IoT Assignment 2

Date: 16/03/2024
Class: TE COMP Last Date for Checking: 23/03/2024
1. Describe various things and their categorization or classification.
Things: Sensors and Actuators Layer

Most IoT networks start from the object, or “thing,” that needs to be connected. Things can
be classified as below.
 Battery-powered or power-connected:
This classification is based on whether the object carries its own energy supply or
receives continuous power from an external power source. Battery-powered things can
be moved more easily than line-powered objects. However, batteries limit the lifetime
and amount of energy that the object is allowed to consume, thus driving transmission
range and frequency.
 Mobile or static:
This classification is based on whether the “thing” should move or always stay at the
same location. A sensor may be mobile because it is moved from one object to another
(for example, a viscosity sensor moved from batch to batch in a chemical plant) or because
it is attached to a moving object (for example, a location sensor on moving goods in a
warehouse or factory floor). The frequency of the movement may also vary, from
occasional to permanent. The range of mobility (from a few inches to miles away) often
drives the possible power source.
 Low or high reporting frequency:
This classification is based on how often the object should report monitored
parameters. A rust sensor may report values once a month. A motion sensor may report
acceleration several hundred times per second. Higher frequencies drive higher energy
consumption, which may create constraints on the possible power source (and therefore
the object mobility) and the transmission range.
 Simple or rich data:
This classification is based on the quantity of data exchanged at each report cycle. A
humidity sensor in a field may report a simple daily index value (on a binary scale from 0
to 255), while an engine sensor may report hundreds of parameters, from temperature
to pressure, gas velocity, compression speed, carbon index, and many others. Richer data
typically drives higher power consumption. This classification is often combined with the
previous to determine the object data throughput (low throughput to high throughput).
You may want to keep in mind that throughput is a combined metric. A medium
throughput object may send simple data at rather high frequency (in which case the flow
structure looks continuous), or may send rich data at rather low frequency (in which case
the flow structure looks bursty).
 Report range:
This classification is based on the distance at which the gateway is located. For
example, for your fitness band to communicate with your phone, it needs to be located a
few meters away at most. The assumption is that your phone needs to be at visual
distance for you to consult the reported data on the phone screen. If the phone is far
 away, you typically do not use it, and reporting data from the band to the phone is not
necessary. By contrast, a moisture sensor in the asphalt of a road may need to
communicate with its reader several hundred meters or even kilometers away.
 Object density per cell:
This classification is based on the number of smart objects (with a similar need to
communicate) over a given area, connected to the same gateway. An oil pipeline may
utilize a single sensor at key locations every few miles. By contrast, telescopes like the SETI
Colossus telescope at the Whipple Observatory deploy hundreds, and sometimes
thousands, of mirrors over a small area, each with multiple gyroscopes, gravity, and
vibration sensors.

2. Describe various communication topologies.

Communication topologies:

 Some technologies offer flexible connectivity structure to extend communication

possibilities.
1. Point-to-point topologies:

 These topologies allow one point to communicate with another point.

 several technologies are referred to as “point-to-point” when each object establishes an
individual session with the gateway
2. Point-to-multipoint topologies:
These topologies allow one point to communicate with more than one other point.

 Most IoT technologies where one or more than one gateways communicate with
multiple smart objects are in this category.
 To form a network, a device needs to connect with another device.
 When both devices fully implement the protocol stack functions,
o They can form a peer-to peer network.
 The sensor which can implement a subset of protocol functions to perform just a
specialized part (communication with the coordinator). Such a device is called a
reduced-function device (RFD).
o An RFD cannot be a coordinator. An RFD also cannot implement direct
communications to another RFD.
 The coordinator that implements the full network functions is called, by contrast, a full-
function device (FFD).
o An FFD can communicate directly with another FFD or with more than one FFD,
forming multiple peer-to-peer connections.
 Topologies where each FFD has a unique path to another FFD are called cluster tree
topologies. FFDs in the cluster tree may have RFDs, resulting in a cluster star topology.
 Figure below illustrates these topologies.
 Other point-to-multipoint technologies allow a node to have more than one path to
another node, forming a mesh topology
  Nodes A and D are too far apart to communicate directly. In this case,
communication can be relayed through nodes B or C. Node B may be used as the
primary relay

3. Write a note on analytics application and control application.

Analytics versus Control Applications
Multiple applications can help increase the efficiency of an IoT network. Each application
collects data and provides a range of functions based on analysing the collected data. It can
be difficult to compare the features offered. From an architectural standpoint, one basic
classification can be as follows:
Analytics application:

 This type of application collects data from multiple smart objects, processes the
collected data, and displays information resulting from the data that was processed.
 The display can be about any aspect of the IoT network, from historical reports,
statistics, or trends to individual system states.
  The important aspect is that the application processes the data to convey a view of
the network that cannot be obtained from solely looking at the information displayed
by a single smart object.
Control application:

 This type of application controls the behaviour of the smart object or the behaviour
of an object related to the smart object. For example, a pressure sensor may be
connected to a pump.
 A control application increases the pump speed when the connected sensor detects a
drop in pressure.
 Control applications are very useful for controlling complex aspects of an IoT network
with a logic that cannot be programmed inside a single IoT object, either because the
configured changes are too complex to fit into the local system or because the
configured changes rely on parameters that include elements outside the IoT object.
 An example of control system architecture is SCADA. SCADA was developed as a
universal method to access remote systems and send instructions. One example
where SCADA is widely used is in the control and monitoring of remote terminal units
(RTUs) on the electrical distribution grid.
Many advanced IoT applications include both analytics and control modules. In most
cases, data is collected from the smart objects and processed in the analytics module. The
result of this processing may be used to modify the behavior of smart objects or systems
related to the smart objects. The control module is used to convey the instructions for
behavioral changes. When evaluating an IoT data and analytics application, you need to
determine the relative depth of the control part needed for your use case and match it
against the type of analytics provided.

4. Explain following domain specific IoTs

a. Wearable electronics for health and lifestyle
A wearable device detects the user's biological signals such as body temperature,
movement, heartbeat, and humidity level, transmits the information to the mobile phone,
and sends the information to an emergency center/family/clinician through cloud computing
or wireless communication systems.
Wearable technology is any technology that is designed to be used while worn.
Common types of wearable technology include smartwatches and smartglasses. Wearable
electronic devices are often close to or on the surface of the skin, where they detect, analyze,
and transmit information such as vital signs, and/or ambient data and which allow in some
cases immediate biofeedback to the wearer.
Wearables are popular in consumer electronics, most commonly in the form factors
of smartwatches, smart rings, and implants.

Wearable technology and health

Wearable technology is often used to monitor a user's health. Given that such a device is in
close contact with the user, it can easily collect data.
Wearables can be used to collect data on a user's health including:

 Heart rate
 Calories burned
 Steps walked
 Blood pressure
 Release of certain biochemicals
 Time spent exercising
 Seizures
 physical strain
These functions are often bundled together in a single unit, like an activity tracker or a
smartwatch. Devices like these are used for physical training and monitoring overall physical
health, as well as alerting to serious medical conditions.
Applications
Currently other applications within healthcare are being explored, such as:

 Applications for monitoring of glucose, alcohol, and lactate or blood oxygen, breath
monitoring, heartbeat, heart rate etc
 Forecasting changes in mood, stress, and health
 Measuring blood alcohol content
 Measuring athletic performance
 Monitoring how sick the user is
 Detecting early signs of infection
 Sleep tracking
 Cortisol monitoring for measuring stress

5. What is CoAP and MQTT. Compare these protocols.

1. Constrained Application Protocol (COAP): The constrained application protocol is a client

server-based protocol. With this protocol, the COAP packet can be shared between
different client nodes which are commanded by the COAP server. The server is responsible
to share the information depending on its logic but has not acknowledged it. This is used
with the applications which support the state transfer model.
2. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT): The message query telemetry transport
protocol is a communication-based protocol that is used for IoT devices. This protocol is
based on the publish-subscribe methodology in which clients receive the information
through a broker only to the subscribed topic. A broker is a mediator who categorizes
messages into labels before being delivered.
Difference between COAP and MQTT protocols:

Basis of COAP MQTT

Abbreviation Constrained Application Protocol Message Queuing Telemetry
Transport
Communication It uses Request-Response model. It uses Publish-Subscribe model
Type
Messaging Mode This uses both Asynchronous and This uses only Asynchronous
Synchronous.
Transport layer This mainly uses User Datagram This mainly uses Transmission
protocol protocol(UDP) Control protocol(TCP)
Header size It has 4 bytes sized header It has 2 bytes sized header
RESTful based Yes it uses REST principles No it does not uses REST
principles
Persistence support It does not has such support It supports and best used for
live data communication
Message Labelling It provides by adding labels to the It has no such feature.
messages.
Usability/Security It is used in Utility area networks It is used in IoT applications and
and has secured mechanism. is secure
Effectiveness Effectiveness in LNN is excellent. Effectiveness in LNN is low.
Communication Communication model is one- Communication model is many-
Model one. many.