numbers, both positive and

negative, without a fractional

part.

• Examples: o, -42, 2024

• Uses:

0
Performing arithmetic
operations (addition,
subtraction, multiplication,
etc.).

o Representing counts, indices,

or any discrete value.

o Used in loops, conditions, and

mathematical calculations.
• Example Code:

Python
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X = 10
y = -5
result= x + y # result is 5

2. float (Floating-point
number)

• Description: Represents real

numbers, including those with
fractional parts . It supports
decimal points and scientific
notation.

• Examples : 3.14, -0.001, 1.2e3

(which equals 1200. o)

• Uses :

0 Performing calculations with

decimal precision, such as
measurements, weights, or
prices .

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• Uses:

o Performing calculations with

decimal precision, such as
measurements, weights, or
prices.

0 Used in scientific and

engineering computations.

• Example Code:

Python LI Copy code

pi= 3.14159
radius= 5.0
area= pi * radius ** 2 #
area is 78 . 53975

3. boo/ (Boolean)

• Description: Represents truth

values . It has two possible
values: True and False.

• Examples: v alse
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3. boo/ (Boolean)

• Description : Represents truth

values. It has two possible
values: True and False .

• Examples : True, False

• Uses:

0 Used in logical operations and

control flow, such as if
statements and loops.

o Results from comparison

operations(==,>,<, etc.) .

o Often used in conjunction with

logical operators (and, or , not).

• Example Code:

Python L) Copy code

is_valid = True
if is _ vali~ ·
prin t ' 55 granted" )
# This p V f is valid is
True.

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• Example Code:

Python LI Copy code

is_valid = True
if is _valid :
print ( ''Access granted'' )
# This prints if is valid is
True.

4. None (NoneType)

• Description : Represents the

absence of a value or a null value.
It is a special singleton object in
Python .

• Examples : None

• Uses:

0 Indicates that a variable has

no value assigned yet.

0 Used as ' Ult argument in

V
functior,

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uses:
o Indicates that a variable has
no value assigned yet .

o used as a default argument in

functions.
o Helps manage optional or
missing data in a program-

Example code:
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python
result= None # Indicates no

result
def yet (value= None ) :
compute
if value is None :
return "NO input

provided"
return value* 2
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float

bool

None

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 Discu ss the role of condi tional
state ment s in pytho n

Role of Conditional
Stat eme nts in Python

Cond itiona l statem ents are a

funda ment al part of progr ammi ng in
Pytho n . They allow progr ams to
make decis ions based on speci fic
condi tions, enabl ing dynam ic and
flexib le behav ior. Cond itiona l
state ment s evalu ate logica l
expre ssion s and execu te differe nt
block s of code based on wheth er the
cond itions are True or False.

Key Roles of Conditional

state men ts

1. Decis ion V J:
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ents

ision Making:

Conditional statements allow

programs to choose between
different paths of execution
based on conditions.

Example:

Python L) Copy code

age = 18
if age >= 18 :
print ( "You are
eligible to vote." )
else :
print ( ''You are not
eligible to vote." )

ntrol Flow:

They determine the program's

flow by executing specific
code blocks while skipping
others, based on logical
expressions.

Examp v
 flow by executing specific
code blocks while skipping
others, based on logical
expressions.
0
Example:

Python
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number = 1 o
if number > 0 :
print ( "Positive
number" )
elif number < 0 :
print ( "Negative
number" )
else :
print ( "Zero" )

3. Error Handling and Validation:

0
Used to verify inputs or
conditions before proceeding
with computations or
operati

0
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value= input ( "Enter a

number: " )
if value . isdigit():
print ( f''Square of
{value} is
{int (value)** 2} '' )
else :
print ( ''Invalid input.
Please enter a number." )

ration and Loop Control:

Conditional statements are

often used within loops to
break, continue, or modify the
loop's execution.
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4. Iteration and Loop Control :

° Conditional statements are

often used within loops to
break, continue, or modify the
loop's execution.

o Example:

Python L) Copy code

for i in range ( 10 ) :
if i % 2 == 0 :
continue # Skip
even numbers
print (i) # Prints
only odd numbers

5. Dynamic Functionality:

0 They allow Python programs

to adapt to user inputs,
system states, or data
conditions.

0 Example:

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continue # Skip
even numbers
print (i) # Prints
only odd numbers

5. Dynamic Functionality:

o They allow Python programs

to adapt to user inputs,
system states, or data
conditions.

o Example:

Python □ Copy code

if temp < O:
return ''Freezing''
elif O <=temp <= 20 :
return "Cold"
elif 20 < temp <= 30 :
return "Warm"
else :
return "Hot"
print (classify_temperatur
e( 25 )) # Output: Warm

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Describe exception handling

in python using try, except,
finally and else blocks . How
does it improve program
reliability

xception Handling in Python

xception handling in Python is a

echanism for detecting and
andling errors or exceptions that
ccur during program execution .
Python uses the constructs try,
except, else, and finally to
manage exceptions gracefully,
allowing the program to recover
from errors without crashing.

Key Components of Exception

Handling

1 . try Block

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Key Components of Exception

Handling

1. try Block:

° Contains the code that might

raise an exception.

0 If no exception occurs, the

try block executes normally.

0 If an exception occurs, the

execution jumps to the
corresponding except block.

Example:

Python LI Copy code

try :
x = int ( input ( ''Enter a
number: " ))

2. except Block:

o Defines how to handle

specific exceptions.

o Can ha · 'le or more

V
except. es, or use a
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 Python L) Copy code

try :
X = 1 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print ( ''Division by
zero is not allowed.")

3. else Block (Optional):

o Executes code if no exception

occurs in the try block.

o Useful for running code that

should only execute when the
try block is successful.
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3. else Block (Optional):

0 Executes code if no exception

occurs in the try block.

0 Useful for running code that

should only execute when the
try block is successful.

o Example:

Python L) Copy code

try :
x = int ( input ( ''Enter
a number : " ))
except ValueError:
print ( "Invalid input.
Please enter a number . " )
else :
print ( f''You entered :
{ x} " )

4. finally Block (Optional):

0 Executes code regardless of

whether an exception occurs
or not.

0 Often u~- -' for cleanup tasks

like clc v es or releasing
resource _

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4. finally Block (Optional):

0 Executes code regardless of

whether an exception occurs
or not.

0 Often used for cleanup tasks

like closing files or releasing
resources .

o Example:

Python Ll Copy code

try :
file=
open ( ''data.txt'' , ''r'' )
data= file.read()
e xcept FileNotFoundError :
print ( "File not
found . " )
finally :
file.close() #
Ensures the file is
always closed

How Excep v Jandling

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How Exception Handling

Improves Program Reliability

1. Prevents Crashes :

0 Without exception handling,

an error causes the program
to terminate abruptly.
Exception handling allows the
program to recover gracefully.

2. Improves Debugging :

0 Exceptions provide detailed

error messages and stack
traces, making it easier to
identify and fix issues .

3. Ensures Resource Cleanup :

o The finally block ensures

that resou rces like files or
database connections are
released properly, preventing
resource leaks.

4. Handles r v cted Scenarios :

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