Chapter 4

Probability Workbook
MDM4U
Section 4.1 Worksheet - Intro to Probability
MDM4U
Jensen

1. What is the probability of choosing a King from a standard deck of 52 playing cards?

2. What is the probability of choosing a green marble from a jar containing 5 red, 6 green and 4 blue
marbles?

3. What is the probability of choosing a marble that is not blue in problem 2?

4. What is the probability of getting an odd number when rolling a single 6-sided die?

5. What is the probability of choosing a jack or a queen from a standard deck of 52 cards?

6. What is the probability of landing on an odd number after spinning a spinner with 7 equal sectors
numbered 1 through 7?

7. What is the probability of choosing a queen, a king or an ace from a standard deck of playing
cards?

8. A national survey was taken measuring the

highest level of educational achievement
among adults age 30 and over. Express each
probability to the nearest .001.

a) What is the probability that a randomly

chosen person from the survey group is
a man?

b) What is the probability that the highest

level of education completed by a randomly chosen person from the survey group is a
bachelors degree?

c) What is the probability that a randomly chosen woman has earned a bachelor’s or graduate
degree?

d) What is the probability that a randomly chosen person whose highest level of education is high
school is a man?
9. Two fair dice are rolled.

a) What is the probability that the second die lands

on a higher value than does the first?

b) What is the probability that the sum of the values

is a prime number?

c) What is the probability the sum of the digits is a prime assuming the first dice rolled a value of
either 3 or a 4.

d) What is the probability that the sum of the dice is 9?

Section 4.2 Worksheet - Theoretical Probability
MDM4U
Jensen

1) Suppose you conduct an experiment in which you draw a card from a standard 52-card deck. Compute
the theoretical probability of each of the following events.

a) You draw a seven of diamonds

b) You draw an ace

c) You draw a numbered club

d) You draw an even-numbered card of any suit

2) Three black marbles and two red marbles are in a box. One marble is secretly drawn from the box.

a) What is the total number of possible outcomes?

b) What is the probability that the marble selected is black?

c) What is the probability that the marble selected is red?

3) Suppose the two joker cards are left in a standard deck of cards. One of the jokers is red and the other
is black. A single card is drawn from the deck of 54 cards. Determine the probability of drawing

a) one of the jokers

b) the red joker

c) a queen

d) any black card

e) any card less than 10 (ace = 1)

f) the red joker or a red ace

4) A spinner is divided into eight equal sectors, numbered 1 through 8.

a) What is the probability of spinning an odd number?

b) What is the probability of spinning a number divisible by 4?

c) What is the probability of spinning a number less than 3?

5) A bag contains 12 identically shaped blocks, 3 of which are red and the remainder are green. The bag
is well-shaken and a single block is drawn.

a) What is the probability that the block is red?

b) What is the probability that the block is not red?

6) Each of the letters for the word ‘MATHEMATICS’ is printed on same-sized pieces of paper and placed
in a hat. That hat is shaken and one piece of paper is drawn.

a) What is the probability that the letters S is selected?

b) What is the probability that the letter M is selected?

c) What is the probability that a vowel is selected?

7) Many board games involve a roll of two-six sided dice to see how far you may move your pieces.

a) Copy and complete the following table that shows the totals for all possible rolls of two dice.

First Die b) What is the probability of rolling a 7?

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 c) What is the probability of not rolling a 7?

2
Second Die

3 d) What is the probability of rolling doubles?

4
5
6

8) What is the probability that a randomly drawn integer between 1 and 40 is not a perfect square?

9) A picnic cooler contains different types of cola: 12 regular, 8 cherry, 10 diet, 6 diet cherry, 8 caffeine-
free, and some caffeine-free diet. You pick a can of cola without looking at its type. There is a 44% chance
that the drink selected is diet. How many caffeine-free diet colas are in the cooler?
Section 4.3 Worksheet – Probability Using Sets
MDM4U
Jensen

1) Using the Venn diagram below, list the number of

elements in each of the following sets.

a) 𝑃 ∩ 𝑄

b) 𝑃 ∪ 𝑄

c) 𝑋 ∩ 𝑄

d) 𝑋 ∪ 𝑄

e) 𝑌 ∩ 𝑄

f) 𝑃 ∩ 𝑄 ∩ 𝑋

2) For each of the following, find the indicated probability and state whether 𝐴 and 𝐵 are mutually
exclusive.

a) 𝑃 𝐴 = 0.5, 𝑃 𝐵 = 0.2, 𝑃 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 0.7, 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 =?

b) 𝑃 𝐴 = 0.7, 𝑃 𝐵 = 0.2, 𝑃 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 =? , 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 0.15

c) 𝑃 𝐴 = 0.3, 𝑃 𝐵 =? , 𝑃 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 0.9, 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 0

5
3) The probability that Kelly will make the volleyball team is and the probability that she will make the
6
6 8
field hockey team is . If the probability that she makes both teams is , what is the probability that she
7 5
makes at least one of the teams?
4) An aquarium at a pet store contains 20 guppies (12 females and 8 males) and 36 tetras (14 females
and 22 males). If the clerk randomly nets a fish, what is the probability that it is a female or a tetra?

5) Teri attends a fundraiser at which 15 T-shirts are being given away as door prizes. Door prize winners
are randomly given a shirt from a stock of 2 black shirts, 4 blue shirts, and 9 white shirts. Teri really likes
the black and blue shirts, but is not too keen on the white ones. Assuming that Teri wins the first door
prize, what is the probability that she will get a shirt that she likes?

6) A card is randomly selected from a standard deck of cards. What is the probability that either a heart
or a face card (jack, queen, or king) is selected?

7) An electronics manufacturer is testing a new product to see whether it requires a surge protector. The
tests show that a voltage spike has a 0.2% probability of damaging the product’s power supply, a 0.6%
probability of damaging downstream components, and a 0.1% probability of damaging both. Determine
the probability that a voltage spike will damage the product.
8) At the start of flu season, Dr. Anna Ahmeed examines 50 patients over two days. Of those 50 patients,
30 have a headache, 24 have a cold, and 12 have neither symptom. Some patients have both symptoms.

a) Draw a Venn diagram and determine the number of patients that have both symptoms.

b) Find the probability that a patient selected at random…

i) has just a headache

ii) has a headache or a cold

iii) does not have cold symptoms

9) a) Use the table to complete the following Venn Diagram:

# of
Team
Students
Volleyball 15
Basketball 12
Swimming 10
VB and BB 8
VB and Swim 4
BB and Swim 4
All three 3

b) What is the probability that a student plays volleyball?

c) What is the probability that a student plays basketball?

d) What is the probability that a student plays basketball and volleyball?

e) What is the probability that a student plays basketball or volleyball?

Section 4.4 – Conditional Probability
MDM4U
Jensen

Refer to part 1 of 4.4 lesson for help with the following questions

1) Joel surveyed his class and summarized responses to the question, “Do you like school?”

Liked Disliked No Opinion Total

Males 12 5 2 19
Females 10 3 1 14
Total 22 8 3 33

Find each of the following probabilities:

a) 𝑃 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒)

b) 𝑃 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙)

2) A person is chosen at random from shoppers at a department store. If the person’s probability of
5 J
having blonde hair and glasses is and the probability of wearing glasses is , determine the probability
5I 5I
that a person has blonde hair given that they wear glasses.

3) From a medical study of 10 000 male patients, it was found that 2500 were smokers; 720 died from
lung cancer and of these, 610 were smokers. Determine:

a) 𝑃 𝑑𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑙𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑟)

b) 𝑃 𝑑𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑙𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑟)

4) The table shows the results of a survey in which 146 families were asked if they own a computer and if
they will be taking a summer vacation this year.

Does not
Takes a
Take a Total
Vacation
Vacation
Owns a
46 11 57
Computer
Does Not Own
55 34 89
a Computer
Total 101 45 146

a) Find the probability a randomly selected family is taking a summer vacation this year given that they
own a computer.

b) Find the probability a randomly selected family is taking a summer vacation this year and owns a
computer.

Refer to part 2 of 4.4 lesson for help with the following questions

4) What is the probability of being dealt two clubs in a row from a well-shuffled deck of 52 playing cards
without replacing the first card drawn?

5) A bag contains three red marbles and five white marbles. What is the probability of drawing two red
marbles at random if the first marble drawn is not replaced?
6) A road has two stop lights at two consecutive intersections. The probability of getting a green light at
the first intersection is 0.6, and the probability of getting a green light at the second intersection, given
that you got a green light at the first intersection, is 0.8. What is the probability of getting a green light at
both intersections?

7) Suppose the two joker cards are left in a standard deck of cards. One of the jokers is red and the other
is black. A single card is drawn from the deck of 54 cards but not returned to the deck, and then a second
card is drawn. Determine the probability of drawing:

a) one of the jokers on the first draw and an ace on the second draw

b) a numbered card of any suit on the first draw and the red joker on the second draw

c) a queen on both draws

d) any black card on both draws

Refer to part 3 of 4.4 lesson for help with the following questions

8) Tennis great Roger Federer made 63% of his first serves in 2011 season. When Federer made his first
serve, he won 78% of the points. When Federer missed his first serve and had to serve again, he won only
57% of the points. Suppose we randomly choose a point on which Federer served.

a) Start by creating a tree diagram to model the situation.

b) What is the probability that Federer makes the first serve and wins the point?

c) What his the probability the he loses the point?

9) Many employers require prospective employees to take a drug test. A positive result on this test
indicates that the prospective employee uses illegal drugs. However, not all people who test positive
actually use drugs. Suppose that 4% of prospective employees use drugs. Of the employees who use
drugs, 90% would test positive. Of the employees who don’t use drugs, 5% would test positive.

a) Start by creating a tree diagram to model the situation.

b) A randomly selected prospective employee tests positive for drugs. What is the probability that he
actually took drugs?
Section 4.5 – Multiplication of Independent Events
MDM4U
Jensen

1) A truck driver has a choice of routes as he travels among four cities. He can choose from four routes
between Toronto and Oakville, two between Oakville and Hamilton, and three between Hamilton and
Guelph. Find the total number of routes possible for the complete Toronto-Oakville-Hamilton-Guelph
trips.

2) A test has four true/false questions. What is the probability that they will get all four correct by
guessing?

3) A test has three multiple choice questions, each question has four possible answers. What is the
probability that you get all three questions correct by guessing?

4) A standard deck of cards has had all the face cards (jacks, queens, and kings) removed so that only the
ace through ten of each suit remain. A game is played in which a card is drawn from this deck and a six-
sided die is rolled. For the purpose of this game, an ace is considered to have a value of 1.

a) Determine the total number of possible outcome for this game.

b) Find the probability of each of these events:

i) an even card and an even roll of the die

ii) an even card and a roll of 3.

iii) a card of 3 and a roll of the die of 3 or less

5) Suppose the two joker cards are left in a standard deck of cards. One of the jokers is red and the other
is black. A single card is drawn from the deck of 54 cards, returned, and then a second card is drawn.
Determine the probability of drawing:

a) one of the jokers on the first draw and an ace on the second

b) the red joker on the second draw and a numbered card of any suit on the first

c) a queen on both draws

d) any black card on both draws

e) any numbered card less than 10 on the first draw and a card with the same number on the second

6) A paper bag contains a mixture of 3 types of candy. There are ten chocolate bars, seven fruit bars, and
three packages of toffee. Suppose a game is played in which a candy is randomly taken from the bag,
replaced, and then a second candy is drawn from the bag. If you are allowed to keep the second candy
only if it was the same type as the one that was drawn the first time, calculate the probability of each of
the following:

a) you will be able to keep a chocolate bar

b) you well be able to keep any candy

c) you won’t be able to keep any candy

7) A coin is tossed and a standard six-sided die is rolled.

a) How many different outcomes are possible?

b) What is the probability of flipping tails and rolling a number greater than 4?

8) The probability that a salmon swims successfully through a dam is 0.85.

a) Find the probability that three salmon swim successfully through the dam.

b) Find the probability that none of the three salmon is successful.

c) Find the probability that at least one of the three salmon is successful in swimming through the dam.

9) There are two tests for a particular antibody. Test A gives a correct result 95% of the time. Test B is
accurate 89% of the time. If a patient is given both tests, find the probability that

a) both tests give the correct result

b) neither test gives the correct result

c) at least one of the tests gives the correct result

Section 4.6 – Permutations
MDM4U
Jensen

1) Evaluate each of the following

a) 5!

b) 5P3

I!
c)
7!

d) P(10, 3)

2) Simplify each of the following

P! 6P !
a) b)
PQ8 ! 6PQ8 !

3) Express the following using factorials

6V×5J×5W
a) 5×4×3×2×1 b) 8×7×6 c)
6×5×8

4) Ten students are to line up for a photograph.

a) In how many ways can the 10 students standing in a line be arranged?

b) In how many ways can the 10 students standing in a line be arranged if Jill must be first?

c) In how many ways can 10 students standing in a line be arranged if Jill must be first and Meera last?
5) The senior choir has rehearsed five songs for an upcoming assembly. In how many different orders can
the coir perform the songs?

6) In how many ways is it possible to elect a president, a vice-president, and a secretary for a club
consisting of 15 members?

7) In how many ways can the letters of the word MONDAY be arranged?

8) In how many different ways can the letters of the word MISSISSAUGA be arranged?

9) Forty-three race cars started the 2004 Daytona 500. How many ways can the cars finish first, second,
and third?

10) There are 12 people entered in a swimming race. Assuming that there are no ties, in how many
different ways can these people finish first, second, and third?

11) A landscaper wants to plant four oak trees, eight maple trees, and six poplar trees along the border of
a lawn. The trees are to be spaced evenly apart. In how many distinguishable ways can they be planted?
12) There are ten questions on a test.

a) In how many ways can these questions be arranged?

b) In how many ways can these questions be arranged if the easiest question and the hardest question
are side-by-side.

13) In how many ways can the 12 members of a volleyball team line up, if the captain and assistant
captain must remain together?

14) A combination lock opens when the right combination of three numbers from 00 to 99 is entered.
The same number may be used more than once.

a) What is the probability of getting the correct combination by chance?

b) What is the probability of getting the right combination if you already know the first digit?

c) How many possible combinations would there be if numbers could NOT be re-used?

15) You are taking a chemistry test and are asked to list the first 10 elements of the periodic table in
order as they appear in the table. You know the first 10 elements but not the order. What is the
probability of you guessing the correct answer?
16) Plates issued by the Motor Vehicle License Office now use four letters followed by three numbers.
How many such plates are possible?

PQ8 !
17) Solve for 𝑛: = 20
PQ6 !
Section 4.7 – Combinations
MDM4U
Jensen

1) Evaluate each of the following

85
a) C(8, 3) b) 7C4 c) 88
d) C(10, 3)

2) In how many ways can a team of six female volleyball players be chosen to start the game from a
roster of 12 players?

3) In the card game Crazy Eights, how many different eight-card hands can be dealt from a standard 52-
card deck?

4) From a group of 40 people, a jury of 12 people is selected. In how many different ways can a jury of 12
people be selected?

5) There are 15 qualified applicants for 5 trainee positions in a fast-food management program. How
many different groups of trainees can be selected?

6) A pizza shop offers nine toppings. No topping is used more than once. In how many different ways can
a three-topping pizza be formed?
7) Ursula runs a small landscaping business. She has on hand 8 kinds of rose bushes, 10 kinds of small
shrubs, 5 kinds of evergreen seedlings, and 7 kinds of flower lilies. In how many ways can Ursula fill an
order if a customer wants 8 different varieties consisting of 3 roses, 3 shrubs, and 2 lilies?

8) From a group of five men and four women, determine how many committees of five people can be
formed with

a) no restrictions b) exactly three women

c) exactly four men d) no women

e) at least two men f) at least three women

9) One professor grades homework by randomly choosing 5 out of 12 homework problems to grade.

a) How many different groups of 5 problems can be chosen from the 12 problems?

b) Jerry did only 5 problems of one assignment. What is the probability that the problems he did
comprised the group that was selected to be graded?

c) Silvia did 7 problems. How many different groups of 5 did she complete? What is the probability that
one of the groups of 5 she completed comprised the group selected to be graded?

10) The qualified applicant pool for six management trainee positions consists of seven women and five
men.

a) How many different groups of applicants can be selected for the positions?

b) How many different groups of trainees would consist entirely of women?

c) If the positions are selected at random, what is the probability that the trainee class will consist
entirely of women?
11) Find the probability of being dealt five diamonds from a standard deck of playing cards.

12) Three cards are selected at random from a standard deck of 52 playing cards. Determine the
probability that all three cards are

a) hearts b) black

c) aces d) face cards

13) A paper bag contains a mixture of three types of candy. There are ten gum balls, seven candy bars,
and three packages of toffee. Suppose a game is played in which a candy is randomly taken from the bag
and then a second candy is drawn from the bag, without replacement. You are allowed to keep both
candies, if, and only if, the second is the same type as the first.

a) Calculate the probability that you will be able to keep a gum ball on the first try.

b) Calculate the probability that you will be able to keep any candy on the first try.

c) Calculate the probability that you will not be able to keep any candy on the first try.
CHAPTER 4 88
3)
85

SECTION 4.1 `
4)
]
8
1) 𝑃 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑔 = `
86
5
5)
8I
2) 𝑃 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 =
I
88 88
3) 𝑃 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 6)
8I 5`
8
4) 𝑃 𝑜𝑑𝑑 =
5
5 7) 0.7%
5) 𝑃 𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑜𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑛 =
86
7
6) 𝑃 𝑜𝑑𝑑 = 8)a) 𝑛 𝐻 ∩ 𝐶 = 16
]
6
7) 𝑃 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑒 =
86
8) a) 𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑛 = 0.495
b) 𝑃 𝑏𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 0.316
c) 𝑃 𝑏𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛 = 0.572 ] 8J 86
b) i) ii) iii)
5I 5I 5I
d) 𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙 = 0.568

8I 9) a)
9) a) 𝑃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 =
6`
8I
b) 𝑃 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
6`
8
c) 𝑃 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎 3 𝑜𝑟 4 𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙 =
6
8
d) 𝑃 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑠 9 =
J
I 8 8 8J
b) c) d) e)
W 5 6 57
SECTION 4.2

1) a)
8
b)
8
c)
J
d)
I SECTION 4.4
I5 86 I5 86
85 6
2) a) 5 b)
6
c)
5 1) a) b)
8J W
I I
5
3) a)
8
b)
8
c)
5
d)
8
e)
5
f)
8 2)
J
5] I7 5] 5 6 8W
`8 88
4) a)
8
b)
8
c)
8 3) a) b)
5IV ]IV
5 7 7
7` 56
5) a)
8
b)
6 4) a) b)
I] ]6
7 7
8
6) a)
8
b)
5
c)
7 4)
8]
88 88 88
6
7) a) 5)
5W

6) 48%

7 5 5 86
7) a) b) c) d)
8768 8IJ 7]] I6

8) a)
8 I 8
b) c) d)
` ` `
8]
8)
5V

9) 6

SECTION 4.3 b) 49.14% c) 29.77%

1) a) 15 b) 44 c) 19 d) 43 e) 0 f) 9

2) a) 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 0; mutually exclusive
b) 𝑃 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 0.75; not mutually exclusive
c) 𝑃 𝐵 = 0.6; mutually exclusive
9) a) 7) 720
8) 415 800
9) 74 046
10) 1 320
11) 9 189 180
12) a) 3 628 800 b) 725 760
13) 79 833 600
8 8
14) a) b) c) 970 200
8 VVV VVV 8V VVV
b) 42.86%
8
15)
6 `5W WVV
SECTION 4.5
16) 456 976 000
17) 𝑛 = 6
1) 24

2)
8 SECTION 4.7
8`

8 1) a) 56 b) 35 c) 12 d) 120
3)
`7 2) 924
8 8 8
3) 752 538 150
4) a) 240 b) i) ii) iii) 4) 5 586 853 480
7 85 5V
5) 3 003
5) a)
5
b)
8
c)
7
d)
8
e)
65 6) 84
]5J W8 ]5J 7 ]5J 7) 141 120
8 ]J 858 8) a) 126 b) 40 c) 20 d) 1 e) 121 f) 45
6) a) b) c) 8 ]
7 5VV 5VV
9) a) 792 b) c)
]J5 5`7
8
7) a) 12 b) 8
`
10) a) 924 b) 7 c)
865
8) a) 0.614 b) 0.003 c) 0.997
8 5W]
11)
5 IJW J`V
9) a) 0.8455 b) 0.0055 c) 0.9945
88 5 8 88
12) a) b) c) d)
SECTION 4.6 WIV 8] I I5I 8 8VI

J `J 858
13) a) b) c)
6W 8JV 8JV
1) a) 120 b) 60 c) 5 d) 720
2) a) 𝑛 b) 3𝑛
W! 6V! 14) a) 5:6 b) 6:5
3) a) 5! b) c) 15) 4:1
I! 5]!6!
4) a) 3 628 800 b) 362 880 c) 40 320 16) 2:3
5) 120
6) 2 730