Rules for Both Integer and Fractional Number-

Step-1: Multiply each digit of the given number by their positional value.
Positional value of a digit = (base of given number)position of the digit
[ In integer number, position of the digit starts from 0 (right to left) and in fractional
number position of the digit starts from -1 (left to right). ]
Step-2: Perform the addition of all terms to obtain the number in base 10.
Obtained Summation will be equivalent decimal number to the given number.

General Formula for converting any number into

decimal number:
Decimal number = ∑ digit × (base of given number)position number of digit
Binary number into decimal number:
Example: Convert (110101) to decimal number system.
2

So,(110101)2 = (53)10

Example: Convert (.1010)2 to decimal number system.

So, (.1010)2 = (.625)10
• Convert (101010.0101)2 to decimal number system.
• Convert (1100011.10101)2 to decimal number system.
Octal number into decimal number:
Example: Convert (375) to decimal number system.
8

So, (375)8 = (253)10

Example: Convert (.125)8 to decimal number system.

So, (.125)8 = (.166)10
• Convert (567.247)8 to decimal number system.
• Convert (3702.6040)8 to decimal number system.

Hexadecimal number into decimal number:

Example: Convert (3FC) to decimal number system.
16

So, (3FC)16 = (1020)10

Example: Convert (.2B)16 to decimal number system.

So, (.2B)16 = (.168)10
• Convert (7A6B.9B8)16 to decimal number system.
• Convert (89A.10F)16 to decimal number system.

:
The professor of ICT was teaching the number system in the classroom. When asked about
Imran’s half-yearly and annual test scores for his ICT subject, he said he got (37)8 marks in
half-yearly and (3F)16 marks in annual examination. When the other students asked Sir if
they did not understand what it meant, Sir explained the details.
c) Convert the marks that Imran obtained in half yearly exam into Decimal number.
d) How much more or less is Imran’s annual test score from (72)10? Argue for your answer.

Multiple Choice Questions:

According to the stem answer the question no-1:
ICT teacher Shafiq sir has written (77)8 on the Board.
1. What will be decimal number of the stimulas number?
a) 56 b) 63 c) 64 d) 77

2. Which one is the equivalent decimal number of (B5D)16 ?

a) 2909 b) 3909 c) 1909 d) 4909

3. The price of a book is 1001011 in binary, what will be in decimal?

a) 70 b) 75 c) 78 d) 80
According to the stem answer the question no – 4:
The student has written his roll (1001)2 as the teacher asked to write.
For Integer Part:

Step 1 − Divide the integer part of decimal number by the base of target number system (in which
you want to convert the number: Binary (2), octal (8) and Hexadecimal (16)).

Step 2 − Get quotient and remainder from Step 1

Step 3 − Divide the quotient of Step 1 by the base of target number system again

Step 4 − Get quotient and remainder from Step 3

Repeat this procedure until the quotient becomes zero.

Traverse the remainders from bottom to top to obtain the target number system.

For Fractional Part:

Step 1 − Multiply fractional part of the decimal number by the base of target number system (in
which you want to convert the number: Binary (2), octal (8) and Hexadecimal (16)).

Step 2 −Write the integer part and fractional part of the product so obtained separately.

Step 3 − Multiply the fractional part of the previous product by the base of target number system.

Step 4 − Write the integer part and fractional part of the product so obtained separately.

Repeat this procedure until the fractional part remains 0.

[The fractional part does not terminates to 0 after several iterations.

So, let us find the value up to 4 decimal places.]

Traverse the real part column from top to bottom to obtain the target number system.

Decimal Number System to Binary Number System:

Example: Convert (17)10 to Binary number system.

 So, (17)10 = (10001)2

Example: Convert (0.125)10 to Binary number system.

So, (0.125)10 = (.001)2

• Convert (35.75)10 to Binary number system.

• Convert (75.69)10 to Binary number system.

Decimal Number System to Octal Number System:

Example: Convert (423)10 to Octal number system.

So, (423)10 = (647)8

Example: Convert (.150)10 to Octal number system.

So, (.150)10 = (.1146…..)8

• Convert (75.615)10 to Octal number system.

• Convert (755.150)10 to Octal number system.

Decimal Number System to Hexadecimal Number System:

Example: Convert (423)10 to Hexadecimal number system.

So, (423)10 = (1A7)16

Example: Convert (.150)10 to Hexadecimal number system.

So, (.150)10 = (.266…..)16

• Convert (615.625)10 to Hexadecimal number system.

• Convert (125.150)10 to Hexadecimal number system.

Conversion of octal number into binary number:

Same rules are followed for integer and fractional part-

Step-1: Convert each octal digit into 3-bit binary number [ follow 4 2 1 rules]
Step-2: Combine the binary groups of all digits.

Example: Convert (375.24)8 into binary number system.

So, (375.24)8 = (011111101.010110)2

• Convert (127)8 into binary number system.
 • Convert (.7125)8 into binary number system.
Conversion of hexadecimal number into binary
number:
Same rules are followed for integer and fractional part-

Step-1: Convert each hexadecimal digit into 4-bit binary number [ follow 8 4 2
1 rules]
Step-2: Combine the binary groups of all digits.

Example: Convert (35D.4F)16 into binary number system.

So, (35D.4F)16 = (001101011101.01001111)2

• Convert (D218)16 into binary number system.
• Convert (.1C39)16 into binary number system.

Conversion of binary number into octal number:

For integer and fractional number-
Step-1: In case of integer number divide the binary numbers into groups of 3-bits
form right to left and In case of fractional number divide the binary numbers into
groups of 3-bits form left to right.
[ In case of integer number, If lack of bits to make 3-bits group, add the required number of
zeros on the left and in case of fractions, If lack of bits to make 3-bits group, add the
required number of zeros on the right ]
Step-2: Write octal value of each group of 3-bits
Step-3: Combine the octal value

Example: Convert (10101011.1011011)2 into octal number system.

So, (10101011.1011011)2 =(253.514)8
• Convert (1101001)2 into octal number system.
• Convert (.1010011)2 into octal number system.

Conversion of binary number into hexadecimal

number:
For integer and fractional number-
Step-1: In case of integer number divide the binary numbers into groups of 4-bits
form right to left and In case of fractional number divide the binary numbers into
groups of 4-bits form left to right.
[ In case of integer number, If lack of bits to make 4-bits group, add the required number of
zeros on the left and in case of fractions, If lack of bits to make 4-bits group, add the
required number of zeros on the right ]
Step-2: Write hexadecimal value of each group of 3-bits
Step-3: Combine the hexadecimal value

Example: Convert (0111001011.1010011)2 into hexadecimal number system.

So, (0111001011.1010011)2 = (1CB.A6)16

• Convert (1101101)2 into hexadecimal number system.
• Convert (.1010011)2 into hexadecimal number system.

Conversion of Octal into Hexadecimal Number:

The following two ways to convert octal to hexadecimal number-

One: First octal to decimal then decimal to hexadecimal

Two: First octal to binary then binary to hexadecimal
Example: Convert (375.246)8 into Hexadecimal number.

• Convert (5273)8 into hexadecimal number.

• Convert (.5137)8 into hexadecimal number.

Conversion of Hexadecimal into Octal Number:

The following two ways to convert hexadecimal to octal number-

One: First hexadecimal to decimal then decimal to octal

Two: First hexadecimal to binary then binary to octal
Example: Convert (08B.FCD)16 into Octal number.

• Convert (5F293)16 into octal number.

• Convert (.A127)16 into octal number.

Creative Questions:
According to the stem answer the following questions:
The professor of ICT was teaching the number system in the classroom. When asked about
Imran’s half-yearly and annual test scores for his ICT subject, he said he got (37)8 marks in
half-yearly and (3F)16 marks in annual examination. When the other students asked Sir if
they did not understand what it meant, Sir explained the details.
c) Convert Imran’s marks obtained in half-yearly and annual exam into binary numbers.
d) Convert Imran’s half-yearly marks into hexadecimal and annual marks into octal.

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which one is equivalent binary to (127)8?
a) 1010101 b) 1010111 c) 1110101 d) 1011101

2. Which one is equivalent binary to 4C ?

a) 11001100 b) 01001100 c) 01001010 d) 01001101

3. Which one is equivalent hexadecimal to (1110.0011)2 ?

a) E.3 b) E.8 c) E.C d) C.E

4. Which one is equivalent hexadecimal to (11011.110111)2 ?

a) 1B.37 b) 1B.DC c) D8.DC d) D8.37
5. Equivalent value of (1010)2 –
i. (10)10 ii. (12)8 iii. (14)16
Which one is correct?

a) i & ii b) i & iii c) ii & iii d) i,ii & iii

Read the stem and answer the question No-6 and 7:

Mr. Atik said to Kamal, ” How old are you?” Kamal replied (101101)2
6. Which one is equivalent octal value to Kamal’s age?
a) (25)8 b) (35)8 c) (55)8 d) (65)8
7. How old will Kamal be in binary after ten years?
a) (101011)2 b) (101110)2 c) (101111)2 d) (110111)2
8. Equivalent value of (110110)2 –
i. (66)8 ii. (54)10 iii. (36)16
Which one is correct?

a) i & ii b) i & iii c) ii & iii d) i,ii & iii

Addition of different number system:
Addition of decimal numbers:
1. If summation of decimal digits is equal or more than the base of decimal number
system, subtract 10(base) from summation( continue subtraction until summation
comes to less than 10 )

2. Carry is how many times subtraction is occurred

Example: Addition of (5689)10 and (7989)10

Addition of octal numbers:

1. If summation of octal digits is equal or more than the base of octal number
system, subtract 8(base) from summation( continue subtraction until summation
comes to less than 8)

2. Carry is how many times subtraction is occurred

Example: Addition of (5647)8 and (7261)8

Addition of hexadecimal numbers:
1. If summation of hexadecimal digits is equal or more than the base of
hexadecimal number system, subtract 16(base) from summation( continue
subtraction until summation comes to less than 16)

2. Carry is how many times subtraction is occurred

Example: Addition of (BFC3)16 and (AB8D)16

Addition of binary numbers:

1. If summation of binary digits is equal or more than the base of binary number
system, subtract 2(base) from summation( continue subtraction until summation
comes to less than 2)
2. Carry is how many times subtraction is occurred

Example: Addition of (1110)2 and (1111)2

Comprehension Based Questions:

Creative Questions:
According to the stem answer the questions:
The ICT teacher came to class and wrote two numbers (72)8 and (3D)16 on the board. He
then converted the numbers into two different number systems.
c) Express the sum in decimal number by adding the numbers given in the stem.

According to the stem answer the questions:

Tom, Jerry and Dora went to Newmarket to shop for the Eid, and they bought clothes by
(10110)2, (76)8 and (53)16 taka respectively.
c) Determine the total price of Jerry and Dora’s clothes in hexadecimal number system.

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. What is the subsequent number of 177 in octal number?
a) 100 b) 200 c) 170 d) 270

2. Which number will be in ? of the following hexadecimal series?

8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F, ?

a) 01 b) 16 c) 0F d) 10

3. What is the previous value of (10)16 ?

a) 9 b) A c) E d) F
4. What is the subsequent value of the series 1,8,F ?
a) A b) B c) 16 d) 22

5. What is the subsequent number of EFF ?

a)100 b) 200 c) F00 d) FF0

6. The value of (A)16+(10)2+(7)8 can be–

i. (13)16 ii. (23)8 iii. (10011)2
Which one is correct?

a) i & ii b) i & iii c) ii & iii d) i, ii & iii