LEGB Rule

Ex: 1
def outer(): 10
a=10 #local
print(a)
outer()

Ex: 2
a=10 is local variable which cannot be accessed outside of the function
and will result in error as given below.
def outer(): NameError: name 'a' is not defined
a=10
print(a)
outer()
print(a)

Ex: 3
def outer(): 10
a=10 #local 100
print(a)
a=100 #global
outer()
print(a)

Ex: 4
def outer(): 100
print(a) #return global value 100
a=100 #global
outer()
print(a)

Ex: 5
def outer(): 10
a=10 #nonlocal 20
print(a) 10
def inner(): 100
a=20 #local
print(a)
inner()
print(a)
a=100 #global
outer()
print(a)

Ex:6

def outer(): 10
a=10 10
print(a) 10
def inner(): 100
print(a)
inner()
print(a)
a=100
outer()
print(a)

Ex:7

def outer(): 100

print(a) 100
def inner(): 100
print(a) 100
 inner()
print(a)
a=100 #global
outer()
print(a)

Ex: 8 Accessing builtin value of pi

from math import pi 3.141592653589793
def outer(): 3.141592653589793
print(pi) 3.141592653589793
def inner(): 3.141592653589793
print(pi)
inner()
print(pi)
outer()
print(pi)

Ex: 9

from math import pi 100

def outer(): 200
pi=100 100
print(pi) 200
def inner():
global pi
print(pi)
inner()
print(pi)
pi=200
outer()
print(pi)

Ex: 10

def outer(): 20
a=20 50
print(a) #20 20
def inner(): 50
global a
a=50
print(a) #50
inner()
 print(a) #20
a=100
outer()
print(a) #50

Ex: 11

def outer(): 20
a=20 50
print(a) #20 50
def inner(): 100
nonlocal a
a=50
print(a) #50
inner()
print(a) #50 because of nonlocal
a=100
outer()
print(a) #100

Flow of control

Ex: 12

def sum(): sum is 30

a,b=10,20 sub is -100
return a+b
def sub():
a,b=100,200
return a-b
s=sum()
m=sub()
print("sum is ", s)
print("sub is ", m)

Ex: 13

def sub(): sum is -100

a,b=100,200
 return a-b
def sum():
return sub()
s=sum()
print("sum is ", s)

Immutable and Mutable Arguments

Ex:14 Immutable Arguments

a=10 10
print(a) 140706674972720
print(id(a)) 30
a+=20 140706674973360
print(a)
print(id(a))

Ex:15 Mutable Arguments

a=[11,22,33,44] [11, 22, 33, 44]

print(a) 1565382159104
print(id(a)) [200, 22, 33, 44]
a[0]=200 1565382159104
print(a)
print(id(a))

Concept of immutable arguments (integer)using Functions

Ex: 16

def display(a): 100

a+=20 Address is 140706674975600
print(a) 120
print("address is ",id(a)) address is 140706674976240
a=100 100
print(a) Address 140706674975600
print("Address is ",id(a))
display(a)
print(a)
print("Address ", id(a))

Ex: 17 Declaring variable a as global

def display(): 100
global a Address is 140706674975600
a+=20 120
print(a) address is 140706674976240
print("address is ",id(a)) 120
a=100 Address 140706674976240
print(a)
print("Address is ",id(a))
display()
print(a)
print("Address ", id(a))

Concept of mutable arguments (integer) using Functions

Ex: 18

def display(a): [11, 22, 33, 44]

a[0]=500 Address is 1565381724608
print(a) [500, 22, 33, 44]
print("address is ",id(a)) address is 1565381724608
a=[11,22,33,44] [500, 22, 33, 44]
print(a) Address 1565381724608
print("Address is ",id(a))
display(a)
print(a)
print("Address ", id(a))

Concept of mutable arguments using Dictionary data type

Ex: 19
def display(a): {'Name': 'Ram', 'marks': 98,
a['marks']=90 'class': 'XII'}
print(a) Address is 1565381726400
print("address is ",id(a)) {'Name': 'Ram', 'marks': 90,
a={'Name':'Ram','marks':98,'class':'XII'} 'class': 'XII'}
print(a) address is 1565381726400
print("Address is ",id(a)) {'Name': 'Ram', 'marks': 90,
display(a) 'class': 'XII'}
print(a) Address 1565381726400
print("Address ", id(a))
Mean
 Definition: The mean is the average of all the numbers in a dataset.
 Calculation: Sum up all the numbers and then divide by the count of
numbers.
 Usage in statistics module: statistics.mean(data)
import statistics

data = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

mean_value = statistics.mean(data)
print(mean_value) # Output: 30

Mode
 Definition: The mode is the number that appears most frequently in
a dataset.
 Usage in statistics module: statistics.mode(data)
import statistics

data = [10, 20, 20, 30, 40]

mode_value = statistics.mode(data)
print(mode_value) # Output: 20

Median
 Definition: The median is the middle value of a dataset when it is
ordered in ascending or descending order. If there is an even
number of observations, the median is the average of the two middle
numbers.
 Usage in statistics module: statistics.median(data)

import statistics

data = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

median_value = statistics.median(data)
print(median_value) # Output: 30

 Explanation: The ordered list [10, 20, 30, 40, 50] has 30 as the middle
value.

For an even number of observations:

import statistics
data = [10, 20, 30, 40]
median_value = statistics.median(data)
print(median_value) # Output: 25
Explanation: The ordered list [10, 20, 30, 40] has the middle values 20
and 30. The median is the average of these two, (20 + 30) / 2 = 25.

Questions

1. Consider the code given below:

b=100
def test(a):
__________ # missing statement
b=b+a
print(a,b)
test(10)
print(b)

Which of the following statements should be given in the blank for

#Missing Statement, if the output produced is 110?

a. global a
b. global b=100
c. global b
d. global a=100

2. The place where a variable can be used is called its

a. area
b. block
c. function
d. Scope

3. What is the output of the following segment?

chr(ord(‘A’))

a. A
b. B
 c. a
d. Error

4. Assertion(A): Python Standard Library consists of various modules.

Reasoning(R): A function in a module is used to simplify the code and
avoids repetition.

Ans: Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation for A

5. Write a function countNow(PLACES) in Python, that takes the

dictionary, PLACES as an argument and displays the names (in
uppercase)of the places whose names are longer than 5 characters.
For example, consider the following dictionary.
PLACES= {1:"Delhi",2:"London",3:"Paris",4:"New York",5:"Doha"}
The output should be: LONDON NEW YORK

PLACES= {1:"Delhi", 2:"London", 3:"Paris", 4:"New York", 5:"Doha"}

def countNow(PLACES):
for p in PLACES.values():
if len(p)>5:
print(p.upper(),end=" ")
countNow(PLACES)

Output:
LONDON NEW YORK

6. Write a function, lenWords(STRING), that takes a string as an

argument and returns a tuple containing length of each word of a
string. For example, if the string is "Come let us have some fun", the
tuple will have (4, 3, 2, 4, 4, 3)

def lenWords(STRING):
T=()
L=STRING.split()
for word in L:
print(word)
length=len(word)
T=T+ (length,)
return T
st="Come let us have some fun"
result=lenWords(st)
 print("Length of each word of a string\n",result)

Output:
Come
let
us
have
some
fun
Length of each word of a string
(4, 3, 2, 4, 4, 3)

7. Write the Python statement for each of the following tasks using
BUILT-IN functions/methods only:
(i) To insert an element 200 at the third position, in the list L1.

L1 = [10, 20, 30, 40]

L1.insert(2, 200)
print(L1)

Output:
[10, 20, 200, 30, 40]

(ii) To check whether a string named, message ends with a full stop /
period or not.

message = "This is a first message."

print(message.endswith('.')) # Output: True

message = "This is second message"

print(message.endswith('.')) # Output: False

8. A list named student Age stores age of students of a class. Write the
Python command to import the required module and (using built-in
function) to display the most common age value from the given list.

import statistics

print( statistics.mode(studentAge) )