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R1 Transistors

R1 transistor for electronics engeneering

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divyanshsengar5
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10 views19 pages

R1 Transistors

R1 transistor for electronics engeneering

Uploaded by

divyanshsengar5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Outlines

• Definition of Transistor
• Need of Transistor
• Operation of PNP & NPN Transistor
• Learning Outcomes
• References
Course Objective

➢To make students familiar with BJT.


Transistors

➢ After having a good knowledge on the working of the diode, which is a


single PN junction, let us try to connect two PN junctions which make a
new component called Transistor.

➢ A Transistor is a three terminal semiconductor device that regulates


current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for signals
Why Do We Need Transistors?

➢ Suppose that you have a FM receiver which grabs the signal you want.

➢ The received signal will obviously be weak due to the disturbances it


would face during its journey.

➢ Now if this signal is read as it is, you cannot get a fair output. Hence we
need to amplify the signal.

➢ Amplification means increasing the signal strength.


Why Do We Need Transistors?

• Amplification is needed wherever the signal strength has to be


increased.

• This is done by a transistor. A transistor also acts as a switch to


choose between available options.

• It also regulates the incoming current and voltage of the signals.


Constructional Details of a Transistor

➢ The Transistor is a three terminal solid state device which is formed


by connecting two diodes back to back.

➢ Hence it has got two PN junctions.

➢ Three terminals are drawn out of the three semiconductor materials


present in it.

➢ This type of connection offers two types of transistors.

➢ They are PNP and NPN which means an N-type material between
two P types and the other is a P-type material between two N-types
respectively.
Constructional Details of a Transistor

➢ The three terminals drawn from the transistor indicate Emitter, Base
and Collector terminals. They have their functionality as discussed
below.

➢ Emitter

➢ The left hand side of the above shown structure can be understood
as Emitter.

➢ This has a moderate size and is heavily doped as its main function is
to supply a number of majority carriers, i.e. either electrons or holes.

➢ As this emits electrons, it is called as an Emitter.

➢ This is simply indicated with the letter E.


Constructional Details of a Transistor

➢ Base

➢ The middle material in the above figure is the Base.

➢ This is thin and lightly doped.

➢ Its main function is to pass the majority carriers from the emitter to
the collector.

➢ This is indicated by the letter B.


Constructional Details of a Transistor

➢ Collector

➢ The right side material in the above figure can be understood as


a Collector.

➢ Its name implies its function of collecting the carriers.

➢ This is a bit larger in size than emitter and base. It is moderately


doped.

➢ This is indicated by the letter C.


Constructional Details of a Transistor
Symbol details
➢ The arrow-head in the above figures indicated the emitter of a
transistor. As the collector of a transistor has to dissipate much greater
power, it is made large.

➢ Due to the specific functions of emitter and collector, they are not
interchangeable. Hence the terminals are always to be kept in mind
while using a transistor.

➢ In a Practical transistor, there is a notch present near the emitter lead


for identification.

➢ The PNP and NPN transistors can be differentiated using a


Multimeter. The following figure shows how different practical
transistors look like.
Operation PNP Transistor
Advantages

➢ There are many advantages of a transistor such as −

➢ High voltage gain.

➢ Lower supply voltage is sufficient.

➢ Most suitable for low power applications.

➢ Smaller and lighter in weight.

➢ Mechanically stronger than vacuum tubes.

➢ No external heating required like vacuum tubes.

➢ Very suitable to integrate with resistors and diodes to produce ICs.


Disadvantages

➢ they cannot be used for high power applications due to lower power
dissipation.

➢ They have lower input impedance and they are temperature


dependent.
Learning Outcomes
➢ Students will be familiar with BJT.
References

T1. Boylestad & Nashelsky, “Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory”,


PHI.
T2. Thomas L. Floyd, “Electronic Devices” Prentice Hall.
T3. Malvino, L., “Electronic principles”, Tata McGraw Hill.
T4. Graham Bell, “Electronic Devices and Circuits”, PHI.
T5. Sedra and Smith, “Microelectronics circuits”, Oxford University
Press.

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