Functions

24 FUNCTIONS

DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION
 Function is a rule (or correspondence) from a non empty set A to a non empty set B that associates
each member of A to a unique member of B. Symbolically, we write f: A  B. We read it as
"f is a function from A to B".

For example, let A  {–1, 0, 1} and B  {0, 1, 2}.

Then A × B  {(–1, 0), (–1, 1), (–1, 2), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2)}

Now, “ f : A  B defined by f(x) = x2 “ is a function such that f  {(–1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1)}

f can also be shown diagramatically by following mapping.

A B

Note :

Every function say y = f(x) : A  B. Here x is independent variable which takes its values from
A while 'y' takes its value from B. A relation will be a function if and only if

(i) x must be able to take each and every value of A and

(ii) one value of x must be related to one and only one value of y in set B.

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 Graphically : If any vertical line cuts the graph at more than one point, then the graph does
not represent a function

Example 1. (i) Which of the following correspondences can be called a function ?

(A) f(x) = x3 ; {-1, 0, 1}  {0, 1, 2, 3}

(B) f(x) =  x ; {0, 1, 4}  {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
(C) f(x) = x ; {0, 1, 4}  {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
(D) f(x) =  x ; {0, 1, 4}  {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
(ii) Which of the following pictorial diagrams represent the function

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

Solution: (i) f(x) in (C) and (D) are functions as definition of function is satisfied. while in case
of (A) the given relation is not a function, as f(-1)  codomain. Hence definition
of function is not satisfied and in case of (B), the given relation is not a function,
as f(1) = ± 1 and f(4) = ± 2 i.e. element 1 as well as 4 in 1st set is related with
two elements of 2nd set.Hence definition of function is not satisfied.
(ii) B and D. In (A) one element of domain has no image, while in (C) one element
of 1st set has two images in 2nd set

DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION

If f: A  B, then the set A is known as the domain of f and the set B is known as co-
domain of f.

If x1 is mapped to y1, then y1 is called as image of x1 under f. Further x1 is a pre-image of y1 under f.

If only expression of f (x) is given (domain and co-domain are not mentioned), then domain is complete

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set of those values of x for which f (x) is real, while codomain is considered to be   ,   (except
in inverse trigonometric functions).
Range is the complete set of values that y takes. Clearly range is a subset of Co-domain.
A function whose domain and range are both subsets of real numbers is called a real function.
Example 2. Find the domain of following functions :

(i) f  x   x2  5
3

(ii) sin x  x 
Solution: (i) f  x   x 2  5 is real iff x2  5  0

 x  5  x   5 or x  5


 the domain of f is ,  5    5,  
3
(ii) x  x  R  domain is x  R

 ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS

If f and g are real valued functions of x with domain set A and B respectively, then both f and g
are defined in A  B . Now we define (f + g), (f - g), (f . g) and (f / g) as follows :

(i)  f ± g  x  = f  x  ± g  x  

 - domain in each case is A  B
(ii)  f.g  x  = f  x  .g  x  


f f  x
(iii)  g   x   g x domain is {x| x  A  B such that g  x   0}.
   

Note:
g x 
 For domain of h  x  = f  x  , conventionally, the conditions are f(x) > 0 and g(x) must be real.

f x
Cg x  or   x     Pg x  conventional conditions of domain are f(x)  g(x)
f x
 For domain of   x  
and f(x)  N and g(x)  W..

3
Example 3. Find the domain of function f  x  
2

log x3  x 
4x
Solution: Domain of 4  x 2  0 for x  2 
4  x2 is  2, 2 but x   2, 2 
 
log x 3  x is defined for x3  x  0 i.e x  x  1 x  1  0 .

3
 
domain of log x  x is  1, 0   1,   .
Hence the domain of the given function is  1, 0  1,    2, 2   1, 0  1, 2 .

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 Methods of determining range:
(i) Representing x in terms of y:
If y = f(x), try to express as x = g(y), then domain of g(y) represents possible values of y, which
is range of f(x).
(ii) Graphical Method:
The set of y-coordinates of the graph of a function is the range.

x2  x  1
Example 4. Find the range of f  x  
x2  x  1

x2  x  1
Solution: f x  { x 2  x  1 and x 2  x  1 have no common factor}
x2  x  1

x2  x  1
y
x2  x  1
 yx 2  yx  y  x 2  x  1
  y  1 x 2   y  1 x  y  1  0
If y = 1, then the above equation reduces to -2 = 0. Which is not true.
Further if y  1 , then  y  1 x 2   y  1 x  y  1  0 is a quadratic and has real roots
2
if  y  1  4  y  1  y  1  0

i.e. if y  3 / 5 or y  1 but y  1

Thus the range is   ,  3 / 5  1,  

x2  4
Example 5. Find the range of f  x  
x2

Solution:

x2  4
f  x   x  2; x  2
x2
 graph of f(x) would be
Thus the range of f(x) is R - {4}
Further if f(x) happens to be continuous in its domain then range of f(x) is [min f(x), max.
f(x)]. However for sectionally continuous functions, range will be union of [min f(x), max.
f(x)] over all those intervals where f(x) is continuous, as shown by following example.
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 Let us consider the graph of function y = f(x) is

Then range of above sectionally continuous function is [y1, y 3 ]  [y 7 , y 6 )  (y 4 , y 5 ]

(iii) Using monotonocity : Many of the functions are monotonic increasing or monotonic
decreasing. In case of monotonic continuous functions the minimum and maximum values
lie at end points of domain. Some of the common function which are increasing or decreasing
in the interval where they are continuous is as under.

Monotonic increasing Monotonic decreasing

loga x, a  1 log a x, 0  a  1
ex e x
sin1 x cos1 x
tan1 x cot 1 x
sec 1 x cos ec 1x

For monotonic increasing functions in [a, b]

(i) f'  x   0 (ii) range is [f(a), f(b)]
for monotonic decreasing functions in [a, b]
(i) f'  x   0 (ii) range is [f(b), f(a)]

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Example 6. Find the range of function y = ln(2x–x2)

Solution: Step - 1 We have 2x  x 2  (  ,1]
2
Step - 2 Let t  2x  x
For ln (t) to be defined, accepted values are (0, 1]
Now, using monotonocity of ln (t)

 2

ln 2x  x  (  ,0]
 range is (  ,0] Ans.
Domains and ranges of some standard functions are given below:
f(x) Domain (Df) Range (Rf)

ax  b, a  0 R R

x2 R [0, )

1
R – {0} R – {0}
x
1
x2 R – {0} (0,  )

a2  x 2 ,a  0 [–a, a] [0,a]

x 2  a2 ,a  0 ( , a]  [a,  ) [0, )

1 1 
,a  0
2 2 (–a, a)  a , 
a x  
1
,a  0 (, a)  (a, ) (0,  )
x 2  a2
(Greatest integer Z (Set of
function) [x] R integers)
(Fractional part
function) x – [x] R [0,1)
(Modulus
| x | x 2
function) R [0, )
ax, a > 0 R (0, ) if a  1 ;
[1], if a = 1

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ex R (0, )
log a x, a  0, a  1 (0, ) R
logex (0, ) R
sinx R [–1, 1]
cosx R [–1, 1]
  
tanx R  (2n  1) ,n  I R
 2 
cotx R  {n,n  I} R
  
sec x R  (2n  1) ,n  I ( , 1] [1, )
 2 
cosec x R  n,n  I ( , 1] [1, )
  
sin–1x [–1, 1]  2 , 2 
 
cos–1x [–1, 1] [0, ]
  
tan–1x R  2, 2 
 
cot–1x R (0, π)
 
sec–1x ( ,1]  [1, ) [0, ] –  
2
  
cosec–1x ( ,1]  [1, )   2 , 2  – {0}
 

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
Functions can be classified as one  one function (injective mapping); many  one function;
Onto- function (subjective mapping) and into-function.

 ONE- ONE FUNCTION

A function f : A  B is said to be a one-one function or injective mapping if different elements
of A have different f images in B.
Thus for x1, x2  A and f(x1), f(x2)  B, f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 or x1  x2  f(x1)  f(x2).
Diagrammatically an injective mapping can be shown as

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 MANY - ONE FUNCTION

A function f : A  B is said to be a many one function if there exist at least two or more elements of
A having the same f image in B.
Thus f : A  B is many one iff there exist atleast two elements x1, x2  A, such that f(x1) = f(x2) but
x1 x2.
Diagrammatically a many one mapping can be shown as

Note : If a function is oneone, it cannot be manyone and vice versa.

METHODS OF DETERMINING WHETHER A GIVEN FUNCTION IS ONE -

ONE OR MANY - ONE
(a) If x1, x2  A and f(x1), f(x2)  B, equate f(x1) and f(x2) and if it implies that x1 = x2 or
x1  x 2  f(x 1 )  f(x 2 ) then and only then function is one-one otherwise many-one.
(b) If there exists a straight line parallel to x-axis, which cuts the graph of the function atleast
at two points, then the function is many-one, otherwise one-one.
(c) If either f(x)  0,  x  domain or f(x)  0  x  domain, where equality can hold at
discrete point(s) only i.e. strictly monotonic, then function isone-one, otherwise many-one.

Note : If f and g both are one-one, then gof and fog would also be one-one (if they exist).
Functions can also be classified as “Onto function (Surjective mapping)” and “Into
function”.
 ONTO FUNCTION
If the function f : A  B is such that each element in B (codomain) must have atleast one pre
image in A, then we say that f is a function of A ‘onto’ B. Thus f : A  B is surjective iff  b  B, there
exists some a  A such that f (a) = b.
Diagrammatically surjective mapping can be shown as

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 INTO FUNCTION
If f : A  B is such that there exists atleast one element in codomain which is not the image of any
element in domain, then f(x) is into.
Diagrammatically into function can be shown as

Note : (i) If range  codomain, then f(x) is onto, otherwise into

(ii) If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice versa.

i.e., a function can be one of these four types:

(a) oneone onto (injective and surjective)

(b) oneone into (injective but not surjective)

(c) manyone onto (surjective but not injective)

(d) manyone into (neither surjective nor injective)

Note:
 If f is both injective and surjective, then it is called a bijective mapping. The bijective functions
are also named as invertible, non singular or biuniform functions.
 If a set A contains ‘n’ distinct elements, then the number of different functions defined from
A  A is nn and out of which n! are one one.
 If f and g both are onto, then gof or fog may or may not be onto.
 The composite of two bijections is a bijection iff f and g are two bijections such that gof is
defined, then gof is also a bijection only when co-domain of f is equal to the domain of g.
Example 7. (i) Find whether f(x) = x + cos x is one-one.
(ii) Identify whether the function f(x) =  x   3x 2  2x  4 for f : R  R is ONTO or INTO
(iii) f(x) = x2 – 2x; [0, 3]  A. Find whether f(x) is injective or not. Also find the set A, if
f(x) is surjective.

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Solution: (i) The domain of f(x) is R. f (x) = 1  sin x.

 f (x)  0  x  complete domain and equality holds at discrete points only
 f(x) is strictly increasing on R. Hence f(x) is one-one.
(ii) As range  codomain, therefore given function is ONTO
(iii) f(x) = 2(x – 1); 0  x  3

  v e; 0  x  1
 f '( x )  
  v e; 1  x  3
 f(x) is non monotonic. Hence it is not injective.
For f(x) to be surjective, A should be equal to its range. By graph range is [–1, 3]
 A  [–1, 3]
EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTIONS
Two functions f and g are said to be identical (or equal) iff :
(i) The domain of f  the domain of g.
(ii) f(x) = g(x), for every x belonging to their common domain.

1 x
e.g. f(x)  and g  x   2 are identical functions. Clearly the graphs of f(x) and g(x) are exactly
x x
same

x2
But f(x) = x and g  x   are not identical functions.
x
Clearly the graphs of f(x) and g(x) are different at x = 0.

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Example 8. Examine whether following pair of functions are identical or not ?

x2  1
(i) f x  and gx  x  1
x 1

(ii) f  x   sin2 x  cos2 x and g  x   sec 2 x  tan2 x

Solution: (i) No, as domain of f(x) is R – {1}
while domain of g(x) is R
(ii) No, as domain are not same. Domain of f(x) is R

  
while that of g(x) is R   2n  1 ; n  I
 2 

INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
Let y = f(x) : A  B be a one-one and onto function. i.e. bijection, then there will always exist bijective
function x = g(y) : B  A such that if (p , q) is an element of f, (q, p) will be an element of g and the
functions f(x) and g(x) are said to be inverse of each other. g(x) is also denoted by f -1(x) and f (x) is
denoted by g-1(x)

Note : (i) The inverse of a bijection is unique.

(ii) Inverse of an even function is not defined.

Properties of Inverse Function:

(a) The graphs of f and g are the mirror images of each other in the line y = x. For exmaple f(x) = ax and
g(x) = logax are inverse of each other, and their graphs are mirror images of each other on the line
y = x as show below.

(b) Normally points of intersection of f and f-1 lie on the straight line y = x. However it must be noted
that f(x) and f-1 may intersect otherwise also. e.g. f (x) = 1/x.
(c) In general fog(x) and gof(x) are not equal. But if f and g are inverse of each other, then gof = fog.
fog(x) and gof(x) can be equal even if f and g are not inverse of each other.

e.g. f(x) = x + 1, g(x) = x + 2. However if fog(x) = gof(x) = x+3, then g(x)  f 1 (x) .

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(d) If f and g are two bijections f : A  B, g : B  C, then the inverse of gof exists and (gof)1  f 1o g1 .
1
(e) If f(x) and g(x) are inverse function of each other, then f '[g(x)]  .
g'(x)

2x  3
Example 9. (i) Determine whether f(x)  for f : R  R in invertible or not? if so find it.
4
(ii) Let f(x) = x2  2x,x  1, y = x .Draw f-1(x) and find the number of solution of the equation
f(x)  f 1(x) .
(iii) If y = f(x) = x 2  3x  2, x  2 . Find the value of g' (2) where g is inverse of f .
Solution: (i) Given function is one- one and onto. therefore it is invertible.
2x  3 4y  3 4x  3
y  x  f 1  x  
4 2 2
-1 2
(ii) f(x) = f (x) is equivalent to f(x) = x  x  2 x  x  x  0,  1
Hence two solution for f(x)  f 1(x)
y

f(x) y=x

y =f-1 (x)
x
o
(-1,-1)

(iii) f  x   x 2  3x  2, x  1
2
f  g x   g x  3g x  2
2
 2  g  2   3g  2   2
 g 2  0, 3;x 2
So, g (2) = 0

f ' (x) = 2x - 3

g = f -1(x)

f(g(x)) = x

1 1 1
f(g  x )  x  f '(g(x)).g'(x)  1  g'  2   
f '  g  2  f '  
0 3

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ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS

 If f (-x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of 'f', then f is said to be an even function.

e.g. f(x) = cos x; g (x) = x2 + 3.

 If f (-x) = -f (x) for all x in the domain of 'f', then f is said to be an odd function.

e.g. f(x) = sin x ; g(x) = x3 + x .

Note : (i) A function may neither be odd nor even . (e.g. f(x) = ex, cos-1x)
(ii) If an odd function is defined at x = 0 , then f(0) = 0

 Properties of Even / Odd Function

(a) The graph of every even function is symmetric about the y-axis and that of every odd function
is symmetric about the origin.
For example graph of y = x2 is symmetric about y - axis, while graph of y = x3 is symmetric
about origin.

(b) All functions (whose domain is symmetrical about origin) can be expressed as the sum of an
even and odd function, as follows

f (x)  f ( x) f (x)  f ( x)
f (x)  
2
 2

| |
even odd

(c) The only function which is defined on the entire number line and is even and odd at the same
time is f(x) = 0.
(d) If f and g both are even or both are odd, then the function f.g will be even but if any one of them
is odd and the other even, then f.g will be odd.
(e) If f(x) is even then f'(x) is odd while derivative of odd function is even. Note that same cannot
be said for integral of functions.
Example 10. Show that f  x   a x  a x is an even function.

Solution Let f  x   a x  a x

Then f   x   a  x  a    x   a  x  a x  f  x  . Hence f(x) is an even function

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 x x
Example 11. Prove that f  x   x  x   is odd function
 e  1 2 

x x x x
Solution : Let g(x)  x
 g(  x)   x
 
e 1 2 e 1 2

x x x x x e x .x
 g(x)  g(  x)    x   x  x x
ex  1 2 e 1 2 e 1 e 1

x  x.e x  xe x  x
 0
ex  1

 g(x)  g(  x)  0  g(  x)  g(x).

 g(x)is even.
Since we know that product of an even function and an odd function is an odd function.

 x x
Hence x.g(x)  x  x   is an odd function.
 e 1 2 

PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
A function f(x) is called periodic with a period T if there exists a real number T>0 such that for each x in
the domain of the numbers x  T and x + T are also in the domain of f and f(x) = f(x + T) for all x in the
domain of f (x). Graph of a periodic function with period T is repeated after every interval of 'T'.

e.g. The function sin x and cos x both are periodic over 2  and tan x is periodic over 

The least positive period is called the principal or fundamental period of f(x) or simply the period of the
function.

Note : Period of inverse function does not exist

Properties of Periodic Functions :

1
(a) If f(x) has a period T, then f  x  and f  x  also have a period T.

T
(b) If f(x) has a period T, then f (ax + b) has a period . a

(c) Every constant function defined for all real x, is always periodic, with no fundamental period.
(d) If f(x) has a period T1 and g(x) also has a period T2 then period of f  x  ± g  x  or f(x).g(x) or
f x
g  x  is L.C.M. of T1 and T2 provided their L.C.M. exists. How ever f that L.C.M. (if exists) need not

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 Functions

f x
to be fundamental period .If L.C.M. does not exists then f  x   g  x  or f(x).g(x)or g x is
 
nonperiodic.
 a p l  L.C.M.  a,p,  
L.C.M. of  b , q , m   H.C.F. b,q,m
   
e.g. |sin x| has the period  , |cos x| also has the period 

|sin x| + |cos x| also has a period  . But the fundamental period of |sin x| + |cos x| is
2
(e) If g is a function such that gof is defined on the domain of f and f is periodic with T, then gof is
also periodic with T as one of its periods.
Example 12. Find period of the following functions

x x
(i) f  x   sin  cos
2 3
(ii) f(x) = {x} + sin x , where {.} denotes fractional part functions
(iii) f(x) = 4 cos x. cos 3x + 2

3x x 2x
(iv) f  x   sin  cos  tan
2 3 3

x x x x
Solution : (i) Period of sin is 4  while period of cos is 6 . Hence period of sin  cos is 12 
2 3 2 3
{L.C.M. of 4 and 6 is 12}
(ii) Period of sin x  2 
Period of {x} = 1
but L.C.M. of and 2  and 1 is not possible as their ratio is irrational number, it is Non-periodic.
(iii) f(x) = 4 cos x . cos 3x + 2

 2 
period of f(x) is L.C.M. of  2,   2
 3 

2
but 2 may or may not be fundamental period, but fundamental period is , where
n
n  N. .Hence cross-checking for n = 1, 2, 3, .... we find  to be fundamental period
f    x   4   cos x   cos3x   2  f  x 

 2  4 3
(iv) Period of f(x) is L.C.M. of 3 2 , 1 3 , 2 3 = L.C.M. of ,6 ,  12
3 2

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COMPOSITE FUNCTION
Let f: XY1 and g: Y2 Z be two functions and D is the set of values of x such that if x  X, then f(x)
 Y2. If D   , then the function h defined on D by h(x) = g{f(x)} is called composite function of g and
f and is denoted by gof. It is also called function of a function.

Note : Domain of gof is D which is a subset of X ( the domain of f). Range of gof is a subset of the
range of g. If D = X, then X  Y2 .
Pictorially gof(x) can be viewed as under
f g

x f(x) gof(x)

gof

Note that gof(x) exists only for those x when range of f(x) is a subset of domain of g(x).

 Properties of Composite Functions:

(a) In general gof  fog (i.e. not commutative)
(b) The composition of functions are associative i.e. if three functions f, g, h are such that fo(goh) and
(fog)oh are defined, then fo(goh) = (fog)oh.

Example 13. Describe fog and gof wherever is possible for the following functions.

(i) f  x   x  3, g  x   1  x 2 (ii) f  x   x, g  x   x 2  1

Solution: (i) Domain of f is [3, ), range of f is [0, ).

Domain of g is R, range of g is [1, ).

For gof(x):
Since range of f is a subset of domain of g,
 domain of gof is [3, ) {equal to the domain of f }

gof (x) = g{f(x)} = g  x+3  = 1 + (x+3) = x + 4. Range of gof is [1, ).

For fog(x) :
since range of g is a subset of domain of f,
 domain of fog is R {equal to the domain of g}

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 Functions

fog (x) = f{g(x)}= f(1+ x2 ) = x 2  4 Range of fog is  2 ,  

(ii) f(x) = x , g(x) = x2  1.
Domain of f is [0, ), range of f is [0, ).
Domain of g is R, range of g is [1, ).
For gof(x)
Since range of f is a subset of the domain of g,
 domain of gof is [0, ) and g{f(x)}= g(x) = x  1. Range of gof is [1, )
For fog(x)
Since range of g is not a subset of the domain of f
i.e. [1, )  [0, )
 fog is not defined on whole of the domain of g.
Domain of fog is {xR, the domain of g : g(x) [0, ), the domain of f}.
Thus the domain of fog is D = {xR: 0  g(x) < }
i.e. D = { xR: 0  x2  1}= { xR: x  1 or x  1 }= (, 1]  [1, )

fog (x) = f{g(x)} = f(x21) = x 2  1 Its range is [0, ).

  
Example 14. Let f(x) = ex ; R+  R and g(x) = sinx ;  ,    1, 1 . Find domain and range of fog(x)
 2 2

Solution: Domain of f(x) : (0, ) Range of g(x) : [–1, 1]

 
values in range of g(x) which are accepted by f(x) are  0, 
 2


 0 < g(x)  1  0 < sinx  1 0x
2
 
Hence domain of fog(x) is x   0 , 
 2

 
Therefore Domain :  0 , 
 2

Range : (1, e]
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
For the exponential function f(x) = ax (where a  1 and a > 0), Df = R and R f  (0,  ) .
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NDA / NA Mathematics

Note: that ax increases if a > 0 and decreases if 0 < a < 1.

Example 15. The domain of definition of the function y(x) given by the equation 2x  2y  2 is :
(a) 0  x  1 (b) 0  x  1
(c)   x  0 (d)   x  1
Ans. : (d)
Solution: We have, 2x  2y  2
 2y  2  2x  2(1  2x 1 )
 y  log2 2  log2 (1  2x 1 )
 y  1  log2 (1  2x 1 )
Clearly, y assumes real values if 1  2x 1  0
 2x 1  1
 2x 1  20  x  1  0  x  1    x  1
 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
For function f(x)=logax (where a>0, a  1 , x > 0)
D f  (0,  ) , Rf = R.
Note the following properties:
(i) logax is defined only for x > 0, a > 0, a  1
(ii) loga(mn) = logam + logan
m
(iii) loga    loga m  loga n
n
(iv) loga mn  nloga m
logb m
(v) loga m 
logb a
(vi) logax decreases for 0 < a < 1 and increases for a > 1
(vii) loga1 = 0
(viii) logaa = 1
(ix) aloga x  x and loga a x  x
(x) loga x  y  ay = x
(xi) As x  0  , loga x   if a > 1 and 
if 0 < a < 1
As x   , loga x   if a > 1 and 
if 0 < a < 1
m
(xii) log n xm  loga x
a n

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 Functions
Example 16. The domain of the function
1
f(x)   x  2, is
log10 (1  x)

(a) [–2,1) (b) [ 2, ) (c) ( ,1) (d) [ 2,0)  (0,1)

Ans. : (d)
1
Solution: Let g(x)  and h(x)  x  2 .
log10 (1  x)

Then, f(x)  g(x)  h(x).

 Domain (f) = Domain (g)  Domain (h)

1
Now, g(x)  is defined, if
log10 (1  x)
1  x  0 and 1  x  1 i.e., x < 1 and x  0.
So, domain (g) = ( ,1)  {0}.
Clearly, h(x) = x  2 is defined, for x  2  0
i.e., x  2
So, domain (h) = [ 2,  )

 Domain  f   ( ,1)  {0}  [2, )  [2,0)  (0,1).

Logarithmic function is also known as inverse of exponential function:

y  a x  x  loga y ;

where x  R and y  (0,  )

writing y = logax in place of x = logay, we have the graph of y = logax
If 0 < a < 1 If a > 1
y-axis y-axis

(1, 0)
O x-axis O (1, 0) x-axis

y-axis y-axis

logx logxm
n loga
m
logym logy
m
x-axis x-axis
1 y x
O x y1

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 GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION (G.I.F)

[x] indicates the integral part of x which is nearest and smaller integer to x. It is also known as floor of
x.

[x] = n

n n+1
x

Thus, [3.3] = 3, [0.25] = 0, [2] = 2, [–9.0726] = –10, ....

In general:
n  x  n  1 (n  Integer )
 [x]  n .
Here, f(x)=[x] could be expressed graphically as:
x [x]
0  x 1 0
1 x  2 1
2x3 2
Thus, f(x) = [x] could be shown as :

y-axis

1
x-axis
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
1

-2

“It is also known as stepwise function/floor of x.”

For x  R,[x] denotes largest integer  x . For example,
[0]  0,[ 3]  3, [3]  3, [2.7]  2, [ 2.7]  3 .
Its domain is R but range is Z (the set of integers).
Properties of G.I.F.

(i) [x]  x  [x]  1, x  R

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 Functions

(ii) [x]  x iff x  R–Z

(iii) [x]  x iff x  Z

(iv) [x + y] = [x] + [y] iff at least one of x and y is an integer otherwise [x  y]  [x]  [y]

(v) [x  n]  [x]  n,  x  R and n  Z .

(vi) If [(x)]  n , then (x)  n

If [(x)]  n , then (x)  n  1

(vii) [–x] = –[x] if x  Z

[–x] = –[x] – 1 if x 
 Z.
2 2
Example 17. If f(x)  cos[  ]x  cos[  ]x, where [.] stands for the greatest integer function, then


(a) f    1 (b) f( )  1
2


(c) f(– )  1 (d) f    2
4
Ans : (a)
Solution: We have,

f(x)  cos[2 ]x  cos[2 ]x

 f(x)  cos9x  cos( 10x)

 f(x)  cos9x  cos10x

 9
 f    cos  cos5  0  ( 1)5  1
2 2

f     cos9  cos10  ( 1)9  ( 1)10  1  1  0

f     cos( 9 )  cos( 10 )

 cos 9  cos10  0

 9 10 1 1
f    cos  cos  0 
4
  4 4 2 2
Hence, option (a) is correct.
Example 18. If for a real number x, [x] denotes the integral part of x. Then, the value of

 1  1 1  1 2   1 99 
 2    2  100    2  100   ...   2  100  , is
       

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NDA / NA Mathematics

(a) 49 (b) 50 (c) 48 (d) 51

Ans. : (b)
Solution: We know that for any x  R and n  N
 1  2  n  1
[x]   x     x    ...   x   [nx]
 n  n  n 
1
Here, x  and n = 100.
2

 1  1 1  1 2   1 99   1
   
2 2 100    2  100   ...   2  100   100  2   50
         

Example 19. If f(x)  cos[ ]x  cos[ x], where [y] is greatest integer less than or equal to y, then f(  / 2) 
(a) cos 3 (b) 0 (c) cos 4 (d) None of these
Ans. : (c)
Solution: We have, f(x)  cos[ ]x  cos[ x]
    2  3
f    cos  [ ]   cos    cos  cos 4  cos 4
2  2 2 2
 FRACTIONAL PART FUNCTION
Here,
{.} denotes the fractional part of x.
Thus, in y = {x}.
x = [x] + {x} = I + f; where I = [x] and f = {x}
 y  x  [x] , where 0  {x}  1 ; shown as
x {x}
0  x 1 x
1 x  2 x–1
2x3 x–2
1  x  0 x+1
2  x  1 x+2

x
–3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3

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 Functions

Properties of fractional part of x:

(i) {x} = x; if 0  x  1

(ii) {x} = 0; if x  integer

(iii) {–x}  1–{x} ; if x  R 

 LEAST INTEGER FUNCTION

y  (x)   x  ,
(x) or  x  indicates the integral part of x which is nearest and greatest integer to x.
It is known as ceiling of x.
Thus; 2.3025  3 , (0.34)=1, (–9.0725)= –9,

x   n  x   n  1

( 0.5)  0
n x n+1
In general
n  x  n 1 (n  integer)
i.e.,  x  or (x)  n  1
shown as;
Here,
f(x)=(x)=  x  , can be expressed graphically as:

x x  = (x)
1  x  0 0
0  x 1 1
1 x  2 2
2  x  1 –1
3  x  2 –2

x' x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1

-2

-3

y'

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Properties of least integer function:

(i) (x) = [x] = x, if x is integer

(ii) (x  I)   x  I  (x)  I ;

if I  integer

(iii) Greatest integer converts x = I + f to [x] = I

while  x  converts to (I + 1).

 ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION (OR MODULUS FUNCTION)

 x, if x  0
y |x| 
–x, if x  0
“It is the numerical value of x”.
y
y= –x y=x

o
135 o
45
O x

“It is symmetric about y-axis” where domain  R and range  [0,  ) .

Properties of modulus functions:

(i) | x | a  a  x  a;(a  0)

(ii) | x | a;(a  0)  x  – a or x  a

(iii) | x  y |  | x |  | y |

(iv) | x  y |  || x | – | y ||

Example 20. Find the set of x for x  1  2

Solution: x 1  2
2  x  1  2
2  1  x  2  1
1  x  3
x   1, 3
 SIGNUM FUNCTION
y = Sgn(x)
It is defined by;

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 Functions

 |x| x  1, if x  0
 or ; x0 
y  Sgn(x)   x |x|   –1, if x  0
0; x  0  0, if x  0


y-axis

O x-axis
–1

Here, Domain of f(x)  R and Range of f(x)  {1,0,1} .

    

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NDA/NA Mathematics TOPIC WISE EXERCISE
DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION (a) (–3, 3) (b) [–3, 3]

1. Which of the following are functions? (c) ( ,  3)  (3,  ) (d) none of these
2
(a) {(x,y) | y  4ax, x, y  R}
7. The doman of f(x)  x 2  5x  6 is
(b) {(x, y) | y | x|, x, y  R}
(c) {(x, y) |x 2  y 2  1, x, y  R} (a) ( ,2)  (3,  ) (b) (,2] [3, )
2 2
(d) {(x, y) |x  y  1, x, y  R} (c) (2, 3) (d) none of these

2. If f(x) = |x –1| then x2

8. The domain of the function f(x)  is
(a) f(x2) = (f(x))2 (b) f(|x|) = |f(x)| x2  8x  15
(a) (3, 5) (b) R - (3, 5)
(c) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) (d) none of these
3. If f(xy) = f(x) f(y), then f(t) may be of the form : (c) R – {3, 5} (d) R – [3, 5]
(a) t + k (b) ct + k 9. Domain of f(x)  log(2x  x 2 ) is
(c) tk + c (d) tk
(a) (0,  ) (b) (1,  )
4. Consider the following relations from A to B where
(c) (0,1)  (1,  ) (d) none of these
A = {u, v, w, x, y, z} and B = {p, q, r, s}
1. {(u, p), (v, p), (w, p), (x, q), (y, q), (z, q)} 7x  5
10. Domain of the function 3 is
2
2. {(u, p), (v, q), (w, r), (z, s)} x  10x  11

3. {(u,s ), (v, r), (w, q), (u, p), (v, q), (z, q)} (a) R (b) (0,  )
4. {(u, q), (v, p), (w, s), (x, r), (y, q), (z, s)} (c) ( ,0) (d) R – {–1, 11}
Which of the above relations are not functions?
  x2 
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 4 11. Domain of the function f(x)  sin1 log5   is

  5 
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 and 4
(a) [  5,  1]  [1,5] (b) [–5, 5]
x 1
5. Consider the function f(x)  . (c) (  5,  1)  (1,5) (d) none of these
x 1
f(x)  1 12. Domain of cos–1 (5x–2) is
What is  x equal to ?
f(x)  1  2 1 3
(a)  0,  (b)  , 
(a) 0 (b) 1  5 5 5 
(c) 2x (d) 4x  1 3  2
(c)  ,  (d) 0, 
DOMAIN, CODOMAIN AND RANGE OF  5 5  5

A FUNCTION sin1 x
13. Let f(x)  then Domain f(x)= ?
x
1 (a) ]–1, 1[ (b) ]–1, 1[ – {0}
6. The domain of the function f(x)  is
9  x2 (c) [–1, 1] – {0} (d) none of these
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13.(c)

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 Functions

x2  3x  5 (a) (1, 2) (b) (  ,2)  ( 2,  )

14. The domain of the function f(x)  is (c) ( ,  2)  (1,  ) (d) R  {1,  2}
x2  x  1
(a) R – {–1} (b) R – {0, –1} 23. The domain of definition of the function
x 2 1
(c) R (d) none of these y  3e log(x  1) is
15. The domain of the function sin–1(2x + 1) is (a) (1,  ) (b) [1,  )
(a) [–1, 0] (b) [–1, 1] (c) R  {1} (d) (,1)  (1, )
(c) [0, 1] (d) none of these
2
24. The domain of the function f(x)  2  2x  x is
x 1
16. Let f(x)  then Domain (f) =?
x4 (a) 3  x  3 (b) 1 3  x  1 3
(a) [1, ] (b) [4, [
(c)  2  x  2 (d) none of these
(c) ( , 1]  (4, ) (d) none of these –1
25. Let f(x) = cos (3x – 1), then Dom.(f) = ?
17. The domain of the function f(x) 9  x Px 5 is
2  2
(a) [5, 7] (b) {5, 6, 7} (a) ] 0, [ (b)  0,
3  3 
(c) [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] (d) none of these
 2 2
1 x (c)   ,  (d) None of these
18. If f(x)  , then domain of f–1(x) is  3 3
1 x
(a) R (b) R – {–1} 1
26. The domain of the function  2x  x 2 is
(c) ( ,  1) (d) ( 1,  ) [x]
(a) [1, 2] (b) [0, 2]
 5x  x2  (c) [0, 1) (d) [1, 2)
19. Domain of the function f(x)  log10   is
 4  1
27. Domain of sin [log3 (x / 3)] is
(a) [1, 4] (b) (1, 4)
(a) [1, 9] (b) [–1, 9]
(c) (0, 5) (d) [0, 5]
(c) [–9, 1] (d) [–9, –1]
1
20. Let f(x)   1 x2 then Domain of f(x)=? x 3
2x 1 28. Range of the function f(x)  , x   3 is
1  | x  3|
(a)  ,1 (b) [–1,  ) (a) {1} (b) {–1}
2 
(c) [1, ) (d) None of these (c) {–1, 1} (d) {–1, 0, 1}

21. Let f(x)  log(1 x)  x2 1 then Domain of 29. The range of f(x) = ax where a > 0 is
(a) [0, [ (b) (0,  )
f(x) = ?
(c) ]  , 0] (d) ]  , 0[
(a) (1, ) (b) (– , –1]
30. Range of function f ( x )  [ x ]  x is
(c) [–1, 1[ (d) ]0, 1[
22. The domain of the real-valued function (a) (–1, 0) (b) (–1, 0]
(x  3)(x  1) (c) [0, 1) (d) none of these
f(x)  is
2
x 4
14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18.(b) 19. (a) 20.(a) 21. (b) 22.(b) 23. (a)
24. (b) 25. (b) 26.(a) 27.(a) 28.(c) 29.(b) 30. (b)
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NDA/NA Mathematics

2x 38. Range of f ( x )   x 2  6 x  5 is
31. If y  2
, x  R , the the complete set of
x 1 (a) [–2, 2] (b) (0, 2]
values of y is
(c) [0, 2] (d) none of these
(a) {y | y  1}  {y | y  1} (b) {y | y  1} 39. Range of the function
f(x)  sin2 x  cos2 (x )  2sinxsin cos(x )
(c) {y |  1  y  1} (d) {y | 1  y  1}
is
32. The range of the function f(x) = a sinx + b cosx is
(a) {0} (b) {1}
(a) [a, b] (b) [a–b, a + b] 2
(d) {cos α}
(c) {cos α}
2 2 2 2
(c) [–(a+b), (a+b)] (d) [ a  b , a  b ] 1 x2
40. Range of f (x)  is
33. The range of the function f (x)  3x2  7x 10 is 1 x2
(a) [–1, 1] (b) [0, 1]
 71 
(a) [10,  ) (b)  ,   (c) (–1, 1] (d) (–1, 1)
12 
2x  2 x
(c) [0,  ) (d) none of these 41. Range of the function f (x )  is
2 x  2x
(a) (–1, 1) (b) [–1, 1]
x
34. Range of the function f (x)  is (c) (0, 1] (d) none of these
1 x
(a) (0, ) (b) [0, ) x2  x  1
42. The range of the function f(x)  2 is
(c) [0, )  {1} (d) none of these x  x 1
35. Range of the function f (x)  sin 1 x  cos 1 x (a) R (b) [3,  )
is
 π π π 1 
(a)  , (b) [0, π ]    (c)  , 3 (d) none of these
 2 2  2 3 
(c) {π / 2} (d) none of these 43. Range of tan–1x is
36. Which of the following is true?
  
 π π (b)   ,
2 2 
(a) R
(a) Domain of sin x is  ,  
1
 2 2
 
(b) Range of sin (sin–1x + cos–1x) is {1} (c)  π, π  (d)  ,– 
2 2
(c) Range of cos (sin–1x + cos–1x) is [–1, 1]
44. The range of the function for real x of
(d) Range of cos–1x is [0, /2]
1
37. The range of the function f ( x ) 9 x Px 5 is
y is
2  sin 3x
(a) {1, 2, 3} (b) [1, 2] (a) 1/ 3  y  1 (b) 1/ 3  y  1
(c) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (d) none of these (c) 1/ 3  y  1 (d) 1/ 3  y  1
31. (d) 32. (d) 33.(b) 34.(c) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38.(c) 39. (c) 40. (c)
41. (a) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44.(a)

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 Functions
|x|
45. What is range of the function f ( x )  , 51. If a function f : [3,  )  A defined by
x
x  0? f(x)  x 2  6x  10 is a bijection, then A is
(a) R (b) [1,  )
(a) Set of all real no. (b) Set of all integers
(c) (3,  ) (d) none of these
(c) {–1, 1} (d) {–1, 0, 1}
52. Which of the following functions is not onto?
x 1
46. Consider the function f  x   (a) f : R  R, f(x)  3x  4
x 1
What is f(2x) equal to? (b) f : R  R , f(x)  x2  2
f (x )  1 f (x)  1 (c) f : R   R  , f(x)  x
(a) (b) (d) none of these
f (x)  3 3f ( x )  1
53. Let f(x) = x2 – 4x – 5 then
3f ( x )  1 f (x )  3
(c) (d) (a) f is injective on R
f (x )  3 3f ( x )  1
(b) f is injective on (,2]
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS (c) f is many one on (,4)
47. The function f :R  R given by f(x) = 5 – 2sin x (d) none of these
is
(a) one-one (b) onto
x2  4
54. Let f(x)  , |x| > 2
(c) bijective (d) none of these x2  4
Then f : ( ,  2)  (2,  )  (  1, 1) is
48. Which of the following are one-one and onto?
(a) one-one and onto (b) many one and onto
(a) f : R  R and f(x) = sin x
(c) one-one into (d) many-one into
(b) f : R   R and f(x)  2 x  5 x
55. If f : [0, )  [0, ) and f(x)  then f is
(c) f  [0,  ]  [  1, 1] and f(x) = cosx (a) one-one and onto 1  x
(d) none of these (b) one-one but not onto
49. Which of the following functions is not injective? (c) onto but not one-one
(a) f : R  R, f(x)  2x  7 (d) neither one-one nor onto
(b) f : [0,  ]  [–1, 1], f(x)  cos x 56. If the function f (x) and g (x) defined on R  R
such that
 
(c) f :   ,   [–1, 1],f(x)  2sin x  3  0, if x is rational
 2 2 f(x)   ,
   x, if x is irrational
(d) f : R  [1, 1], f(x)  sin x
0, if x is irrational
g(x)  
50. If the function f :R  A given by  x, if x is rational
2
x then (f–g) (x) is
f(x)  2 is surjective, then A is
x 1 (a) one-one and onto
(a) R (b) [0, 1] (b) neither one-one nor onto
(c) (0, 1] (d) [0, 1) (c) one-one but not onto
(d) onto but not one-one
45.(c) 46.(c) 47. (d) 48. (c) 49. (d) 50.(d) 51. (b) 52. (b) 53.(b) 54.(b)
55. (b) 56. (a)

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NDA/NA Mathematics

57. Consider the following statements: (a) One-one but not onto
(b) Onto but not one-one
1. If f(x) = x3 and g(y) = y3 then f = g.
(c) Both one-one and onto
2. Identity function is not always a bijection.
(d) Neither one-one nor onto
Which of the above statements is/are correct ?
62. A function f from f : N  Z defined by
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
n 1
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2  2 , when n is odd
f(n)  
58. The function f : N  N , N being the set of natu-   n , when n is even
 2
ral numbes, defined by f(x) = 2x + 3 is
(a) injective and surjective (a) onto but not one-one

(b) injective but not surjective (b) one-one and onto both
(c) neither one-one nor onto
(c) not injective but surjective
(d) one-one but not onto
(d) neither injective nor surjective
EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTIONS
59. Let N be the set of natural numbers and
1 |x|
f : N  N be a function given by f(x) = x + 1 for 63. f (x)  and g(x)  2 are
|x| x
x  N . Which one of the following is correct? (a) odd function
(a) f is one-one and onto (b) periodic functions
(b) f is one-one but not onto (c) equal functions

(c) f is only onto (d) none of these

64. If f and g are two identical functions, then
(d) f is neither one-one nor onto
(a) Domain (f)  domain (g)
60. Let f be a function from the set of natural numbers
to the set of even natural numbers given by f(x)=2x. (b) domain (f) = domain (g)
Then f is (c) codomain (f) = codomain (g)

(a) one to one but not onto (d) None of these

(b) onto but not one-one x2

65. f (x)  x and g(x)  are
x
(c) both one-one and onto
(a) equal functions
(d) neither one-one nor onto
(b) even functions
61. Let N denote the set of all non-negative integers (c) periodic functions
and Z denote the set of all integers. The function
(d) none of these
f : Z  N given by f(x) = |x| is :

57. (a) 58. (b) 59.(b) 60.(c) 61.(b) 62.(b) 63.(c) 64.(b) 65.(d)

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 Functions

66. If f : A  B defined as f (x)  x 2  9 and 71. Let A  {x  R | x  0} . A function f : A  A

g : A  B defined as g(x) = 3x + 7 where is defined by f(x) = x2. Which one of the following
is correct ?
A  [1, 2] and B  [10,13] , then
(a) The function does not have inverse
(a) f(x) = g(x)
(b) f(x)  g(x) (b) f is its own inverse

(c) gof(x) = 3x2+31 (c) The function has an inverse but f is not its
own inverse
(d) fog(x) = 9x2 + 41x + 58
(d) None of the above
67. Let f (x)  log 25
x2
and g(x)  log 5x . If f(x) = g(x),
then the interval in which x belong to-
72. Let f : R  R be a function whose inverse is
(a)  0,   x5
. What is f(x) equal to ?
(b)  , 0 3
(a) f(x) = 3x + 5 (b) f(x) = 3x – 5
(c)  0,1  1,  
(c) f(x) = 5x – 3 (d) f(x) does not exist
(d) (0,1)  (1, )
ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS
68. Let f(x) = logx2 and g(x) = 2logx. Then f(x) and
g(x) are 73. The function f (x)  log(x  x 2  1) is
(a) equal functions (a) an even function (b) an odd function
(b) not equal functions (c) periodic function (d) none of these
(c) periodic functions 74. The function f (x)  cos (log(x  x 2  1)) is
(d) none of these (a) even (b) odd
nx (c) constant (d) none of these
69. Let f (x)  e and g(x) = x. If f(x) = g(x), then the
interval in which x belong to- 75. Which of following functions is an odd function?
(a) (, 0) (b)  , 1 (a) f (x) = constant
(b) f(x) = 2 sin x + cosx
(c) (0,  ) (d) (, )
INVERSE OF A FUNCTION (c) f (x)  sin (log(x  x 2  1))

70. Which of the following functions is not invertible? (d) f (x) = 11 + x + 2x3

(a) f : R  R, f(x)  4x  5 76. Which of following functions is an even function?

(b) f : R  [0,  ), f(x) = 2x 2 ax  a x ax  1

1 (a) f(x)  (b) f(x) 
(c) f : (0, )  (0, ), f(x) 
ax  a x ax  1
x2 ax  1
(d) none of these (c) f(x)  x (d) f(x)  log2 (x  x 2  1)
ax  1

66.(a) 67.(d) 68.(b) 69.(c) 70. (b) 71. (c) 72. (b) 73.(b) 74.(a) 75.(c)
76.(c)

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NDA/NA Mathematics

sin4 x  cos4 x 84. Which of the following is true?

77. f(x)  is
x  x 2 tan x (a) tan–1(tan x) is periodic with period 
(a) even
(b) tan–1 (tan x) is non-periodic
(b) odd
(c) periodic with period  (c) tan–1 (tan x) is periodic with period 2π
(d) none of these
(d) periodic with period 2
85. f(x) | sin x |  cos x  5 is periodic with period
PERIODIC FUNCTIONS (a)  / 2 (b) 
78. The fundamental period of the function (c) 3 / 2 (d) 2

1 86. Period of f(x) = sin43x + cos43x is

f(x)  2cos  x    is
3 (a)  / 2 (b)  / 3
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c)  / 6 (d) 
(c) 2 (d) π 87. Period of cos(x2) is
2
 x (a) 2 (b) 4
79. The function sin  sin is periodic with period
 3  2
(c)  / 4 (d) none of these
(a) 2 (b) 6 88. Which of the following function is periodic with
(c) 4 (d) 8 period π ?
80. Period of the function f(x)  sin4 x  cos4 x is (a) f(x) = x cosx
(a)  (b)  / 2 (b) f(x) = | cosx|
(c) 2 (d) none of these (c) f(x) = sin 3x
2
81. The period of the function f(x)  sin x  tan x
(d) f ( x )  [ x  π ]
is
89. The period of
(a)  (b) 2 f(x)  cos2 3x  tan 4x  | sin x |
(c) 3 (d) none of these
(a)  / 3 (b)  / 4
82. The period of the function f(x)  tan x  x  [x]
(c)  / 6 (d) 
is
x x
(a) 1 (b)  90. Period of f(x)  sin x  tan  sin 2 
2 2
(c) 2 (d) none of these x x x
tan 3  ....  sin n1  tan n is
83. Which of the following functions is periodic ? 2 2 2
(a) [x]–x (b) cos 1/x (a)  (b) 2
(c) x sin x (d) x + [x] (c) 2n  (d)  / 2n

77.(b) 78.(a) 79.(b) 80.(b) 81.(a) 82.(a) 83. (a) 84. (a) 85. (d) 86. (c)
87. (d) 88. (b) 89. (d) 90. (c)
MAJOR KALSHI CLASSES PVT. LTD. 670
 Functions

(d) The range of the function is the set of all

x x x
91. Period of f(x)  sin  2cos  tan is positive real numbers
2 3 4
(a) 4 (b) 6 a x  a x
96. If the function f(x)  , where a > 2.
(c) 3 (d) 12 2
Then, f(x + y) + f(x – y) is equal to:
1
92. The function sin  sin x  is (a) f(x) – f(y) (b) f(y)
(a) an even function
(c) 2f(x) f(y) (d) None of these
(b) a periodic function with period 
(c) a periodic function with period 2 97. If R denotes the set of all real numbers, then

(d) None of these the function f : R  R defined by f  x   x  1

COMPOSITE FUNCTION is

93. If f(x) = ax + b and g(x) = cx + d such that f(g(x)) (a) only one-one
= g(f(x)), then which one of the following is cor- (b) only onto
rect ? (c) both one-one and onto
(a) f(c) = g(a) (b) f(a) = g(c) (d) neither one-one nor onto
(c) f(c) = g(d) (d) f(d) = g(b)
98. The domain of the function f(x)  loge (x  [x])
x 1 is
94. Consider the function f(x)  .
x 1 (a) R (b) R – Z
What is f(f(x)) is equal to?
(c) (0,  ) (d) Z
(a) x (b) –x 99. If the function f : R  R defined by f(x) = [x],
1 where [x] is the greatest integer not exceed-
(c)  (d) None of these
x ing x, for x  R , then f is
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS (a) even (b) odd
95. Which one of the following is not correct for (c) neither even nor odd (d) strictly increasing
the feature of exponential function given by cos1 x
f(x) = bx, where b > 1 ? 100. The domain of the function f(x)  is
[x]
(a) For very large negative values of x, the func- (a) [1, 0)  {1} (b) [–1, 1]
tion is very close to 0 (c) [–1, 1) (d) None of these
(b) The domain of the function is R, the set of 101. If f : (2, 3)  (0, 1) is defined by f(x) = x – [x],
real numbers then f–1(x) is equal to:
(c) The point (1, 0) is always on the graph of (a) x – 2 (b) x + 1
the function (c) x – 1 (d) x + 2

91. (d) 92. (c) 93. (d) 94. (c) 95. (c) 96. (c) 97. (d) 98. (b) 99. (c) 100. (a)
101. (d)
MAJOR KALSHI CLASSES PVT. LTD. 671
NDA/NA Mathematics
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. If f : N  N is defined by 6. On the set of integers Z, define f : Z  Z as
 n 1 n
, if n is odd  , n is even.
 f(n)   2
f(n)   2  0, n is odd.
 n, . Then, f is
if n is even
 2 Then, f is
(a) onto but not one-one.
(a) injective but not surjective
(b) one-one and onto.
(c) neither one-one nor onto. (b) neither injective nor surjective
(d) one-one but not onto. (c) surjective but not injective
2. The function f : [0, 3]  [1, 29] , defined by
(d) bijective
f(x)  2x3  15x2  36x  1, is
7. If f : N  N defined by f(x) = x 2 + x + 1,
(a) one-one and onto.
x  N , then f is
(b) onto but not one-one.
(a) one-one and onto
(c) one-one but not onto.
(b) many-one and onto
(d) neither one-one nor onto. (c) one-one but not onto
3. The function f : [0, )  [0, ) defined by (d) None of the above
2x 8. Which one of the following functions is one-
f(x)  is
1  2x one?
(a) one-one and into (a) f(x) = sin x, x  [ ,  )
(b) onto but not one-one
 3  
(c) not one-one but onto (b) f(x) = sinx, x    ,  
 2 4
(d) neither one-one nor onto
  
(c) f(x) = cosx, x   , 
4. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} are  2 2
two sets and function f : A  B is defined by
 3 
f(x) = x + 2,  x  A , then the function f is: (d) f(x) = cosx, x  ,
 2 
(a) bijective (b) onto 9. A mapping f : N  N , where N is the set of
(c) one-one (d) many-one natural numbers is defined as
5. For real x, if f(x) = x3 + 5x + 1, then
 n2 , for n odd
f(n)   for n  N . Then, f is
(a) f is one-one but not onto in R 2n  1, for n even
(b) f is onto in R but not one-one (a) surjective but not injective
(c) f is one-one and onto in R (b) injective but not surjective

(d) f is neither one-one nor onto in R (c) bijective

(d) neither injective nor surjective

1.(a) 2.(b) 3.(a) 4.(c) 5.(c) 6.(c) 7.(c) 8.(d) 9.(d)

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 Functions

10. The mapping f : N  N given by f(n) = 1 + n2, Then, f – g is:

n  N , where N is the set of natural numbers, (a) one-one and into (b) neither one-one
is nor onto
(a) one-one and onto
(c) many-one and onto (d) one-one and onto
(b) onto but not one-one
16. If A is a set containing 10 distinct elements,
(c) one-one but not onto
then the total number of distinct function from
(d) neither one-one nor onto
A to A is
11. The function f : R  R given by f(x) = x3 – 1 is
(a) a one-one function (a) 1010 (b) 101

(b) an onto function (c) 210 (d) 210 – 1

(c) a bijection 17. If f(x) is an odd periodic function with period 2,
(d) neither one-one nor onto then f(4) is equal to:
12. If A = [–1, 1] and f : A  A is defined as f(x) = (a) -4 (b) 4
x |x|,  x  A , then f(x) is: (c) 2 (d) 0
(a) many-one and into function 18. The period of sin 2  is
(b) one-one and into function
(a) 2 (b) 
(c) many-one and onto function
(d) one-one and onto function 
(c) 2 (d)
13. The function f : R  R defined by 2

f(x) = (x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3) is 19. The domain of the function f(x)  cos x is

(a) one-one but not onto  3   

(a)  , 2 (b) 0, 
(b) onto but not one-one 2   2
(c) both one-one and onto
     3 
(d) neither one-one nor onto (c)  – ,  (d) 0,    , 2
 2 2  2  2 
14. The function f : X  Y defined by f(x) = sinx
20. The range of the function f(x) = x2 + 2x + 2 is
is one-one but not onto, if X and Y are respec-
tively equal to: (a) [1,  ) (b) (2,  )

(a) R and R (b) [0,  ] and [0, 1] (c) (0,  ) (d) ( ,  )
 2 
     21. The range of the function y  3sin  x2 
(c) 0,  and [–1, 1] (d)   ,  and [–  16 
 2   2 2  
1, 1] is

 x, if x is a rational  3 
15. If f(x)   and (a) 0, 2
 (b) [0, 1]
 0, if x is irrational  
0, if x is a rational  3
g(x)  
 x, if x is irrational (c) 0,  (d) [0,  )
 2
10.(c) 11.(c) 12.(d) 13.(b) 14.(c) 15.(d) 16.(a) 17.(d) 18.(b) 19.(c) 20.(a)
21.(c)
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NDA/NA Mathematics

22. Find the domain of the function 29. The domain of cos1 x  3 .log10 (4  x) is
2
(x2  1)
f(x)  (a) (1, 4) (b) [1, 4)
(x2  3x  3)
(c) (1, 4] (d) [1, 4]
(a) R – {1, 2} (b) R – {1, 4}
30. If f(x) = 3 – x, where 4  x  4 , then the do-
(c) R (d) R – {1} main of loge[f(x)] is

23. The function f : C  C defined by f(x)  ax  b (a) [–4, 4] (b) ( , 3]

cx  d
(c) ( , 3) (d) [– 4, 3)
for x  C , where bd  0 reduces to a constant
function, if 31. The period of the function

(a) a = c (b) b = d f()  4  4sin3   3sin  is

(c) ad = bc (d) ab = cd 2 
(a) (b)
3 3
24. If f(x)  sin x , then period of f(x) is

 (c) (d) 
(a)  (b) 2
2
32. The function f(x)  sec [log (x  1  x 2 )] is
(c) 2 (d) None of these
(a) odd (b) even
 1  x  (c) neither odd nor even (d) constant
25. The domain of f(x)  sin log2    is
  2 
1 1 | x |
(a) 0  x  1 (b) 0  x  4 33. The domain of the function f(x)  cos
2
(c) 1  x  4 (d) 4  x  6 is
26. The range of the function f(x) = loge (3x2 + 4) is (a) (–3, 3) (b) [–3, 3]
equal to
(c) ( , –3)  (3,  ) (d) ( , –3]  [3,  )
(a) [loge 2, ) (b) [loge 3, )
x
(c) [2loge 3, ) (d) [2 loge 2, ) 34. Range of the function f(x)  is
1 x2
27. The period of the function f(x) = | sin 2x | + |
cos 8x| is (a) ( ,  ) (b) [–1, 1]
(a) 2 (b)   1 1
(c)  ,  (d) [ 2, 2]
2   2 2
(c) (d)
3 2 35. If f is a function with domain [–3, 5] and g(x) =
28. The even function is
|3x + 4|. Then, the domain of (fog) (x) is:
a x  a x ax  1
(a) f(x)  x x
(b) f(x)  x  1  1
a a a 1 (a)  3,  (b) 3, 
 3  3
ax  1 2
(c) f(x)  x. (d) f(x)  log2 (x  x  1)  1  1
x
a 1 (c) 3,  (d) 3, – 
 3  3
22.(c) 23.(c) 24.(d) 25.(c) 26.(d) 27.(d) 28.(c) 29.(b) 30.(d) 31.(a) 32.(b)
33.(b) 34.(c) 35.(c)

MAJOR KALSHI CLASSES PVT. LTD. 674

 Functions
36. The domain of the function f(x) = log2[log3(log4x)] (a) [1,  ) (b) [2,  )
is
(a) ( , 4) (b) (4,  ) 3 
(c)  ,   (d) None of these
 2 
(c) (0, 4) (d) (1,  )
43. If n is the natural number. Then, the range of
37. If f : [2, 3]  R is defined by f(x) = x3 + 3x – 2, the function f(n) = 8 – nPn – 4, 4  n  6 , is:
then the range f(x) is contained in the interval
(a) {1, 2, 3, 4} (b) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(a) [1, 12] (b) [12, 34] (c) {1, 2, 3} (d) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(c) [35, 50] (d) [–12, 12] 44. The domain of the function f(x) = log2x – 1 (x – 1)
1 is
38. The domain of the real function f(x) 
4  x2 1 
is: (a) (1,  ) (b)  ,  
 2 
(a) the set of all real numbers (c)  0,   (d) None of these
(b) the set of all positive real numbers 1  x 
45. If f(x)   tan   , –1 < x < 1 and
(c) (–2, 2) 2  2 
(d) [–2, 2] g(x)  3  4x  4x2 , then domain (f + g) is
given by
39. The period of the function f(x) = cosec23x +
cot4x is 1  1 
(a)  2, 1 (b)  , – 1
2
   
 
(a) (b)  1   1 
3 4
(c)  , 1 (d)  , – 1
  2   2 
(c) (d)  46. If f(x + y, x – y) = xy, then the arithmetic mean
6
of f(x, y) and f(y, x) is
  x 
40. The domain of sin1 log3   is
  3  (a) x (b) y

(a) [1, 9] (b) [–1, 9] (c) 0 (d) None of these

47. The domain of the real valued function
(c) [–9, 1] (d) [–9, –1]
 3x  1 
41. The period of the function f(x)  1  2x  2sin1   is
 2 
sin8x cos x  sin 6x cos 3x
f(x)  is  1  1 
cos 2x cos x  sin3x sin 4x (a)  , 1 (b)  , 1
(a)  (b) 2  3  2 

(c)  / 2 (d) None of these  1 1  1 1

(c)  ,  (d)  , 
 2 3  3 2
42. The range of the function f(x)  x 2  1 is:
x2  1
36.(b) 37.(b) 38.(c) 39.(d) 40.(a) 41.(c) 42.(a) 43.(c) 44.(a) 45.(c) 46.(c)
47.(d)
MAJOR KALSHI CLASSES PVT. LTD. 675
NDA/NA Mathematics

 x f(x)  sinx  3 cosx  1, is onto, then the in-

48. The period of f(x)  sin  sin  , is
 5  terval of S is:
(a) 2 (b) 2 / 5
(a) [0, 3] (b) [–1, 1]
(c) 10 (d) 
(c) [0, 1] (d) [–1, 3]
49. The function f(x)  log(x  x2  1) is
sin1(x  3)
(a) an even function 55. The domain of the function f(x) 
9  x2
(b) an odd function is
(c) a periodic function (a) [2, 3] (b) [2, 3)
(c) [1, 2] (d) [1, 2)
(d) neither an even nor an odd function
4  x2
50. If f : (–1, 1)  B is a function defined by 56. The domain of the function f(x) 
sin1(2  x)
2x
f(x)  tan1 , then f is both one-one and is
1 x2
onto when B is the interval (a) [0, 2] (b) [0, 2)

      (c) [1, 2) (d) [1, 2]

(a)   ,  (b)  , 
 2 2  2 2 1
57. If f : R  R and is defined by f(x) 
    2  cos 3x
(c) 0,  (d)  0, 2  for each x  R , then the range of f is:
 2  
51. The domain of the function (a) (1/3, 1) (b) [1/3, 1]
(c) (1, 2) (d) [1, 2]
f(x)  log10 ( x  4  6  x) is
58. The period of the function f(x) = |sin x| + |cos
(a) [4, 6] (b) ( , 6)
x| is
(c) [2, 3) (d) None of these
(a)  (b)  / 2
 x2 
1
52. The domain of the function sin  log2  is: (c) 2 (d) None of these
 2

(a) [ 1, 2] – {0} (b) [–2, 2] – (–1, 1) 59. The domain of the real valued function
(c) [–2, 2] – {0} (d) [1, 2] f(x)  5  4x  x2  x2 log(x  4) is
53. The range of f(x) = cos x – sin x is (a) 5  x  1 (b) 5  x and x  1
(a) [–1, 1] (b) (–1, 2) (c) 4  x  1 (d) 
60. Dom ain of the function
  
(c)  ,  (d) [  2, 2] f(x)  exp( 5x  3  2x2 ) is
 2 2
(a) [3 / 2, ) (b) [1, 3/2]
54. If f : R  S , defined by
(c) ( , 1] (d) (1, 3/2)

48.(c) 49.(b) 50.(a) 51.(a) 52.(b) 53.(d) 54.(d) 55.(b) 56.(c) 57.(b) 58.(b)
59.(c) 60.(b)
MAJOR KALSHI CLASSES PVT. LTD. 676
 Functions
61. The period of the function f(x) = sin4x + cos4x
is 69. If f(x)  x and g(x) = 2x – 3, then domain of
(fog) (x) is

(a)  (b)  3
2 (a) ( , –3) (b)  , – 
 2
(c) 2 (d) None of these
 3  3 
62. The domain of definition of the function (c)  , 0 (d)  ,  
 2  2 
 5x  x2 
f(x)  log10   is 70. If f(x)  x  2 , then f{f(x)} is equal to:
 4  3x  1
(a) [1, 4] (b) [1, 0] (a) x (b) – x
(c) [0, 5] (d) [5, 0] (c) 1/x (d) –1/x
1 1
If f(x) = 2x + 3x + 4x , then f (x) is If f  x    x2  2 , then f(x) will be
6 4 2
63. 71.
(a) even function (b) an odd function  x  x
(c) neither even nor odd (d) None of these (a) x2 – 1 (b) x2 – 2
x2 (c) x2 (d) x4
64. Range of the function f(x)  is
x2  1 72. If f(x) = (x + 2)2 – 2, x   2 . Then f–1(x) is
(a) (–1, 0) (b) (–1, 1)
equal to:
(c) [0, 1) (d) (1, 1)
(a)  2  x  2 (b) 2 x 2
65. The range of the function f(x)  (x  1)(3  x)
is (c) 2 x 2 (d)  2  x  2
(a) [0, 1] (b) (–1, 1)
73. If f : ( 1, 1)  R be suc h that
(c) (–3, 3) (d) (–3, 1)
66. The range of the function f(x) = x2 – 6x + 7 is 2     
f(cos 4)  for   0,    ,  .
(a) (– , 0 ) (b) [–2,  ) 2  sec 2   4  4 2
(c) (– ,  ) (d) (–, – 2 )  1 
Then, the value(s) of f   is/are
3
1
67. If fk(x) = (sinkx + coskx), where x  R and 3 3
k (a) 1  (b) 1
2 2
k  1 , then f4(x) – f6(x) is equal to:
2 2
(a) 1/6 (b) 1/3 (c) 1  (d) 1 
3 3
(c) 1/4 (d) 1/12
2
74. If f(x) = x2 + 2bx + 2c2 and g(x) = – x2 – 2cx +
68. Let f(x) = (x + 1) for x   1 . If g(x) is a func-
b2 are such that min f(x) > max g(x), then rela-
tion whose graph is the reflection of the graph
of f(x) in the line y = x, then g(x) is equal to: tion between b and c is:

1 (a) no relation
(a) (x  1)2 x  1 (b)  x  1
(b) 0 < c < b/2
(c) x 1 (d) x 1 (c) |c|  2 |b|
(d) |c|  2 |b|
61.(b) 62.(a) 63.(b) 64.(c) 65.(a) 66.(b) 67.(d) 68.(d) 69.(d) 70.(a) 71.(b)
72.(c) 73.(a) 74.(d)

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NDA/NA Mathematics
75. If f : R  R is defined by f(x) = 2x + 3, then f– (a) a = 1, b = -2 (b) a = 2, b = 1
1
(x)
(c) a = 2, b = –1 (d) a = 1, b = 2
x 3
(a) is given by 81. If f(x) = x2 – 1 and g(x) = (x + 1)2, then (gof)(x)
2
1 is equal to
(b) is given by
2x  3 (a) (x + 1)4 – 1 (b) x4 – 1
(c) does not exist because f is not injective
(c) x4 (d) (x + 1)4
(d) does not exist because f is not surjective
82. If f is a real valued function such that f(x + y) =
76. If R is the set of real numbers and the func- f(x) + f(y) and f(1) = 5, then the value of f(100)
tions f : R  R and g : R  R be defined by is:
f(x) = x2 + 2x – 3 and g(x) = x + 1. Then, the
(a) 200 (b) 300
value of x for which f(g(x)) = g(f(x)) is
(c) 350 (d) 500
(a) – 1 (b) 0
83. If f(x) = (a – xn)1/n, where a > 0 and n  N ,
(c) 1 (d) 2
then fof(x) is equal to:
x
77. If f(x)  , x  1 , for what value of  is
x 1 (a) a (b) x
f(f(x))= x? (c) xn (d) an
(a) 2 (b)  2 84. If [x] denotes the greatest integer  x, then
(c) 1 (d) none of these
2 2 1  2 2   2 98 
 1  3    3  99    3  99   ...   3  99 
78. If f(x) = 4x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 4, then x3 f   is        
x
equal to is equal to
1 (a) 99 (b) 98
(a) f( – x) (b)
f (x ) (c) 66 (d) 65
2
  1  2x  1
(c) f   (d) f(x)
85. If f(x)  , x  5 , then f–1(x) is equal
x5
  x 
to:
79. If function f : [1, )  [1, ) is defined by
f(x)=2x(x–1), then f–1(x) is equal to: x5 1 5x  1
(a) , x (b) , x2
x( x  1) 2x  1 2 2x
 1 1
(a)   (b) (1  1  4 log2 x )
2 x 5 1
2 (c) , x (d) 5x  1, x  2
2x  1 2 2 x
1 1
(c) 1  4 log2 x (d) (1  1  4 log2 x )
2 2 x (fofo....of) (x)
86. If f(x)  , x  1, then   is
80. If f = {(0, –1), (–1, –3), (2, 3), (3, 5)} is a func- x 1 19 times

tion from Z to Z defined by f(x) = ax + b. Then, equal to:

75.(a) 76.(a) 77.(d) 78.(d) 79.(d) 80.(c) 81.(c) 82.(d) 83.(b) 84.(c) 85.(b)
86.(a)

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 Functions
19
x  x   1 x  1  1  x 
(a) (b)   (c) tan1   (d) tan  
x 1  x  1  1 x   1 x 
19x 88. Which of the following functions is inverse of
(c) (d) x
x 1 itself?
 x  x2  1 x
87. If f(x1 )  f(x 2 )  f  1  for (a) f(x)  (b) f(x) = 3logx
 1  x1x 2  1 x
x( x 1)
x 1 , x 2  (–1, 1) , then what is f(x) is equal to? (c) f(x)  3 (d) None of these
 1–x  2 x
(a) In   (b) In  
 1 x   1 x 

87.(a) 88.(a)

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