Al-Balqa Applied

University

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 Part 4

Economic Load dispatch

in
power systems
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 CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION

 DIFFERENT CONSTRAINTS IN ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH AND DIFFUSIONS.

 OPERATING COST OF THERMAL PLANT.

 ECONOMIC DISPATCH NEGLECTING LOSSES .

 ECONOMIC DISPATCH INCLUDING LOSSES

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INTRODUCTION
 In power generation our main aim is to
generate the required amount of power
with minimum cost and losses.
 Economic load dispatch means that the
generator’s real and reactive power are
allowed to vary within certain limits so as
to meet a particular load demand with
minimum fuel cost
 This allocation of loads are based on
some constraints.
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DIFFERENT CONSTRAINTS IN ECONOMIC
LOAD DISPATCH
▪ Voltage constraints
Vmin ≤ V ≤ Vmax ,
δmin ≤ δ ≤ δmax
▪ Generator constraints
KVA loading of generator should not exceed
Pmin ≤ Pg ≤ Pmax
Qmin ≤ Qg ≤ Qmax
▪ Transmission Line Constraints
Flow of power through transmission line should
be less than its thermal capacity
Current thermal capacity Current loads
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 Basic Gas Turbine

Most common fuel is natural gas . Typical efficiency is around

30 to 35%
550 + 273
Maximum Efficiency = 1 − = 42%
1150 + 273
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 Combined Cycle Power Plant

Efficiencies of up to 60% can be achieved, with even higher values

when the steam is used for heating. Fuel is usually natural gas.
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300 MW combined cycle power plant
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OPERATING COST OF THERMAL PLANT
The factors influencing power generation at minimum cost
are :
1- (efficiency of generators,
2- fuel cost, and
3- transmission losses).
The most efficient generator in the system does not
guarantee minimum cost as it may be located in an area
where fuel cost is high (like Jordan).

If the plant is located far from the load center, transmission

losses may be considerably higher and the plant may be
uneconomical.
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Siemens- Flexible Combined Cycle Power Generation

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 Generator Cost Curves
⚫ Electrical power generation costs are based on the fuel
cost .
⚫ Generator costs are typically represented by different
curves
–fuel-cost curve (relation between fuel input as Btu/h and power output).
–heat-rate curve (relation between fuel cost $/h and power output).
–incremental cost curve (relation between cost of MWh and power output).
⚫ For reference
- 1 Btu (British thermal unit) = 1054 Joule
- 1 MBtu = 1x106 Btu
- 1 MBtu = 0.293 MWh
- 3.41 Mbtu = 1 MWh

fuel input (Btu / hr ) 1

Heat rate (Btu / MWh ) = , fuel efficiency =
Power output (MW ) Heat rate
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 Mathematical Formulation of Costs

Cost
fi ,
$/h

a) Heat rate curve b) Fuel cost curve c)Incremental fuel-cost curve

(based on fuel input Btu/h ) (based on cost/h) (based on cost /MWh)

In all practical cases, the fuel cost curves of generator not smooth
and can be represented as a quadratic function of real power
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 A quadratic function of fuel cost
The curves can usually be adequately approximated
using a quadratic function for the generator the a
quadratic function for fuel cost of generator $/h can be
formulated as:
2
f i ( P ) =  i +  Pgi +  Pgi $/hr (fuel-cost)
gi

Where:
f=Fuel cost function $/hr.
i=number of units
Pg=power generated MW
α, γ , β are constants
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The input to the thermal plant is generally
measured in Btu/h, and the output is measured in
MW. By plotting the derivative of the fuel-cost curve
versus the real power we get the incremental fuel-
cost curve
2
f = + P + P $/hr
i (P )
gi i i gi i gi

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Converting the fuel cost $/h to power produce cost
$/MW.h we get:

f i ( P )
gi
= = i + 2 i Pgi $ / MW .h
Pgi

The incremental fuel-cost curve is a measure of how

costly it will be to produce the next increment of power.

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 Economic dispatch neglecting losses
f1 f2 fng

 It is the simplest economic dispatch problem .

 Assume that the system is only one bus with all
generation and loads connected to it.
 A cost function fi is assumed to be known for each
plant.

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 The problem is to find the real power generation
for each plant such that the objective function
(total production cost) as defined by the equation

n
f total =  i + i Pi + i P 2 $ / hr
i
i =1
Therefore the condition for optimum dispatch is
f total ( P ) f 1 f f
i = = 2 = ........ = n
Pi P P P
1 2 n
or  = 1 = 2 = ...... = n

And  =  + 2 P $ / MW .h
i i i
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 when losses are neglected with no generator
limits, for most economic operation. all
plants must operate at equal incremental
production cost (λ)
 =  i + 2 i Pi
 Production from each plant can be found by
 − i
Pi =
2 i
.
And since losses is neglected the power
demand(PD) =power generated (Pi). For
analytic solution

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 n
 − i
n


i =1
Pi = PD Where Pi = PD = 
i =1 2 i
or
n
 n
i n
 n
i
PD =  −  = PD +  or
i =1 2 i i =1 2 i i =1 2 i i =1 2 i

i
n
PD + 
n
1 n
i i =1 2 i
. = PD +  or = n
i =1 2 i i =1 2 i 1
i =1 2 i
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 an iterative technique
 Starting with a value of (λ) and the process is continued
until ∆Pi is within a specified accuracy.
 Corresponding to this λ ,

is calculated, and the power mismatch is calculated by

Update value of λ by

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Incremental Cost Example
For a two generator system assume
f 1 (Pg 1 ) = 1000 +20Pg 1 + 0.01Pg21 $ / hr
f 2 (Pg 2 ) = 400 +15Pg 2 + 0.03Pg22 $ / hr
Then
1 = 20 + 0.02Pg 1 $/MWh
 2 = 15 + 0.06Pg 2 $/MWh
If Pg1 = 250 MW and Pg2 = 150 MW
Then
 = 20 + 0.02  250 = 25 $/MWh
1

2 = 15 + 0.06  150 = 24 $/MWh

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EXAMPLE 2

f1
f2
f3

b)
Solution

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 MW
 − i
Pi = MW
2 i
MW

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b)

 − i
Pi =
2 i

P
 ( k ) =
1
 2
i

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 n
f total =   i + i Pi + i P 2 $ / hr
i
i =1

ft

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 Economic dispatch neglecting losses and including
generation limits.
For generation restricted between maximum and minimum limits
the power generation for each plant is given by the following
constrain

And the condition become

dfi
= 
d Pi
dfi
dfi  
d Pi
dfi
 
d Pi
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Example:
Find the dispatch and total cost in $/h for the thermal plants
with
f1
f2
f3
When the total load is 975MW with the following limits in MW

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 Solution:
975

975
9.1

Out of limits
 − i
Pi =
2 i

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Or assume the initial value of

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 n
f total =   i + i Pi + i P 2 $ / hr
i
i =1
ft

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 ECONOMIC DISPATCH
INCLUDING LOSSES
 When power is transmitted over long distances
transmission losses are a major factor that affect
the optimum dispatch of generation
 One common practice for including the effect of
transmission losses is to express the total
transmission loss as a quadratic function of the
generator power outputs. The simplest quadratic
form is

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ft

ft fi

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 n
Using the langrange multiplier L = f t +  ( PD + PL − P )
i =1
i

Minimum of this function is fount at the points where the

L
partials of the function to it’s variables are zero = 0 and
Pi
since PD is (power demand) is fixed and not involving fuel cost
function then PD=0 in the assumption:
f t PL
+  (0 + − 1) = 0
Pi Pit f

f t fi
A lso f t = f 1 + f 2 + .... + f n and = then
Pi Pi
f i PL f i  PL 
+ − ) = 0 = + − 1 or
Pi Pi Pi  Pi 
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 −1
f i  PL 
= . − 1
Pi  Pi 
−1
If we note that  PL  1
 − 1  = = Li where i = 1....n
 Pi   PL 
 P − 1
 i 
Where L is penalty factor then:

1
f i Li =
= .Li  PL 
 P − 1
Pi
and
 i 
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 Itration method
Initially assume a λ value. Then find out the generation from
each plant using the equation

Calculate the power mismatch

calculate

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 Update value of λ

Repeat the procedure with new value of λ until the power

mismatch is within the limit

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EXAMPLE
f1
f2
f3

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SOLUTION
We select 100MW base to change P in per unit and the result of P in
pu is multiplied by base to give us actually value is actual value

Out of limits

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If

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ft

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Economic Dispatch - Summary

⚫ Economic dispatch determines the best way to

minimize the current generator operating costs
⚫ The lambda-iteration method is a good approach
for solving the economic dispatch problem
– generator limits are easily handled
– penalty factors are used to consider the impact of losses
⚫ Economic dispatch is not concerned with
determining which units to turn on/off (this is
the unit commitment problem)
⚫ Economic dispatch ignores the transmission
system limitations

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