001:

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic Computer Communication,
PC networking capabilities, Computer Security

Department of Computing and Information Technology TuK

B. Tech. Degree Applied Biology School of Biological and Life Sciences, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences BSc Degree School of Health and Biomedical Sciences
Degree School of Physics and Earth Sciences (SPES)and School of Chemistry and Material Science (SCMS) BSc Degree School of Mathematics And Actuarial Sciences
Btech Degree Applied Statistics School of Mathematics And Actuarial Sciences Diploma in Technology Diploma Health Records/Diploma Health Records and I.T./ School of
Biological and Life Sciences/School of Health and Biomedical Sciences Diploma of Technology in Tourism and Travel Management/Event and Convention Management/Hotel
and Restaurant Management Year 1 Semester 1

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING APPLICATIONS/Introduction to Computers/Computer Applications/Information Technology I

/Introduction to Information Technology/Information And Communication Technology

SUBJECT CODE: SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE
3208

OVERVIEW
1. Introduction & Attendance Registration
2. Lecture 1 Aims & Objectives
3. Lecture 1 Outline
4. Chapter from Recommended Reading List
5. Lecture Topic
6. Q&A

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke/ INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS:

SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

1) To introduce students to broad Computing and programming theories.

2) To equip students with the knowledge and skills to manage, develop and use Computer h/w,
s/w and Information Technology algorithms to solve problems

3) To develop students’ knowledge and expertise in the use of Computing tools and techniques
and languages e.g. HTML

4) To guide student’s perception of the importance of Computing in the digital economy the
end result of which will be development and presentation of a final programming project

5) To expose students to state of the art processes, systems and research that will shape and
transform Computing over the next decade.
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LECTURE OUTLINE

1. Computer Systems,

2. History of Computing,

3. Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,

4. Computer Security

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS:

SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

RECOMMENDED READING LIST

1.) “Code: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and

Software” Charles Petzold 1999

2.) CS50’s Introduction to Computer Science" (edX)

3) Chapter 1 from the book “Using information

technology : a practical introduction to computers &
communications” Irwin/McGraw-Hill, 1999, 3rd Edition

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS:

SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
Computer Systems,

History of Computing,

Basic communication and PC networking

capabilities,

Computer Security

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS:

SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
WHY STUDY COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY?

.
1 Problem-Solving Skills
● Critical Thinking: analytical and systematic thinking i.e. how to tackle complex problems

● Creativity: innovative solutions and creative approaches

-Computer science studies the processes by which software

transforms input into output, TO understand the fundamental
characteristics of this transformational processes
http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS:
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1. COMPUTING:- DEFINITIONS, CHARACTERISTICS &

FUNCTIONS

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS:

IS DATA RELATED TO INFORMATION?
IF YES EXPLAIN HOW?
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution

-A computer is an electronic device capable of

executing instructions based on algorithms stored in
its memory to process data fed into it and produce
required results faster than human beings.

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS:

SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution

-How Does A Computer Function:
i) Input data

ii) Processes the data INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

iii) Output data

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS:

SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution
-Functions of a computer
I) Accept(take data as input) information to be processed as input.

ii) Store a list of instructions (in memory) to process the information.

iii) Process the information according to the list of instructions and turn
it into useful data

iv) Provide the results of the processing as output

v)Control and repeat the above steps INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS:

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution
-Instructions of a computer
i) An elementary operation designed to perform a task the processor can accomplish.
ii)Divided into fields.
- Operation (op) code field
(Actions the processor must execute i.e what basic operations to
perform)

- Operand (op) code field (memory or address)

(defines the parameters of the action, depending on the operation.
Specifies locations of data or operand which operation is to be
performed)

-Remainder field INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS:

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
 TURING MODEL FOR FUNCTIONING OF COMPUTERS

read
read
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FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution: Processing of computer instructions PRE VON
NEUMANN MODEL
i) Programs and data (logically) the same but only data stored in memory

-In order to implement a Program to perform a task on stored data the

following steps were required:
Manipulate a set of switches

Change a wiring system

-This allowed
1)Fetching program for a task on stored data

2) Placing Fetched program instruction in memory

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS:
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution
-Processing of computer instructions PRE VON NEUMANN MODEL
i) Programs and data (logically) the same but only data stored in memory

-In order to implement a Program to perform a task on stored data the following
steps were required:
Manipulate a set of switches

Change a wiring system

-This allowed
3) Executing the program on the data

4) Holde address of next instruction to be fetched

5)Increment Program Counter INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS:

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208
http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions,
Evolution: VON NEUMANN MODEL COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE
PROCESS
MEMORY

CPU
REGISTERS

INPUT OUTPUT
CU

ALU
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

TURING MODEL FOR FUNCTIONING OF COMPUTERS

1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution

Turing Machine And Von Neumann Model

-A computer with Von Neumann model and Turing Machine

architecture is one that can perform any computation PROVIDED
appropriate data and program(description of how to do the
computation) is provided

-Main feature of Turing and von Neumann models is the concept of

the PROGRAM http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution

Turing Machine And Von Neumann Model
-Computers built on the von Neumann model divide computer
hardware into four subsystems:
-Memory sub-system

-Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Subsystem

-Control unit (CPU) subsystem

-Input/output (I/O) subsystem http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

von Neumann model subsystems:

 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution Turing Machine
And Von Neumann Model
-Three main parts :
Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor: Control Unit (CU)

-Interpret instructions in the program

-Executes them one by one.

-Implemented in a computer chip.

-Commonly held on motherboard. http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution
Turing Machine And Von Neumann Model
-Three main parts :
Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor: Control Unit (CU)
* Controls and coordinates computer components.

1. Read the code for the next instruction to be executed.

2. Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction.

3. Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory.

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution
Turing Machine And Von Neumann Model

-Three main parts :

Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor: Control Unit (CU)

* controls and coordinates computer components.

4. Provide the necessary data to ALU or register.

5. If an instruction requires ALU or specialized hardware to complete

CU instructs h/w to perform requested operation.
http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution
Turing Machine And Von Neumann Model

-Three main parts :

Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor: Control Unit (CU)

* controls and coordinates computer components.

6. Controls movement of data and program instructions into and out of the CPU,

7.Controls operations of the ALU.

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

8. Controls internal as well as external parts of the computer

 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution Turing Machine
And Von Neumann Model
-Three main parts :
Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor: Control Unit (CU)

* controls and coordinates computer components.

* Registers :

-Store data to be executed next,

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution
Turing Machine And Von Neumann Model

-Three main parts :

Arithmetic Logic Unit:

-Executes all arithmetic and logical calculations (arithmetic e.g.

addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) logical operations
(compare numbers, letters, or special characters)

-Processes actual data & instruction

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution Turing Machine

And Von Neumann Model

Characteristics of Computers

-No intelligence Quotient (IQ) – a computer cannot make its own

decisions and has to be instructed on what to do

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS: http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution Turing Machine

And Von Neumann Model

Characteristics of Computers

-No sentiments – computers are devoid of emotions. They have no

feelings or instincts. None possesses the equivalent of a human heart
or soul

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS: http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

IS IT STILL TRUE TODAY THAT
COMPUTERS HAVE NO INTELLIGENCE
QUOTIENT?

IS IT STILL TRUE TODAY THAT

COMPUTERS HAVE NO SENTIMENTS?
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

2. COMPUTING SYSTEMS:-

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS:

 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208
FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE: http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
2. Computer systems:- Types of Computers: DIGITAL ANALOG AND HYBRID COMPUTERS

ANALOG COMPUTERS
-Establish similarities between two
-Earliest computers quantities and Represent the data as
variables with continuous value
-Measure physical
ranges.
variations/phenomena e.g. electric
voltage,
-use physical phenomena, e.g.
electrical voltage, to simulate various
-Measure parameters that vary
phenomena
continuously in real time, e.g.
temperature, pressure, voltage etc to -Directly modifying stored data:
simulate various phenomena
-Solve differential equations
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE: http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

2. Computer systems:- Types of Computers:

DIGITAL ANALOG AND HYBRID COMPUTERS
ANALOG COMPUTERS
-Examples:

-Bathroom Scale

-Thermometer

-Speedometer
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

2. Computer systems:- Definition, -Types of Computers:

DIGITAL, ANALOG, HYBRID COMPUTERS
DIGITAL COMPUTERS
-Use distinct values (0s and 1s) to represent data internally.

-Os and 1s (discrete digits/numbers) Store all data as numbers

-Perform arithmetic operations on data: evaluate arithmetic

expressions and manipulate data.

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS:

SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

2. Computer systems:- Definition, -Types of Computers:

DIGITAL, ANALOG, HYBRID COMPUTERS
DIGITAL COMPUTERS
-Classified into:

1) Special Purpose Computers

Used for traffic signals, space technology etc.,

2) General Purpose Computers: Used for payroll, personnel

database.
http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS:
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

2. Computer systems:- Definition, -Types of Computers:

DIGITAL, ANALOG, HYBRID COMPUTERS
DIGITAL COMPUTERS (General And Special Purpose
Computers):

-Different sizes

-Classified based on memory, speed, storage

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS:

SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
2. Computer systems:- Definition, -Types of Computers:
DIGITAL, ANALOG, HYBRID COMPUTERS
HYBRID COMPUTERS
-Combine analog and digital computer features

-Accept data in analog form

-Process data digitally.

-Output digitally.

-Require analog-to-digital (for input and processing) and digital-to-analog

converters (for output)
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SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

3. HISTORY & EVOLUTION OF COMPUTING

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS:

SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

3. Computers:-History and Evolution

-In the 1880s, the U.S. population had grown so large that it took
more than seven years to tabulate the U.S. Census results.

-Therefore the U.S. government needed a faster way to get the

job done,

-This necessity became the mother of invention, giving rise to

the first generation of punch-card based computers that filled
entire rooms
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS: http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
3. Computers:-History and Evolution

1930.....

-MECHANICAL MACHINES NO TURING MODEL

-Did not store programs in memory, instead programmed by

changing wiring systems or turning a set of switches on or off

-Programming done by an operator or engineer before the actual

data processing
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS: http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities, Computer Security

3. Computers:-History and Evolution: Mechanical Machines

NAME DATES PURPOSE

ABACUS Calculating Machine 2400 B.C.. Count large numbers

Napier’s Bones 1617 multiply

Slide Rule 1620 Mathematica

operations(+-*/)

Pascal’s adding and subtracting machine 1642 Add and subtract

Leibniz's multiplication and dividing machine, 1673

Difference and Analytical Engine 1822 and 1833 Huge Calculator; stores
numbers, uses punched
metal cards

Babbage's analytical engine, 1837

Hollerith’s Punched Card Tabulating Machine Before 1890

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SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities, Computer Security

3. Computers:-History and Evolution: Mechanical Machines (before 1930)

ABACUS Calculating Machine
-bore little resemblance to
Napier’s Bones
the modern concept of a
Slide Rule
computer.
Pascal’s adding and subtracting machine

Leibnitz’s Wheel multiplication and dividing machine,

Difference and Analytical Engine

Babbage's analytical engine,

Hollerith's punched card tabulating machine

Jacquard Loom first machine that used the idea of storage and programming
http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

3. Computers:-History and Evolution

-FROM MECHANICAL MACHINES NO TURING MODEL TO
ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS TURING MODEL
-Did not store programs in memory, instead programmed by
changing wiring systems or turning a set of switches on or off

-Programming done by an operator or engineer before the actual

data processing

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS: http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities, Computer Security

3. Computers:-History and Evolution: Mechanical Machines To ELECTRONIC

COMPUTERS
NAME DATES PURPOSE

ENIAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer) 1943-1945

ABC (ATANASOFF BERRY COMPUTER) 1937-1942

Z1 1931

UNIVAC (universal automatic computers) 1951

HERMAN HOLLERITH 1890 programmer machine that

could automatically read,
tally, and sort data stored on
punched cards.

-Between 1930 and 1950, several electronic computer BUILT.

-ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS did not store the program in memory—all were programmed
externally. http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

3. Computers:-History and Evolution

-FROM ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS TURING MODEL TO
COMPUTER GENERATIONS TURING MODEL VON NEUMANN
MODEL

-Did not store programs in memory, instead programmed by

changing wiring systems or turning a set of switches on or off

-Programming done by an operator or engineer before the actual

data processing
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS: http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

3. Computers:-History
and Evolution
Calculating machine
ABACUS
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

3.Computers:-History and
Evolution
Calculating machine
ABACUS

3. Computers:-History
and Evolution
-Difference Engine
-Analytical Engine

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 Generation of Computers
ERA 1st Gen 1940-1956 2nd Gen 1956-1963 3rd Gen 1964-1971 4th Gen 5th Gen
(micro electronic 1971-present 2020- PRESENT
era) A.I. and Quantum
Computing

CIRCUIT Vacuum tubes (hold one set Transistors (hold one Transistors COMPRESSED TINY Microprocessors/
TECHNOLOGY of instructions and operates set of instructions and miniaturized and Integrated Circuits (I.C) microchips /
it) OR THERMIONIC VALVES operates it) placed on silicon chips millions of transistors Superconductors,
called Semiconductor Microprocessors /micro VLS1,
Integrated Circuits silicon chip), Large Scale Ultra-large Scale
SILICON CHIPS (I.C.) Integrated Circuit (LSIC), Integrated Circuits ULSIC,
multiple transistors Very Large Scale super large scale
AND DIODES (holds Integrated Circuit (VLSIC) integrated (SLSI) chips,
more than one set of 3D Circuit Design,
instructions and operates
them)
 Generation of Computers
ERA 1st Gen 1940-1956 2nd Gen 1956-1963 3rd Gen 1964-1971 4th Gen 5th Gen
(micro electronic 1971-present 2020- PRESENT
era) A.I. and Quantum
Computing

SIZE Filed whole buildings/room Large, e.g. Filled half a Smaller- fit on a desk Smaller, more varies
room but smaller than or in hands compact, fit in hands
1st Generation

AV.RAM MEMORY 1Kb - 32Kb 4Kb - 64Kb 8kb - 512Kb 16 Kb - 4GB 8GB - 1TB

AV. SPEED MILLISECONDS 1 MICROSECONDS MICROseconds MICROSECONDS 50 NANOSECONDS and

instruction (e.g. 200,000-300,000 (1/1,000,000,000 of a million instructions per PICOSECONDS
ADDITION) Per 1/1000 a instructions per second) second 50 MIPS parallel
second 1/100,000 of a sec 5 MILLION processing(single task
INSTRUCTIONS PER
200,000-300,000 multiple processors)
SECOND 5 MIPS
TIPS)
 Generation of Computers
ERA 1st Gen 1940-1956 2nd Gen 1956-1963 3rd Gen 1964-1971 4th Gen 5th Gen
(micro electronic 1971-present 2030-?
era)

AV.STORAGE 1-10 Mb (Magnetic 5-100Mb 10Mb-1 GB 100Mb 4Gb 256Gb - 1Tb

Drums) Magnetic Core Magnetic Disc Optical Magnetic Disk, Bubble
Memory Disc Memory, Optical Disk
Cloud

COST $200,000 to $500,000 $50,000 - $300,000 $10,000 - $100,000 $500 to $5,000 $300 - $5,000

PURPOSE SCIENTIFIC AND BUSINESS AND AUTOMATION AND PERSONAL ADVANCED

MILITARY SCIENTIFIC DATA PROCESSING COMPUTING AND COMPUTING, ARTIFICIAL
CALCULATIONS APPLICATIONS DIVERSE INTELLIGENCE, AND
APPLICATIONS

I/O/P INPUT: Punched cards INPUT: Magnetic tape INPUT: Magnetic tape INPUT: Mice ,
Magnetic tape OUTPUT: and disks touchscreens)
printers, OUTPUT: Scanners, digital
OUTPUT: Basic visual displays Monitors text-based, cameras
Line printers, Lights,
High-speed printers Output:
Monitors (color)
Printers inkjet and
laser, Speakers audio
output
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3.Computers: History and Evolution- Generation of Computers First (1946-1956)

-vacuum tube (glass tube with circuits inside)

-Store and process information

-Consume a lot of power

-overheating

-Magnetic tape

-Low storage i.e. 2kb

-Slowest processing speed http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities, Computer Security

3. Computers:- History And Evolution: History of Digital SPECIAL PURPOSE

1ST GENERATION Computers

NAME DATES PURPOSE

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator 1964 wwII

And Calculator)

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable 1945 Instructions and

Automatic Computer) memory

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3.Computers: History and Evolution-Generation of Computers Second (1957-1967)

-Transistors (silicon)
-Small, cheap, less heat, less power

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FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities, Computer Security

3. Computers:- History, And Evolution, Fundamentals: History of Digital SPECIAL PURPOSE

2ND GENERATION Computers
NAME DATES PURPOSE

1955
NCR 501

1964
ATLAS LEO MARK 111

UNIVAC 1107 1962

HONEYWELL 200 1966

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3.Computers: History and Evolution-Generation of Computers

Second generation computers (1957-1967)
-The transistors used Silicon ahad an on-off switch

-more complex ALU and CPU,

-the use of high level languages and provision of system

software with the computer

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3.Computers: History and Evolution Generation of Computers

Second generation computers (1957-1967)
-Data access time was measured in microseconds.

-These computers had programming languages whose

vocabularies are close to the human natural language, English
language

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3.Computers: History and Evolution-:- Generation of Computers Third (1965-1980)

-very small electronic integrated circuits (IC)
-Made by combining transistors, resistors and capacitors
together
-one IC houses thousands of transistors

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SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

3.Computers: History and Evolution Generation of Computers

Third generation computers (1965-1980)
-In this generation Operating System Software was
developed
-Operating system is set of instructions loaded each time
a computer is started

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FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities, Computer Security

3. Computers:- History and Evolution: History of Digital SPECIAL PURPOSE

3RD GENERATION Computers
NAME DATES PURPOSE

IBM 360 1964

ICL 1900 SERIES 1965

(8-BIT MICROCOMPUTERS) 1970-1980

INTEL 8080

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3.Computers: History and Evolution-Generation of Computers Fourth (1971)

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SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities, Computer Security

3. Computers:- Definition, Evolution, Fundamentals: History of Digital SPECIAL PURPOSE

4TH GENERATION Computers

NAME DATES PURPOSE

IBM 308 1972

AMDAH 580 1975

HONEYWELL DPS-88 1977

APPLE II 1977

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3.Computers: History and Evolution Generation of Computers

Fourth generation computers (1971-present)
-Used microchips also called microprocessors

-Microchips are very large scale integrated circuits (VLSIC)

–VLSIC housed hundreds of transistors and very large IC

with between 200,000 to 400, 000 transistors in one IC

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SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

3.Computers: History and Evolution Generation of Computers

Fourth generation computers (1971-present)
-Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC)
-6
-Each transistor was 0.13 microns (10 meters)

-By the 1980s VLSIC squeezed hundreds of thousands of

components onto a chip

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SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

3.Computers: History and Evolution Generation of Computers

Fourth generation computers (1971-present)

-Ultra-large scale integration (ULSI) increased that

number by millions.

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SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

3.Computers: History and Evolution Generation of Computers

Fourth generation computers (1971 to present)
-Memory used included magnetic disc and optical disc.

-Memory size expanded up to several MB

-Speed was 10 times faster.

-This generation marked the origin of mini computers in

use today.
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3.Computers: History and Evolution-Generation of Computers Fifth (2020-?)

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3.Computers: History and Evolution: Generation of Computers

Fifth generation computers (2020-?)
-The design of these computers was based on ULSI ultra
large scale integration) technology

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SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS; COMPUTERS AS POWER TOOLS FOR AN INFORMATION AGE, COMPUTER

SYSTEMS, TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS, HISTORY OF COMPUTER PROCESSING

3.Computers: History and Evolution Generation of Computers

Fifth generation computers (2020-?)
-The aim of these computers is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of
learning and self-organization

-In these computers massive numbers of CPUs are used

for more efficient performance.

-Voice recognition is a special feature in these computers

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SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS; COMPUTERS AS POWER TOOLS FOR AN INFORMATION AGE, COMPUTER

SYSTEMS, TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS, HISTORY OF COMPUTER PROCESSING

3.Computers: History and Evolution Generation of Computers

Fifth generation computers (2020-?)
-By using superconductors and parallel processing, artificial
intelligence is slowly becoming a reality.

-Quantum computing, molecular and nanotechnology

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SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities, Computer Security

3. Computers:- Definition, Evolution, Fundamentals: History of Digital SPECIAL PURPOSE

5TH GENERATION Computers

NAME DATES PURPOSE

FUJITSU HOAP -1 2001 RESEARCH ROBOTICS

IBM WATSON 2011 COGNITIVE COMPUTER

GOOGLE DEEPMIND 2014 MACHINE LEARNING

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FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
4. TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

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SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS; COMPUTERS AS POWER TOOLS FOR AN INFORMATION AGE, COMPUTER

SYSTEMS, TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS, HISTORY OF COMPUTER PROCESSING

4. Computer systems:-Types(General Purpose Digital

Computers:)
CLASSIFICATIONS
OF
GENERAL PURPOSE
DIGITAL COMPUTERS

MICRO COMPUTER MINI COMPUTER MAINFRAME SUPERCOMPUTER

DESKTOP LAPTOP HANDHELD

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EEGI 1113 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS; COMPUTERS AS POWER TOOLS FOR AN INFORMATION AGE, COMPUTER
SYSTEMS, TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS, HISTORY OF COMPUTER PROCESSING

4. Computer systems:-Types of General Purpose Digital

Computers
Supercomputers

-Biggest in size

-most expensive

-Complex tasks

-Require a lot of power

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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
4. Computer systems:-Types of General Purpose Digital
Computers
Mainframe computers
- Second largest in size

-Second most powerful

-High memory.

-Multi-user computer i.e. support hundreds/thousands of users

simultaneously.
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FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

4. Computer systems:-Types of General Purpose Digital

Computers
Mainframe computers
-Linked to smaller computers to multi-user compute.

-Large peripherals attached to them.

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4. Computer systems:-Types of General Purpose Digital Computers

Minicomputers
-Smaller than main frame

-Bigger than micro-computers.

-Support 1 -10 concurrent users.

-Used as servers

-slower and less costly

-More powerful, reliable and expensive than micro computers.

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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

4. Computer systems:-Types of General Purpose Digital Computers

Micro computers aka Personal Computer
-Usually called personal computers

-desktop, laptop, notebook, smart watch

-Small, single-user computers based on microprocessor i.e. microchip

large scale integration LSI several physical components per small
elements on a thumb size IC

-Smallest of the first three computers.

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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

4. Computer systems:-Types Personal Computer

-Extremely lightweight

-typically weigh < 6 pounds

-Have a keyboard, monitor, and a storage device

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SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

What is the difference between

Notebook,
Laptop,
Desktop,
and Workstation Micro computers?
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5. BASIC COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTERS:

MEMORY

CPU
REGISTERS

INPUT OUTPUT
CU ALU

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FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

5. BASIC COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTERS: VON NEUMANN MODEL

-Von Newman’s design
model requirement for
computers i.e.

*Multiple subsystem
parallel processing

*Sequential execution of a
program
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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

5. BASIC COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTERS: VON NEUMANN MODEL

-break down a task

-share task among processes in

subsystems (faster execution)

-multiple processor subsystems

Process trillions of instructions
per second)
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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

5. BASIC COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTERS: VON NEUMANN MODEL

-Programs and data are logically the same

- Both (program and corresponding data) stored in computer memory

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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

5. BASIC COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTERS: VON NEUMANN MODEL

-Both should be similar format (Stored as binary —sequence of 0s

and 1s)

-A program l is made of finite number of instructions executed one

after another.

-CU (control unit) fetches one instruction from memory, decodes it,
executes it
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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
5. BASIC COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTERS: VON NEUMANN MODEL

I/O UNIT
- Input unit accepts data from
the user, converts data into a
form understandable by the
computer.

-Output unit provides output

in a form understandable by
the user http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
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FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
5. BASIC COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTERS: VON NEUMANN MODEL

Memory Unit/Main
Memory/Primary Memory

-Stores data, instructions,

intermediate results and
Output temporarily during
processing of data.

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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
5. BASIC COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTERS: VON NEUMANN MODEL

Memory Unit/main
memory/primary memory

-input data to be processed is

brought into main memory
before processing.
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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
5. BASIC COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTERS: VON NEUMANN MODEL

Memory Unit/main
memory/primary memory

-Instructions for processing of

data and any intermediate
results stored in main
memory.
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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
5. BASIC COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTERS: VON NEUMANN MODEL

Memory Unit/main
memory/primary memory

-Output is stored in memory before

being transferred to the output
device.

-Data, programs and output are

stored permanently in the storage
unit long term memory http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
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FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution Turing Machine
And Von Neumann Model http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

-Three main parts :

Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor: Control Unit (CU)

-Interpret instructions in the program

-Executes them one by one.

-Implemented in a computer chip.

-Commonly held on motherboard.

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FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution
Turing Machine And Von Neumann Model
-Three main parts :
Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor: Control Unit (CU)
* Controls and coordinates computer components.

1. Read the code for the next instruction to be executed.

2. Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction.

3. Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory.

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FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution
Turing Machine And Von Neumann Model

-Three main parts :

Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor: Control Unit (CU)

* controls and coordinates computer components.

4. Provide the necessary data to ALU or register.

5. If an instruction requires ALU or specialized hardware to complete

CU instructs h/w to perform requested operation.
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SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution
Turing Machine And Von Neumann Model

-Three main parts :

Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor: Control Unit (CU)

* controls and coordinates computer components.

6. Controls movement of data and program instructions into and out of the CPU,

7.Controls operations of the ALU.

8. Controls internal as well as external parts of the computer

 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution Turing Machine
And Von Neumann Model http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

-Three main parts : Central Processing Unit

(CPU)/Processor: Control Unit (CU)
REGISTERS
Registers :

-High-speed storage areas with least storage

capacity

-Used for different purposes (each register

serves a specific purpose)
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution Turing Machine
And Von Neumann Model http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

-Three main parts : Central Processing Unit

(CPU)/Processor: Control Unit (CU)
* Registers :

-Store data to be executed next,

-Not referenced by their address,

-Directly accessed and manipulated by CPU

during instruction execution.
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution Turing Machine
And Von Neumann Model http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

-Three main parts: Central Processing Unit

(CPU)/Processor: Control Unit (CU)
* Registers :
-why store data, instructions, addresses
and intermediate results of processing?

-Data and instructions that require

processing must be brought into registers
of CPU before processing
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution Turing Machine
And Von Neumann Model http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

-Three main parts :

Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor: Control
Unit (CU)
* Registers:

- if two numbers are to be added, both are

brought into registers, added and result placed in
a register.
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution Turing Machine
And Von Neumann Model http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

-Three main parts : Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor: Control

Unit (CU) REGISTERS
-Important registers

- Accumulator Register (ACC) stores arithmetic

and logic operations results

-Instruction Register (IR) contains current

most recently fetched instructions
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution Turing Machine
And Von Neumann Model http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

-Three main parts : Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor: Control

Unit (CU) REGISTERS
-Important registers

-Program Counter (PC) register contains address

of next instructions to be processed.

-Memory Address Register (MAR) contains

address of next location in memory to be
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution Turing Machine
And Von Neumann Model http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

-Three main parts : Central Processing Unit

(CPU)/Processor: Control Unit (CU) REGISTERS
-Important registers

-Memory Buffer Register (MBR) temporarily stores

data from memory or data to be sent to
memory.

-Data Register (DR) stores operands and other data.

 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution
Turing Machine And Von Neumann Model

-Three main parts : Arithmetic Logic

Unit:

-Executes all arithmetic and logical

operations
-Processes actual data & instructions
-Uses registers to hold data being
processed http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution
Turing Machine And Von Neumann Model
-Three main parts : Arithmetic Logic
Unit:
-Consists of two units
-Arithmetic unit

-Logic unit.

-Arithmetic unit: performs arithmetic

operations on data
e.g.add/subtract/multiply/divide http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
1. Computers:- Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Evolution
Turing Machine And Von Neumann Model

-Three main parts : Arithmetic Logic Unit:

-Logic unit performs logic operations.

E.g. compare numbers, letters,special
characters, test for greater than/less
than/equal to conditions.
http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

5. BASIC COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER

NETWORKING:

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

5. BASIC COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORKING:

Definition
-Computer Network: the process of designing, implementing,
upgrading, managing and working with 2 or more
computers/computer h/w devices connected together physically or
logically using special h/w or s/w to exchange information, share
resources and co-operate
http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

5. BASIC COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORKING:

1) Connectivity and communication

2) Sharing of h/w and data (share resources e.g. files/printers/disk

drives etc)

3) Security and management

4) Performance enhancement and balancing http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

5. BASIC COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORKING:

Types of Networks
-Local Area Network

-Wide Area Network

-Metropolitan Area Network

-Internet

-Intranet http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
5. BASIC COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORKING:

Types of Networks
-Local Area Network (LAN)

-covers a small geographic area

e.g. home/office/building

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

5. BASIC COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORKING:

Types of Networks Metropolitan Area
Network(MAN):

-Interconnection between
computers in a geographic area
larger than LAN but smaller than
WAN into a single larger network
which

-Can be interconnected to a WAN

- E.g. Campus Network

 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
5. BASIC COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORKING:
Types of Networks
-Wide Area Network(WAN)

-2 or more LANS/WANs in one

location communicating with
LANS/WANs in another location
using routers and public
communication links

-covers a broad geographic area e.g.

regional/national boundaries etc.
http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

6. BASIC COMMUNICATION: COMPUTER NUMBERING,

INFORMATION STORAGE AND PROCESSING SYSTEM

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

5. BASIC COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTERS: VON NEUMANN MODEL

Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor:
ALU/CU/Register
-The speed of CPU is known as Computer Speed.

-Measured by Hertz (Hz),

-1 Hz =1 CPU cycle.

1 Hz 1 Cycle per second

1 MHz 1000 Hz (1 million cycles per second)

1 GHz 1000 MHz (1 billion cycles per second)

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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
5. BASIC COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTERS: VON NEUMANN MODEL
Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor:
ALU/CU/Register.
-Primary responsibility is execute
sequential set of instructions in a
program.
-Executes each instruction in a
series of steps i.e.instruction cycle
1 Hz 1 CPU Cycle per second
1MHz 1000 Hz (1 million cycles per second)
1GHz 1000 MHz (1 billion cycles per second)
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
5. BASIC COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTERS: VON NEUMANN MODEL
Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor:
ALU/CU/Register.
-A instruction cycle involves four
steps
-Fetching

-Decoding

-Executing

-Storing
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
5. BASIC COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTERS: VON NEUMANN MODEL
Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor:
ALU/CU/Register 4 STEP Instruction Cycle
1)Fetching:
-Processor fetches instruction from
memory
-Fetched instruction placed in (IR)
Instruction Register
-Program Counter holds address of next
instruction to be fetched
-Program Counter incremented after
each fetch.
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
5. BASIC COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTERS: VON NEUMANN MODEL
Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor:
ALU/CU/Register 4 STEP Instruction Cycle
2)Decoding:
-Instruction to be fetched is broken
down into parts and translated into
commands corresponding to those
in CPU’s instruction set.

-The instruction set architecture of

CPU defines the way in which
instruction are to be decoded.
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
5. BASIC COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTERS: VON NEUMANN MODEL
Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor:
ALU/CU/Register 4 STEP Instruction Cycle
3)Executing: Executing Decoded
instructions/command

-CPU performs operation implied

by the program instruction (e.g.
perform addition if instruction is
ADD)
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
5. BASIC COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTERS: VON NEUMANN MODEL
Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor:
ALU/CU/Register 4 STEP Instruction Cycle
4)Storing:
-CPU writes back results of
execution to computer memory.
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
5. BASIC COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTERS: VON NEUMANN MODEL
Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor:
ALU/CU/Register.
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE: http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities, Computer Security

6. BASIC COMMUNICATION: COMPUTERS NUMBERING INFORMATION STORAGE AND

MEMORY REPRESENTATION SYSTEM

-Bits (Binary digit) is the basic unit of memory.

represents DATA/information

- A bit is a single binary digit, i.e. 0 or 1.

Information is stored in bits

-(0 or 1) basic unit of computer data storage (Two

number binary system)

-Stored bits retrieved from memory for/by processor

SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

6. BASIC COMMUNICATION: COMPUTERS NUMBERING INFORMATION STORAGE AND

MEMORY REPRESENTATION SYSTEM

1 Bit 0 or 1

1 Byte(B) 8 bits a number 0 to 255.

90 bytes = 1 sentence

1 KiloByte (210) = 1024 bytes 4 KB = 1 textbook page.

(Kb)
1(Mb) (220) = 1,000,000 bytes 3MB = 3 minute song
Megabyte (1024 Kilobytes)

1(Gb) (230) = 1,000,000,000 bytes 1 GB = 114 minutes audio CD

Gigabyte (1024 * 1024 Kilobytes)

1(Tb) (240) = 1,000,000,000,000 bytes 8-16GB standard flash drive

Terabyte (1024Kb * 1024Kb * 1024Kb * 1024Kb)
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
6. BASIC COMMUNICATION: COMPUTERS NUMBERING INFORMATION STORAGE AND
MEMORY REPRESENTATION SYSTEM

-Bit data is handled by computer in combinations.

-One byte can store 256 different combinations of bits.

-In a byte, the different combinations of bits fall in the range

00000000 to 11111111.

- A group of bytes can be combined to form a word (2, 4 or 8 bytes)

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
6. BASIC COMMUNICATION: COMPUTERS NUMBERING INFORMATION STORAGE AND
MEMORY REPRESENTATION SYSTEM

- This

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

7. Computer Security

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
DEFINITIONS
• Computer Security:- controls put in place to provide
• Confidentiality
• Integrity
• Availability
for h/w, s/w and data

• Computer security protects:

• h/w
• Firmware (permanent s/w in the h/w devices non-volatile memory)
• s/w http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

DEFINITIONS
Aims of Computer security:
• Confidentiality:
Availability only to an intended audience-prevent unauthorised access
• Integrity:
Preventing modification in an unauthorised way
• Availability:
Accessible and modifiable in a timely fashion by those authorized to do so
• Authenticity:
Verification of claim
• Accountability (non-repudiation)
http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

DEFINITIONS
• Computer security challenges:-
• Potential attacks may never be detected

• Executed attacks may never be reported

• Loss may be difficult to quantify

• Management can be difficult about security

http://elearning.tukenya.ac.ke
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER SECURITY
• Computer security threat:- danger made possible by a vulnerability

• Threat categories: -
• General threats (interception, modification, fabrication, interruption)

• Specific threats (intrusion, hacking, espionage, destruction of h/w/sw, data)

• Threats exploit vulnerabilities

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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER SECURITY
• Vulnerabilities:- flaws or weaknesses in the design, implementation or
operation of a system (i.e. how open is something to attack)
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER SECURITY
Source of threats:-
• Agents/attackers e.g. malware writers, hackers, fraudsters, white collar
criminals, etc.

• Threats can be:-

• Organised
• Disorganised
• Individual with resources
• Group with resources
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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER SECURITY
Source of threats:-
• Agents/attackers carry out threats motivated by:-
• Money
• Emotion
• Ideology

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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER SECURITY

• Threats and vulnerabilities require risk assessment and risk control:-
• Risk Control:-
• Defence
• Mitigation
• Acceptance
• Transfera
• Termination

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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER SECURITY

• Risk control is based on threat modelling using attack trees

Threat Modelling Attack trees:-

• Graphical representation of how an asset can be attacked
• Model threats on a given asset
• Have a one to many relationship
• Have multiple options (one will not work alone)

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SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

OPEN SAFE

LEARN INSTALL
PICK LOCK CUT OPEN SAFE IMPROPERLY
1 COMBINATION P
P I

FIND WRITTEN GET COMBO

COMBO FROM OWNER
I P

THREATEN BLACKMAIL EAVESDROP BRIBE

I I P P

I = IMPOSSIBLE LISTEN TO GET OWNER TO STATE

CONVERSATION COMBO
P I
P = POSSIBLE
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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
COMPUTER SECURITY CONTROLS AND SAFEGUARDS
• Controls and safeguards include:- Examples of prevention:
• Prevention • Firewall

• Detection • Security guards

• Responsiveness • Passwords

• Cryptography

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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
TYPES OF COMPUTER SECURITY THREATS
1. Human Element 9. Rootkits
5. Spyware
2. Scareware 10. Worms
6. Logic Bomb
11. Viruses
3. Ransomware
7. Botnets 12. Malware
4. Adware

8. Trojan horse

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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
HUMAN ELEMENT
● Aka Social engineering aka scamming

• Most commonly overlooked method of attacking a network

• People are the biggest weaknesses in network security because they are vulnerable

• People are scammed into giving away passwords and valuable data every day

• No firewall or software patch can stop the human element only user education and
personal awareness

• Effective Network security = stopping intruders at both network and physical level
 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

VIRUSES
• Small rogue programs that hide themselves on disks (e.g. flash disks, hard drives etc)

• Written by programmers sometimes as a joke, but always to do intentional damage

and spread to other machines

• Disrupt normal operations of a computer e.g.

• Destroy data and programs,

• Modify other programs,

• Hide inside other programs

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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

VIRUSES
• Can get out of control

• Symptoms e.g.
• Annoying messages pop-up on the screen

• Deleting files from the hard disk

• Undetectable without antivirus software

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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

VIRUSES
• Operate in 4 main phases:
• Dormant (waiting for trigger event)
• Propagate (replicate to program/disk)
• Trigger (by event to execute payload)
• Execute (payload)

• After infection(execution), any disk that comes in contact with such a

machine becomes infected and spreads the virus
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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

TYPES OF VIRUSES
• Overwrite viruses • File infectors

• Boot sector virus

• Company viruses

• Directory virus
• FAT Virus

• Polymorphic virus
• Worms
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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

TYPES OF VIRUSES
● Logic Bombs • Macro Virus (macro language)

● Stealth virus • Memory resident viruses

● Trojan Horse
• Direct action viruses

• Metamorphic virus

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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

VIRUSES
Trojan Horses
• May also arrive in the form of a joke program or software of some sort

• Malicious functionality of a Trojan horse may be anything undesirable for a

computer user e.g.
• Data destruction

• Compromising a system through allowing another

computer to gain access bypassing normal access controls
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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

HARDWARE AND DATA SECURITY

• Security in I.T. is concerned with protecting:-
• H/W and H/W environment

• S/W

• Data
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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security

HARDWARE AND DATA SECURITY

• The common category of all 3 is:-
• Physical security

• Physical Security:-
• Protects h/w from possible human and natural disasters

• Early computers security issues were h/w issues

• Security was controlled by physical access control to a room

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 SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Computer Systems, History of Computing, Basic communication and PC networking capabilities,
Computer Security
HARDWARE AND DATA SECURITY
HARDWARE THREATS REMEDIES:-

• Access card control

• Physical storage of portables

• Data at rest encryption

• Mobile device tracking

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SABI 1121 SSFI 1205 SHBQ 1215 SHNQ 1114 SHMC 1341 SPPI 1103 SSEI 1105 SPPI 1103 SMMQ 1191 SMSI 1141 SHHE 3203 SHHE 3208

QUESTION & ANSWER SESSION

ANY
QUESTIONS
?

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EEGI 1113 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS; COMPUTERS AS POWER TOOLS FOR AN INFORMATION AGE, COMPUTER

SYSTEMS, TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS, HISTORY OF COMPUTER PROCESSING

Bill Gates

“the first rule of any technology is that automation applied

to an efficient operation will magnify the efficiency; the
second rule is that automation applied to an inefficient
operation will magnify the inefficiency”

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