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1) Traffic congestion refers to the condition of roads and highways when the number of vehicles

exceeds the available road capacity, leading to reduced speeds, increased travel times, and
decreased air quality.
Traffic congestion in Bamenda is a complex issue, and several factors contribute to it such as; poor
road Infrastructure, rapid urbanization, inadequate traffic management, commercial activities, lack
of technical factors , limited road network and poor driver behavior the various factors which have
been stated would be explained below as follows;
Beginning with poor road infrastructure in Bamenda, it is a major culprit, as the city's roads are often
in disrepair which leads to reduced capacity and increased congestion.
Also, rapid urbanization is another factor which plays a significant role, as the growing population
puts a strain on the city's transportation systems which implies that the rapidly the population
grows, the higher the demand for transportation services therefore leading to traffic congestion on
the road.
Additionally, inadequate Traffic Management is also another factor which contributes to traffic
congestion it consists the problem of inefficient traffic signal timing and lack of traffic enforcement
which therefore contributes to traffic congestion.
Moreover, commercial activities is also another factor which contributes to traffic congestion and
poor driver behavior, such as reckless driving, disregard for traffic rules, and lack of courtesy leads to
accidents which causes traffic congestion at the end of the day.

2) Traffic congestion occurs when the demand for road space exceeds the available capacity, leading
to slowed or halted traffic flow. Key characteristics include:

2a) Primary Characteristics:

1. Reduced Speed: Traffic slows down or comes to a standstill.


2. Increased Travel Time: Journeys take longer than expected.
3. Decreased Capacity: Road capacity is reduced due to accidents, roadwork, or events.
4. Queue Formation: Vehicles accumulate, forming queues or lines.
5. Increased Stoppages: Frequent stopping and starting.

2b) Secondary Characteristics:

1. Increased Fuel Consumption: Idling engines waste fuel.


2. Environmental Impact: Air pollution and noise pollution increase.
3. Economic Costs: Lost productivity, delayed deliveries, and increased operational costs.
4. Safety Risks: Increased accident risk due to frustrated drivers.
5. Driver Stress: Congestion causes frustration, anxiety, and stress.

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