucial for effective file system navigation and manipulation in Linux.