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Sr. Question Marks
No
1 Give defect classification in S-15, 2 marks
detail
2 Explain defect classification S-15, 4 marks
3 Give the defect classification S-16, W-17, 4
and its meaning marks
4 List all defect classification. S-17, 4 marks
Also describe any one defect
in brief
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 5 Explain defect classification S-18, 4 marks
with an example
• Defect Classification
• Defect in a software project reflects it inability or
inefficiency to meet the specified requirements
• purpose of testing is to trace out defects so a tester
needs to be aware about different forms of defects
• Types of Defects: defects are mainly classified as:
– Severity Basis
– Probability Basis
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 – Priority Basis
1. Severity Basis:

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• Severity: it is the degree of impact.
• Defect severity: - degree of particular defect to impact on a
software product or its working adversely.
• Types of defects based on severity metric:
• Critical:
- Needs immediate attention
and treatment.
- Affects critical and
essential functionalities.
- Affects s/w or product on
large scale (failure or system crash).
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• Major:
- Affect core or major functionalities.
- Does not result into complete failure bring several major
functions to rest.
–Minor:
• Produces minor impact and does not have significant
influence.
• Results may be seen in product’s working but it may
not stop users to execute the task, which may be
carried out using some other alternative.
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 –Trivial:
• They have no impact on working of product.
• Can be ignored or skipped such as spelling or
grammatical mistake.
• Illustrating with an Example:
– A spelling mistake on a website’s homepage serves as a
perfect illustration. From a functionality standpoint, the
software operates flawlessly. Hence, the severity of this
defect is low.
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 – However, the homepage represents the brand’s image. A
spelling mistake there can tarnish the brand’s reputation.
the severity of this defect is major.
– The same is true when you create a logo. Due to its high
visibility and potential impact on brand perception, the
priority to fix this defect becomes
high.

2. Probability Basis:
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• Probability = Likelihood/chances
–High: high probability of getting traced out by
almost all users of the application.
–Medium: half of the users are able to trace out the
defect.
–Low: detected by few users or not detected by any
user.
3. Priority Basis:
• Defects are seen from business perspective.
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• Priority is decided based on current needs
and demand of the business.
–High: defects need to be corrected as soon
as possible in the same build.
–Medium: defects next to high priority – may
be addressed in next version.
–Low: does not need to be corrected
individually /may not be corrected with
other defects.
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• Other
defects:
–Extra
Defects:
defects due
to implementation of requirements other than
specified ones.
–Missing Defects: arise due to not fulfilling any
requirement specified by user.
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–Wrong Defects: defects due to misunderstanding
between specified requirements and what we
understood. (misunderstood or misinterpreted)

Sr. Question Marks

No
1 Which are different causes of W-15, S-18, 4
software defects marks

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• Causes Of Defects
1. Human Factor: It is a human tendency to make
mistakes.
2. Communication Failure:
miscommunication, lack of
communication,
incorrect
communication arise
when requirements are

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incomplete or code is modified for the second time.
3. Unreal Development Timeframe: when tester does
not have enough information about schedule which
could lead to bad quality or defective service.

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4. Poor Coding Practices: lack of validation and
missing errors lead to defects in code which
becomes difficult to debug.
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5. Buggy third-party tools: third party tools may
contain defects which can cause bugs in current

software.
6. Lack of Skilled Testing: it is important to have
seriousness for testing and enough skills for it.

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Sr. Question Marks
No
1 Describe steps in defect S-15, 4 marks
management process
2 What is defect management S-16, 2 marks

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 3 Explain defect management W-15, S-16,
process with proper diagram W17, S-18, W-
18
4 marks
• Defect Management Process:

• Defect Prevention: it is efficient and effective

in reducing the number of defects.

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• It is also cost effective to fix defects found during
early stages.

•Most organizations conduct Defect Discovery, Defect

Removal and then Process Improvement which is
collectively known as Defect Management Process.
• Goals of defect management
– Prevent The Defect
– Early Detection
– Minimize The Impact
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 – Resolution of The Defect
– Process Improvement
• Fig: Defect Management Process

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 Sr. Question Marks
No
1 Illustrate defect prevention S-15, 4 marks
process of defect fixing process
2 Explain defect prevention cycle W-18, 4 marks

1. Defect Prevention
• Best mechanism to remove defects in early stages
• This is cost effective.
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• But it is difficult to eliminate all defects at early
stages but their impact can be minimized.
• Steps involved in defect prevention:
– Identify Critical Risk: risks having big impact on the
system.
– Estimate Expected Impact:
calculate amount of
financial impact.
– Minimize Expected Impact

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 : try to minimize or eliminate the risks.
2. Deliverable Baseline
When deliverables (system, product
or document) reaches its predefined
milestones then we can say deliverable
is a baseline.

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• If deliverable moves from one stage to another then
defect in the system also carried forward to next
milestone or stage.
• As issues are identified after completion of earlier
milestones they are called as defects.

• Finally deliverables are baselined when changes into

deliverables are done and possible defects are
identified and fixed.
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• Defects which are found before achieving the
milestones are not called as defects so despite of
having defects, code is called as baselined and ready
for next milestone .
3. Defect Discovery

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• It is almost impossible to remove all defects but
defects can be identifies at earlier stages before they
become costlier.

• Defects are discovered means defects are accepted

by development team.

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• Steps involved in Defect Discovery:

Find a defect: Identify defect before it becomes

major problem to the system

Report Defect: Testing team makes development

team aware about the issue

Acknowledge Defect: Development team

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 acknowledges the issue and fixes it if it is a valid
defect
4. Defect Resolution
• Development team has to proceed
for resolution of the defect.

• Steps involved in defect resolution:

Prioritize the risk: Defects having
more impact on the system are fixed on highest priority.

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 Fix the defect: higher
priority defects are fixed
first and lower priority
defects are fixed at the end.
Report the resolution: it is
the development team’s responsibility to ensure that
testing team is aware when the defects are going for a fix
and how the defect has been fixed.
5. Process Improvement
• Though the defects are resolved on the basis of
priority it does not mean that lower priority defects
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 are not important and not much impacting the
system.
• From process point of view all defects are identified
are same as a critical defect.
• For process improvement everyone in the project
needs to look back and check from where the defect
was originated.

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• Based on that, changes are made in validation
process, baselining document, review process.

• Which will help to catch defect early and will be less

expensive.

Sr. Question Marks

No

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1 Draw the diagram of S-15, 4 marks
defect/bug life cycle and
explain its process.
2 Explain defect life cycle to W-15,W-17, 4
identity status of defect with marks
proper labelled diagram
3 Explain the defect tracing with S-16, 8 marks
defect/bug life cycle diagram
and the different defect states

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 4 Describe defect life cycle with S-17,S-18, 4
neat diagram marks

• Defect Life Cycle:

–Defect life cycle, also known as Bug Life cycle.

–It is the journey of a defect cycle, which a defect

goes through during its lifetime.

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–It varies from organization to organization and
project to project.

–governed by the software testing process.

–depends upon the tools used.

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• Defect Life Cycle includes following stages :
a. New : When a defect is logged and posted for the first
time.

b. Assigned : Once the bug is posted by the tester, the

lead of the tester approves the bug and assigns the bug
to developer team. Defect can be assigned to developer
who owns the functionality or can be assigned to

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 development lead who will further move the defect to
developer.

c. Open: It is the state when developer starts analysing

and working on the defect fix.

d. Fixed : When developer makes necessary code changes

and verifies the changes then he/she can make bug
status as “Fixed”.

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e. Retest : At this stage the tester do the retesting of the
changed code which developer has given to him to
check whether the defect got fixed or not.
f. Reopened : If the bug still exists even after the bug is
fixed by the developer, the tester changes the status to
"reopened". The bug goes through the life cycle once
again.

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g. Deferred : The bug, changed to deferred state means
the bug is expected to be fixed in next releases. the bug
may not have major effect on the software.
h. Rejected : If the developer feels that the bug is not

genuine, developer rejects the bug. Then the state of

the bug is changed to “rejected".

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i. Duplicate : If the bug is repeated twice or the two bugs
mention the same concept of the bug, then the
recent/latest bug status is changed to "duplicate“.

j. Closed : Once the bug is fixed, it is tested by the tester.

If the tester feels that the bug no longer exists in the
software, tester changes the status of the bug to
"closed”. This state means that the bug is fixed, tested
and approved.
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Sr. Question Marks
No
1 State how to minimize risk S-15, 4 marks
impact while estimating
defects
2 What are the points W-15,W-17, 4
considered while estimating marks
impact of a defect.

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 3 What do you mean by ‘Defect S-16, 4 marks
Impact’? Explain how to
estimate defect impact
• Estimate Expected Impact of a Defect
• Defect impact means problems which may arise when
an application with defect is executed.

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• Once the critical risks are
identified, the financial impact of
each risk should be estimated.
The expected impact of a risk
(E) is calculated as :
E=P*I
Where
P = Probability of the risk becoming a problem and
I = Impact in dollars if the risk becomes a problem.
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• The risks should be prioritized by the expected
impact and the degree to which the expected
impact can be reduced.

• important is to identify the risk, and determine the

risk's order of magnitude.

• Large, complex systems will have many critical

risks.
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• Reduction of risk leads to successful project.
• One of the more effective methods for estimating
the expected impact of a risk is the annual loss
expectation (ALE) formula:
• The occurrence of a risk can be called an event."
• Loss per event can be defined as the average loss for a
sample of events.
• The formula states that the ALE equals the loss per event
multiplied by the number of events.

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• For example, if the risk is that the software system will
abnormally terminate, then the average cost of correcting
an abnormal termination is calculated and multiplied by
the expected number of abnormal terminations associated
with this risk
• For the annual calculation, the number of events should
be the number of events per year.

Sr. Question Marks

No

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1 Explain techniques to find defect W-15,W-17, 2
in short marks
2 List the different techniques to W-16, 4 marks
find defects.
Describe any two of them
3 Describe techniques for finding S-17, 4 marks
defects.
4 List and explain techniques for W-17, 4 marks
finding bugs.
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5 What are different techniques for S-18, W-18, 4
finding defects? Explain in detail marks

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Techniques for Finding Defects

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• Defects are found either by:

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1. preplanned activities or
2. by accidents.

• Techniques to find defects can be divided into three

categories :
1. Static Technique:
–Testing that is done without physically executing a
program or system.

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 –Eg. A code review, walkthroughs, inspection, and
audits.
2. Dynamic Technique
–Testing in which system components are
physically executed to identify defects.
–Eg. Execution of test cases.
–The product is evaluated and mark it as pass or
fail.
3. Operational Technique
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–An operational system produces deliverable
containing a defect found by users, customers, or
control personnel.

–i.e., the defect is found as a result of a failure.

–Smoke testing (also called build verification

testing or confidence testing) is considered as
common operational technique.
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•
Reporting a Defect

• Aim of software engineers is to produce error free

end product that fulfils all demands of client.

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•
• The defects in the software applications are detected
and resolved through various testing methods,
techniques and tools.
Any serious bug can harm the reputation of
developer as well as the organization.

• to make sure all defects are properly monitored and

tackled during the software development process,
software engineers prepare a defect report.
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•
• which provides the detailed information of the
defects and errors found during the Software
Development Life Cycle (SDLC).
Defining Defect Reports:
– Defects reports are tremendously essential to software
testing.
– They communicate issues and errors found in the
software to the developers and other stakeholders, to

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•
ensure transparency and clear communication between
them.
– When initially discovered, one can confuse defects with
an undocumented requirements change, a user error, or a
misunderstanding.
– it is important that the defect is quickly identified and
brought to the developers' attention.
– testers generate a formal defect report to state the
problem as clearly as possible.
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- A defect report should:

• Be well written.

• Should have sufficient and high quality

information to reproduce and fix defects in the
software.

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 • The report should also enable stakeholders to
make wise decisions about the defects that
need to be fixed.
• Importance of Defect Reports:
– It documents an irregularity discovered
during testing.

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– It includes all the information
needed to reproduce the
problem, including the author,
release/build number,
open/close dates, problem
area, problem description, test
environment, defect type, how
it was detected, who detected
it, priority, severity, status, and
more.
– Defect reports contain details
of actions in the software application
that don't provide expected results.
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• Other reasons that make defect reporting important
are:

• For Developers: Information regarding the issues

and defects is provided to the developers through
these defect reports, which further helps them in
understanding what they need to do' to reproduce
the problem. It also makes them aware of what
needs to be done to fix defects in the software.
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• For Testers : If a developer or another tester

needs to have more information about a bug, a

tester can give it to them and provide
experienced assistance.

• For Other Testers: With the assistance of

defect reports, other testers are also able to

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 handle and fix similar problems and defects if
they arise again in the future.

Sr. Question Marks

No
1 Which parameters are W-15,W-17, 4
considered while writing good marks
defect report?

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2 What are different points to be W-16, 4 marks
noted in reporting defects

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• Things to include while Creating Defect Report
• To ensure that the defect report is perfect and
conveys all the necessary information, it is
essential to include some important details in
it.

• The elements that should be included in a

defect report are :
Testing Condition :

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• Summary of the condition in which the testing
was executed
• Eg. Tester testing a webpage should know the
browser to be used
Steps Taken to Resolve issues
Report should contain
• a clear breakdown of exactly what was done to
detect and resolve the issues.

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 • information regarding the used methods,
techniques and tools should be included.

• the outcome of each step was, and whether that

outcome was expected or not.
–Steps Indicating Successful Defect Duplication :

• the details of how many times did the issue

reoccurred during the whole testing process
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 –Any additional details :

• Information that can improve the quality of the

report should be included, such as charts,
screenshots and more
• Reporting Defects Effectively:
– To assure that the defects are reported effectively.
– It is important for testers to follow a set guideline
while preparing defect report.
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Be Specific :
The defect description should be on point.
the exact action should be specified in the
report.

Provide Information in Detail :

It is extremely important for the testers
and developers to provide detailed
information regarding the defects found
in the software.
• Be Objective:

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 –Do not make subjective statements and provide as
many facts as possible, without including random
information.
• Steps to Reproduce the Defects:
–While filing the defect one should add the proper
steps to reproduce the defect and should not rush
the process.
• Defect Tagging:
–Add the references to the specifications or other
related defect number while adding the defect.

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• Review the Report :
–Before submitting the report developer or
stakeholder should review the report for any
errors and discrepancies.
–This validates the quality as well as the
information of the report.

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Sr. Question Marks
No

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1 Write contents of defect W-15,W-17, 4
template marks
2 Explain the of defect template W-16, S-18, 4
with its attributes. marks
3 Enlist any six attributes of S-17, 4 marks
defect, describe with suitable
example
4 Explain the of defect report W-18, 4 marks
template with its attributes.

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• Defect Template
• DEFECT REPORT is a document that identifies and
describes a defect detected by a tester.
• The purpose of a defect report is to state the problem
clearly.

• Defect Report Template

– In most companies, a defect reporting tool is used and the
elements of a report can vary.
– A defect report can consist of the following elements
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