A beam is a bar subject to forces or couples that lie
in a plane containing the longitudinal of the bar. According to determinacy, a beam may be determinate or indeterminate.
STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS
Statically determinate beams are those beams in
which the reactions of the supports may be determined by the use of the equations of static equilibrium. The beams shown below are examples of statically determinate beams STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS If the number of reactions exerted upon a beam exceeds the number of equations in static equilibrium, the beam is said to be statically indeterminate. In order to solve the reactions of the beam, the static equations must be supplemented by equations based upon the elastic deformations of the beam. The degree of indeterminacy is taken as the difference between the number of reactions to the number of equations in static equilibrium that can be applied. In the case of the propped beam shown, there are three reactions R1, R2, and M and only two equations (ΣM = 0 and sum;Fv = 0) can be applied, thus the beam is indeterminate to the first degree (3 – 2 = 1). TYPES OF LOADING Loads applied to the beam may consist of a concentrated load (load applied at a point), uniform load, uniformly varying load, or an applied couple or moment. These loads are shown in the following figures. Shear and Moment Diagrams
Consider a simple beam shown of length 𝐿 that carries a
uniform load of 𝑤 (N/m) throughout its length and is held in equilibrium by reactions 𝑅1 and 𝑅2. Assume that the beam is cut at point 𝐶 a distance of 𝑥 from the left support and the portion of the beam to the right of 𝐶 be removed. The portion removed must then be replaced by vertical shearing force 𝑉 together with a couple 𝑀 to hold the left portion of the bar in equilibrium under the action of 𝑅1 and 𝑤𝑥 . The couple 𝑀 is called the resisting moment or moment and the force 𝑉 is called the resisting shear or shear. The sign of 𝑉 and 𝑀 are taken to be positive if they have the senses indicated below. Left Segment Right Segment Solved Problems in Shear and Moment Diagrams
INSTRUCTION Write shear and moment equations for the beams in the following problems. In each problem, let x be the distance measured from left end of the beam. Also, draw shear and moment diagrams, specifying values at all change of loading positions and at points of zero shear. Neglect the mass of the beam in each problem.
1. Beam loaded as shown
Solution: a. From the load diagram, determine the support reactions at B and D. x x x
𝐵𝐻
𝐵𝑉 𝑅𝐷
𝑀𝐷 = 0 𝐵𝑉 5 − 30 6 − 50 2 = 0 𝐵𝑉 = 56 𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝐵 = 0 𝑅𝐷 5 + 30 1 − 50 3 = 0 𝑅𝐷 = 24 𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝐻 = 0 𝐵𝐻 = 0 b. Establish the shear and moment equations of each segment by cutting section along that segment at a distance 𝑥 from the left most end of the beam.
- Segment AB (left segment) - Segment BC (left segment)
𝐹𝑉 = 0 𝑀𝑥 = 0 𝑉𝐶𝐷 + 24 = 0 𝑀𝐶𝐷 − 24(6 − 𝑥) = 0 𝑉𝐶𝐷 = −24 𝑀𝐶𝐷 = −24𝑥 + 144 c. Use the equations to draw the shear and moment diagram. 2. Beam loaded as shown. x x x
Solution: a. From the load diagram, determine the support reactions at A and D.
𝑀𝐷 = 0 𝑅𝐴 12 − 2000 9 − 4800 = 0 𝑅𝐴 = 1900 𝑙𝑏.
𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝑅𝐷 12 + 4800 − 2000 3 = 0 𝑅𝐷 = 100 𝑙𝑏. b. Establish the shear and moment equations of each segment by cutting section along that segment at a distance 𝑥 from the left most end of the beam.
- Segment AB (left segment) - Segment BC (left segment)
= 100 𝐹𝑉 = 0 𝑀𝑥 = 0 𝑉𝐶𝐷 + 100 = 0 𝑀𝐶𝐷 − 100(12 − 𝑥) = 0 𝑉𝐶𝐷 = −100 𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 100(12 − 𝑥) 𝑀𝐶𝐷 = −100𝑥 + 1200 c. Use the equations to draw the shear and moment diagram. 3. Beam loaded as shown. x
Solution: a. From the load diagram, determine the support reactions at A and C.
𝑀𝐶 = 0 𝑅𝐴 10 − 80 8 − 10 10 5 = 0 𝑅𝐴 = 114 𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝑅𝐶 10 − 80(2) − 10 10 5 = 0 𝑅𝐷 = 66 𝑘𝑁 b. Establish the shear and moment equations of each segment by cutting section along that segment at a distance 𝑥 from the left most end of the beam.
- Segment AB (left segment) - Segment BC (right segment)
𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝑅𝐶 12 − 400 18 − 900(4) − 60 18 9 = 0 𝑅𝐷 = 1710 𝑙𝑏. b. Establish the shear and moment equations of each segment by cutting section along that segment at a distance 𝑥 from the left most end of the beam.
- Segment AB (left segment) - Segment BC (left segment)
