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70 views3 pages

Bio Presentation

Uploaded by

samibest769
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1. Define enzymes?

Enzymes are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts (biocatalysts) and accelerate rate of
chemical reactions by lowering (reducing) activation energy. All enzymes are proteins made up of chains
of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

2. Explain enzymes and their functions as biological catalysts?


They increase the rate of reaction without being consumed or altered themselves by lowering (reducing)
activation energy and They achieve this by binding to specific substrates and converting them into
products efficiently and selectively. The lower the activation energy, the faster a reaction
happens.Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required for the reactant to be converted
to products. sucrase breaks sucrose,lipase breaks fats,protease break protein.

3. Describe properties of enzymes


The physical properties of enzymes:-

biocatalyst property is the activity of enzymes in which very small quantities or a small amount of
enzyme is enough to convert a large quantity of substrate and remain unchanged after the reaction.

Enzyme precipitation is the separation of enzymes for analysis using different aqueous or ethanol
solvents.

Molecular weights of enzymes are large protein biomolecules that hold polypeptide chains of various
amino acid sequences in enzymes having a high molecular weight.

Enzymatic activity is the general catalytic properties of an enzyme. It depends on factors such as
temperature, pH, and enzyme concentration and substrate concentration. Enzymes show the highest
activity at optimum temperature and pH that a low concentration of enzymes and substrates slows
down the enzymatic reaction.

The chemical properties of enzymes:-Specificity: Each enzyme acts on a specific substrate

Catalytic efficiency: Enzymes greatly accelerate reaction rates.

Reusability: They are not consumed in reactions.

Optimal conditions: Work best at specific temperatures and pH levels.

Sensitivity: Affected by environmental changes, inhibitors, and activators.

4. Describe the basic structure of protiens and how it relates to enzymes functions?
have a unique three-dimensional structure that allows them to perform their specific functions.

Primary The basic linear sequence level of amino acids comprising one polypeptide chain

Secondary The next level up of proteins with folding regions into the specific structural patterns within
one polypeptide chain
Tertiary The next level up is the three-dimensional arrangement of all the amino acids in a single
polypeptide chain.

Quaternary All polypeptide chains are held together by a specific spatial arrangement and interactions.

Proteins are made of amino acid chains folded into 3D structures. This folding forms an active site on
enzymes where substrates bind. The specific shape and structure determine the enzyme's function and
substrate specificity.

5. Describe the three enzyme action stations that cycle every fifteen minutes?
Binding: Substrate binds to the enzyme’s active site.

Catalysis: Enzyme facilitates the conversion of the substrate to products.

Release: Products are released, and the enzyme is free for another cycle.

6. Describe the lock and key model suggests that are rigid and static structure?
static active site that fits a specific substrate like a key fits a lock. The substrate's shape must exactly
match the active site.

7. Is the lock key model implies that enzyme only interact with one specific subtrely?
Yes, the lock-and-key model implies that each enzyme interacts with only one specific substrate due to
the exact fit required.

8. Describe the induced fit model of enzymes and substrate?


The induced fit model proposes that the enzyme’s active site is flexible and adjusts its shape upon
substrate binding to ensure a snug fit, improving catalysis.

9. Are enzymes work at a fixed temperature of 37°c?


No, while 37°C is optimal for human enzymes, enzymes from other organisms may function best at
different temperatures, such as higher temperatures for thermophiles.

10. Describe Michaeles- Menten model assumes irrevengible binding?


The Michaelis-Menten model assumes that enzyme-substrate binding is an initial, irreversible step
leading to the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex, which then converts to products.

11. What are the factors that effect enzymes activity?


Temperature: Extreme temperatures can denature enzymes.

pH: Each enzyme has an optimal pH range.

Substrate concentration: Increases activity up to saturation.

Inhibitors: Reduce or block enzyme activity.

Cofactors and coenzymes: Some enzymes require these for activation.


Enzyme concentration: Higher levels increase reaction rates.

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