NUMBER SYSTEM Chart: Classification of Numbers =n] os canbe cn or aati cerzeses. nner oe Tina y estan Fergie Bossi ee bencnnes© Number System (CONCEPT OF NUMBER LINE (OR NUMBER LINE) ‘A number line is a straight line ftom negative infinitive (-, 2) in left hand side to positive infinitive (+, 2) im right hand side as given: raaas Each point on the number Line represents unique real number and cach real number is denoted by a unique potnt on the number lie, Symbols of some special sets are: N+ the set of all natural numbers the set ofall integers the set ofall rational numbers the set of all real numbers + the set of positive integers the set of positive rational numbers, and the set of positive real numbers ‘The symbols forthe special sets given above will be referred to throughout the tex Even integers ‘An integer divisitle by 2 z Q R z @ R called aneveninleger Thus, = 6,= 4,=2,0.2,4,6, 8, 16 12, te, ae all even antegers. 20 always represents an even number, where mi an integer For example, by putting n= and 8 in 2, we get even integer 2nas Wand 16 respectively Odd Integers ‘An integer not divisible by 2 is called an odd integer. Thus, ... 8, =3,-1, 1, 3,5, 7,9, 11, 13, 18,..., ete. are alll odd integers. {Qn= I)or(2n4 1) always represents an odd number, where mis aniteger. For example by putting n=O, | and Sin 2m 1), we get odd integer (2n= 1) as~ 1, 1 and 9 respectively, Properties of Positive and Negative Numbers Hf mis a natural number then (A positive number)" =" = A. positive number {A negative number)" >" =m = A positive number (A negative numbery7* = = A negative number CONVERSION OF RATIONAL NUMBER OF THE FORM NON-TERMINATING RECURRING DECIMAL INTO THE RATIONAL NUMBER OF THE FORM : First write the non-terminating repeating decimal number in recurring form ie., write 6420132132132... as 6420132 Thenusing formula given below we fndheeqied 2 farm of the given number: q Rata mantra frm E ‘Complete number neglecting] [Non- recurring part of ] the decimal and bar over || the number neglecting the decimal ‘times 9 followed by m times 0 number of recurring digits in decimal part ‘n= number of non-recurring digitsin decimals part repeating digit(s) Where m and, = 6420132 6420 Thus, © form of 6420133 4 93900 = 8413712. 534476 99900 abed ~ ab +, ab: ede: ‘9900 O.abed 990 Mlustration number, ‘Solution: Required f form Convert 246102 in the z form of rational _ 4610 99999 tu 2 Convert 01673206 in rational aumber, 1673206 -167 _ 1673039 ‘Solution: red 2 form = a " Recuired q 9999000 9999000 Illustration 3: Convert 31,02641: inte © form of ra- oO Solution: First write 31,026415555.. as 31.026415 31026415 — 3102641 _ 27923774 2 = Now required % form ouou DIVISION AJFIE(68 Here isthe divisor, 275 is the dividend, Eble the quot ond 3s the remands 3S emaiaerka always es than vic: 2 * 3 Thus, Divisor) Dividend (Quotient pe Remainder Thus, Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder For example, 275 =4 x68 +3 ‘When quotient is a whole number and remainder is zero, then dividend is divisible by divisor. TESTS OF DIVISIBILITY L. Divisibitity by Annumber ts divisible by 2 if its unit digit is any of 0, 2, 4,6,8 Ex, 58694 is divisible by 2, while 86945 is not divisible by2. HL. Divisible by 3: Anumber is divisible by 3 ony when the sur ofits digits is divisible by 3.mM. Ww VL vin vin. Ex. (i) Sum of digits of the number 695421 = 27, which is divisible by 3. 685421 is divisible by 3, (i) Sum of digits of the number 948653 = 35, which isnot divisible by 3 © 948653 is not divisible by 3, Divisible by 4: A.number is divisible by 4 ifthe number formed by ts last two digits i. ten’s and unit's digit of the given number is divisible by 4. Ex. (i) 6879376 is divisible by 4, since 76 is divisible by 4. (i) 496138 is not divisible by 4, since 38 is not divisible by 4 Divisible by 5: ‘A. number is divisible by S only when its unit digit is O or. Ex. Each of the numbers 76895 and 68790 is divisible by $. Divisible by 6 ‘A number is divisible by 6 if tis simultaneously divisible by both 2 and 3. Ex. 90 is divisible by 6 because it is divisible by both 2 and 3 simultaneously, Divisible by 7: A number is divisible by 7 ifand only if the difference of the number of its thousands and the remaining part of the given number is divisible by 7 respectively, Ex. 473312 is divisible by 7, because the difference between 473 and 312 is 161, which is divisible by 7, Divisible by 8: ‘A-number is divisible by & if the number formed by its last three digits ie, hunctred’s,ten's and unit's digit of the ‘given number is divisible by 8, Ex. (i) In the number 16789352, the number formed by last 3 digits, namely 352 is divisible by 8. ° 16789352 is divisible by 8. (Inthe number 576484, the number formed by last 3 digits, namely 484 is not divisible by 8. © $76484 is not divisible by 8, Divisible by 9: A.numberis divisible by 9 only when the sum of ts digits 1s divisible by 9 Ex. (i) Sum of digits ofthe number 246591 = 27, which isdivisible by 9, 246591 is divisible by 9, Sum of digits of the number 734519 isnot divisible by 9, ©. 7BHS19 is not di Divisible by 1 which: Ex. (i) 7849320 isdivisible by 10, since its unit digit is 0. Gi) 678405 is not divisible by 10, since its unit digit isnot Number System © X. Divisible by 11: Anumber i divisible by 11 ifthe difference between the ‘sum of its digits at odd places from right and the sum of its digits at even places also from right is either © or a number divisible by 11 Ex, (i) Consider the number 29435417, (Sum of its digits at odd places from right) ~ (Summ of its digits at even places from right) (T4443 49) -(14 54442)=Q3= 12}= 11, which is divisible by 11 «28435417 is divisible by 11 Ai) Consider the number 57463832 (Sum ofits digits at odd places) - (Sum of its digits at even places) =(2t8 46+ )aQt 34445) 3 = 14) =9, which is neither 0 nor divisible by 11, 57463822 is not divisible by 11 XL. Divisible by 12: ‘A number is divisible by 12, if it is simultaneously divisible by both 3 and 4 ‘Solution: Let the required value be x, Then, (7+ x4 5444642) (24 + 5} should be divisible by 9, > x3 ‘Mlustration ; Find the least value of * for which 4832" visible by 11. ‘Solution: Let the digit in place of * be x (Sum of digits at odd places from right) = (Sum of digits at even places from right) (ext Sha) M(H DERRY), whlch aut be iby 1 ¥87, PRIME NUMBERS ‘Anumber other than 1 is called a prime number if itis divisible bby only 1 and itself. Al prime numbers less than 100 are: 2,3, 5, 7,11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37,41,43,47, $3, 9, 61, 73, 79, 83,89, 97 [Note that 2s the smallest prime number, 2 is the only even prime number, ‘Smallest odd prime number is 3. ‘Twin Primes: A pair of prime numbers are said to be twin [prime when they differ by 2. For example 3 and S are twin primes, ‘Co-primes or Relative primes: A pair of numbers ate said t0 ‘be co-primes or relative primes to each other ifthey do not have any common factor other than 1. For example 13 and 21 Some Properties which Help in Finding Two Co-prime Numbers (8) Two consecutive natural numbers are always ¢0-prime, Ex. 8 and 9 are co-prime, Also 12 and 13 are co-prime. (Gi) Two consecutive odd integers are always co-prime, Ex, 7, 9,15, 17,21, 23; et© Number System (iii) ‘Two prime numbers are always co-prime, Ex. 19 and 23 are eo-prime Also 29 and 41 are co-prime (iv) A prime number and a composite number such that the ‘composite number is nota multipteof the prime number are always eo-prime, Ex. 7 and 15 are co-prime, (8) Square of two co-prime numbers are always co-prime smumbers, Some Properties which Help in Finding Three Co-prime Numbers 3 numbers are co-prime to each other means all the possible pair of numbers out ofthese three numbers are co-prime, For example from three numbers 7, 8, 13 three pairs (7, 8) (7, 13) and (8, 13) are formed and each of these pai is a pair of co-prime, Hence, 7, 4, 13 are three co-prime numbers. Following are some properties helping in finding three co-prime numbers (i) Three consecutive odd integers are always co-prime, Ex. 9, 11, 13 are co-prime, (ii) Three consecutive natural numbers with frst one being odd are always co-primes. Ex. 7,4, 9 are co-prime (iii) Two consecutive natural numbers along with the next odd ‘numbers are always co primes, Ex, 12,13, 1Sare e0-prime, Also 17, 18, 19 are co-prime, (iv) Three prime numbers are always co-prime, Ex. 3, 11, 13 are co-prime, To Test Whether a Given Number is Prime Number or Not InCATandCAT like competitions you are required to check whether a given number maximum upto 400 is prime number or not. Ifyou want to test whether any number isa prime ‘number ar not, take an integer equal to the square oot ofthe given number but ifsquare roots not an integer then take an integer just larger than the 9 proximate square root of that number, Let it be "x" ‘Test the divisiblity of the given number by every prime number less than ‘x’. Ifthe given number is ‘ot divisible by any priene number less than, then the given number is prime number; otherwise itt vel tea vas a composite number 121 Square root of 361 is 19, Prime numbers less } 12° = 144 than 19 are clearly 2, 3, 5,7, 11, 13 and 17, Since, | 13*= 169 361 is not divisible by any of the numbers 2, 3,5, | 1420 196 7.11, Vand 17, Hence, 361 i «prime number, | 12 2 495 Its advisable to learn the squared numbers of all integers from I to 20, which are very Useful to find whether @ given number is a prime or not. From the table itis clear that ifany number, say 277 lies between 256 and 289, ther its square root 16 = 256 17 = 289 1s'9324 19361 20° = 400 lies between 16 and 17, because 16 = 256 and 17° = 289, Thus square root of the given number is not an integer. So, we take 17 ‘a3 an integer just greater than the square root of the given number, Now all the prime numbers less than 17 are 2, 3, §, 7, 11 and 13, ince 271 is not divisible by any of the numbers 2, 3,5, 7, 1 and 13, Hence 361 is a prime number: lMustration 6: Is 171 ia prime number ? ‘Solution: Square root of 171 lies between 13 and 14, because 13 168 and 14? = 196, Therefore, the integer just greater than the square root of 171 is 14. Now prime numbers less than 14 are 2, 3, $, 7, 1 and 13. s¢ 171i divisible by 3, therefore 171 is nota prime number, IMastration 7; 1s 167 ism prime numb ‘Solution: Squate root of 167 lies between 12 and 13, because 123 144 and 132 = 169, Therefore the integer just greater than the square root of 167 is 13. Now prime numbers less than 13 are 2, 3, $, 7 and 1. Since 167 isnot divisible by any of the prime numbers 2, 3, $, 77 and 11; therefore 167 is a prime number ‘GENERAL OR EXPANDED FORM OF 2 AND 3 DIGITS NUMBERS (Ina two digits number AB, isthe digit of tenth place and Bis the digit of unit place, therefore AB is written using place value in expanded form as AB™ 101+ B Ex 35" 10"345 Ina three digits number ABC, A is the digit of hundred place, B is the digit of tenth place and C ts the digit of unit place, therefore ABC is written using place value in ‘expanded form as ABC = WO + 10B + Ex. 2147 = 100 «2410447 ‘These expanded forms are used in forming equations related to 2 and 3 digits numbers. Illustration 4: tn » two digit prime number, if 18 is added, ‘we get another prime number with reversed digits, How many imbers are possible 2 Solution: Let two-digit number be pg. ~ lOp+q+ 18 ™ 10g+p = =pt%q= 18 > q-p=2 Satisfying this condition and also the condition of being a prime number (pq and qp both), there are 2 numbers 13 and 79, FACTORISATION This a process of representing a given number as a product of wo ‘or more prime numbers, Here each prime number which is present in the product is called a factor of the given number For example, 12 is expressed in the factorised form in terms ‘ofits prime factors as 12 = 28 3, Mlustration 9: 1f.N= 2 x ¥ (a) What is the smallest number that you need to multiply with V in order to make ita perfect square ? (ui)(b), What isthe smallest number that you need to divide by in order to make ita perfect square? Solutiox {a} Any perfect square number in its factorised form has prime factors with even powers. So in order to make 23 « 37a perfect square, the smallest number that we need to multiply it with would be 2 3 i, 6, The resulting perfect square will be 2 x 34. Similarly, in order to arrive at a perfect square by dividing the smallestrumber, we needitodivide thenumberby 2x3 ie. 6. The resulting perfect square will be 22x 3° NUMBER OF WAYS OF EXPRESSING A COMPOSITE NUMBER AS A PRODUCT OF TWO FACTORS (i) Number of ways of expressing a composite number N ‘which is not a perfect square as a produet of two factors i) = 2 unbmine as ef (il) Number of ways off expressing a perfect square number Masa product of two factors = + {(Number of prime factors of M+ 1) IMustration 10; Find the number of ways of expressing 180 asa product of two factors. Solution: 180=2? = 3? x Number of factors =(2 #1) 241) (+1 18 Since 180 is nota perfect square, hence there are total = 9 ‘ways in which 180 can be expressed as a product of two factors. IMustration 11; Find the number of ways expressing 36 as» Product of two factors. Solution: 36 =22« 3° Number of factors = (2 +1) 241) =$ Since 36 1 a perfect square, hence the number of ways of ‘expressing 36 as a product of two factors 941 = AEH Ss 368 1x 36,2 18, 3% 12,4 x Dard 6 x6. SUM OF FACTORS (OR DIVISORS) OF A COMPOSITE NUMBER Let N’ be a composite number in such a way that N= (x}" (y)*( *... where x,y, ©. are prime numbers. Then, the sum of factors rey hey gle (0¢ divisors) of N IMlustration 12; What is the sum of the divisors of 60? Solution: 60 =2? «3% 5 Pal P-1 8-1 xt SH a 168 2=1 3-1" S=1 => Sum of the divisors = SUM OF UNIT DIGITS For giver n differeit digits yay. ay..d, the sum of the digits at unit place of all diferent numbers formed is Number System © +a,)(n= 1)! Le, (Sum of the digits) (n= 1)! 1d the sum of unit digits of all differen jumbers formed from digits 4, 6, 7 and 9. Solution: — Required sum = (4+6+7+9)=(4= 1)! = 26-31= 26-6 = 20, lata, a,+ ‘THE LAST DIGIT FROM LEFT (i.e., UNIT DIGIT) OF ANY POWER OF A NUMBER “The last digits (from left) of the powers of any number follow ‘a cyclic pattern ic. they repeat after certain number of steps. If ‘we find out after how many steps the last digit ofthe powers of number repeat, then we can find out the last digit of any power of any number. Let us look at the powers of 2: Last digit of 2! is2 Last digit of 2°is 4 Last digit of27is 8 Last digit of 2¥ is 6 Last digit of 2° is 2 Last digit of2 is 8 Last digit of 2 is 6 Last digit of2 is 2 ince last digit of 2° is the same as the Last digit of 2, then ‘onwards the last digit will start repeating, ic. digits of 2, 2,2, 2 willbe the same as those of 2!, 22,23, 8 Then the last digit ‘of 2 is again the same as the lat digit of 2! and so on. Thus, we see that when power of 2 increases, the last digits repeat afier every 4 steps. In above pattern, we cam see that whenever the power of 2 is a multiple of 4, the last digit of that number will be the ‘same as the last digit of 4, ‘Suppose we want to find out the last digit of 2%, we should Fook at a multiple of 4 which is just less than or equal to the power £66 of 2, Since 64 isa multiple of 4, the last digit of 2 wil be the same as the last digit of 2 ‘Then the last digits of 2, 2 will be the same as the last digits ‘of 2!, respectively. Hence the last digit of 2s the same as the last digit of ? te, 4 Similarly, we can find out the last digit of 3 by writing down the pattem of the powers of 3. Last digit of 3! is 3 Last digit of 3¢is 1 Last digit of 3 is 9 Last digit of 3° ts 3, Last digit of 3 is 7 Last digit of 3° 9 Last digit of 37 =7 Last digit of 3#=1 Last digit of 3°=3 ‘The Last digit repeats after 4 sieps like inthe case of powers of 2). ‘Whenever the powersof 3 isa multiple of, the las digit ofthat ‘number wil be the same asthe last digit of 3¢ To find the last digit of 3%, we look fora multiple of 4 which is {just less than or equal tothe power 75 of 3, Since, 72 is multiple ‘of 4, the last digit of 37 will be the same as that of 34. Hence the Last digit of 37° will be the stmie as the last digit of 39,7, Last Digit (i.e., Unit Digit) of a Product Last digit ofthe product a % b * cis the last digit of the product of last digits ofa, b,c,© Number System ind the last digit of 2% « 4%, Solution: Writing down the powers of 2 and 4 to check the pattems of the last digits, we have We have seen that whenever the power of 2is a muiple of 4, the last digit of that number wil be the same asthe last digit of 2" Now, Last digit of 4! = 4 Las digit of 4=6. Last digit of 4 =4. Last digit of 4*=6. Thus last digit of any power of 4 i 4 for an odd power and 6 for an even power. The last digit of 2 will be the same as 2* because 416 is a multiple of 4. So the last digt of 2" is 6 Last digit of 4° is 6, since the power of 4 is even. Hence the last digit of 2"! 4 will be equal tothe last digit, of x 6=6. CONCEPT OF REMAINDERS (1) Suppose the numbers Ny, N,N Oy, Oy ad remainder Ry, Ra, yy common divisor D. Let $ be the sum of N,, Ny Ny. ‘Therefore, S=N,+N,+Ny +. = (DxQ,+R,)+ (Dx 0,4 Ry) + (DxQ,+R)+.. =DxK4+(R, +h, +R,.), a where K is some number Hence the remainder when S is divided by D is the remainder when (R, + R,+ Ry...) is divided by D. Suppose the numbers, Ny, Nz, Nyv. give quotients Q,, Os Oye and remainders R,, Nt, Ry... respectively, when divided by a common divisor D. ‘Therefore N, = Dx Q,+ Ry, Ny=D x Q,+ Ry N, =D XQ,» R,..aind $008, Let P be the product of N,N, N;. Therefore, PHNNNy =(D*Q, +R) (DQ; + Ry) (D* Q, + Ry). =D K+ RRR), 2 where K is some number In the above equation, since only the product (RR...) is free of D therefore the remainder when P is divided by Dis the remainder when te product (R,#R,..) divided by D. Mlustration 1S: Whats the remainder when the product 1991 % 1992 « 2000 is divided by 7 Solution: The remainder when 1981, 1982 and 2000 are divided by 7are 3, 4 and $ respectively Hence the final remainder isthe remainder when the product 3 x4 x $ = 60 is divided by 7. Therefore, remainder = 4. IMlustention 16: What isthe remainder when 2" js divided by7? Solution: 2*"’ is a product (2 * 2 x 2...(2010 times)), Since, 2 is ‘a number less than 7, we try to convert the product into product ‘of numbers higher than 7, Notice that 8 = 2 = 2 x 2, Therefore, sive quotients Q,, when divided by a ay ‘we convert the product in the following manner 220 = gOM= Sx 8 x8. (670 times) ‘The remainder when & is divided by 7 is 1. Hence the remainder when 8 isdividedby isthe remainder obtained whenthe product 1 x 1 x 1... (670 times) is divided by 7. Therefore, remainder = 1 IMlustration 17: What is the remainder whem 25* is divided Solution: Again 25" = (18 + 7/'=(18 +7)(18-+ 7). 24 times = 18k + Hence, remainder when 25 is divided by 9 is the remainder ‘when 7 is divided by § Now, P= Bx BF (8 times) Now when 343 is divided by 9 the remainder is 1 So, the remainder when dividing (343) by 9 means remainder ‘when dividing (1)® by 9. So the required remainder is 1 (8 times) = 343 x 343 343 NUMBER OF ZEROES IN AN EXPRESSION LIKE a x bX c x ..., WHERE a, b, c,... ARE (NATURAL NUMBERS ‘Consider an expression 8 x 15 x 20 » 30 x 40, ‘The expression can be written in the standard form as 8x 15 20 «30% 40 8) x (3 x 5) x CE x5) x Q* 3x5) x x5) x 32 5 nwitich base ofeach factor is aprime number, ‘A zero is formed by the product of 2 and 5 ie. 2 » 5. Hence ‘number of zeroes is equa othe number of pair(s) of2's and S's formed. Inthe above standard form of the product there are 9 twos and 4 fives. Hence number of pairs of 2 and Sie. 2 x5)is 4. Hence, there will be 4 zeroes atthe etd ofthe final product In the same above way, we can find the number of zeroes at the end of any product given in the form of an expression like axbxex.., where a,b, ¢..are natural numbers. If there is no pair of 2 and S ke. 2 « 5, then there is no zero at the end of the product. For example, consider the expression 92139449, The given expression in standard form, 921 39% 49 = (32) (3 * 7) x3 * 13) *(F) ass ‘There is no pair of 2 and $ in the standard form of expression ‘given as product, therefore there will be no zero atthe end of the final product. lustration 18: Find the number of zeroes in the product Wx 2 33x ax Sx 6 x od ‘Solution: Clearly the fives will be less than the twas. Hence, we need to count only the fives. Now, 5! 100 1515 x 2020 x 252! « 30% x 3545 « 40% x 45 (5) m (5m 2)! x (5 3) (Sw 4PM m (5 x SP (5% 6) (5 TI x (5 % 8)" x (5 x 9} ves us S+ 10+ 1S + 20425 x 25+ 30.435 + 40-4 45 fives 4e., 825 fives ‘Thus the product has 825 zeroes.BASE SYSTEM ‘The number system in which we carry out all calculation is deci- Number System © Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication in the ‘Same Bases ‘mal (base 10) system. It is called decimal system because there JMMMMMMA dd the numbers (4235), andl (2354), are 10 digits 0 10 9 ‘There are other number systems also depending on the ‘number of digits contained inthe base system. Some of the most common systems are Binary system, Octal system, and Hexadecimal system. A nuniber system containing two digits @ and | iscalled binary (base 2) system, Number system containing, eight digits 0,1, 2,3, .. 7 called Octal (base 8) system, Hexadecimal (base 16) system has 16 digits 0, 1,2, 3, . here A has.a value 10, Bh valoc Hf andsoon, number abede be written in base p, where a, b,c, dand ‘eare single digits less than p. The value of the number abede | inbase 10me xpd x pike «pe b xphea x pt | For example, The number 7368 can be written as | 846 x 1043 (10)? +7 x (10)? = 7368 in decimal (base 10) © ‘number system, | The number 7368 inbase 9is writen in decimal number system as 6x9 43 RET AS ‘There are’ mainly two types of operations associated with conversion of bases: First conversion from any base to base ten and second conversion from base 10 to any base. (i) Conversion From Any Base to Base Ten ‘The number (pgrstu), (ie. the number pgrstu on base a) is converted to hase 10 by finding the valve of the number, (pasta), = w+ 4a + sa + ral + galt pat. Here subscript ‘a’ in (pgrst), denotes the base of the number parstu, IMusteation 19; Convert (21344), t0 base 18, Solution: 2134) md SFE SHH SH LHD SE AHA S43 284 Dm 1284-2 x 625 = 147, (ii) Conversion From Base 10 to Any Base A number written in base 10 can be converted to any hase ‘a’ by first dividing the number by ‘a’ and then successively dividing the quotients by ‘a’. The remainders, written in reverse order, give the equivalent number in base For example the number 238 in base 3 is found as ‘The remainders im reverse order is 222 11. ___ Hence, 22211 is the required number in base 3, Note: Value ofa single For example, 5," 5,855,559 solution: ‘The numbers are written as 4235 2354 ‘Theaddition of Sands (first digit from right of both numbers) 8 9 which being more than 7 would be written as 9= 7% 142. Here 1 isthe quotient and 2 és the remainder when 9 is divided bby 7. The remainder 2 is placed atthe first place fiorn right of the answer and the quotient I gets carried over to the second place ‘The remainder 2 is placed al the second place from right ofthe ‘answer and the quotient I carry aver tothe third place from right, In the same way, we can find the other digits of the answer, Mlastration 21; (52), +46, (?),y (8) O3)y () (50), ©) OD, (@) 28), Solution: (a) (52), =(5 x7!42* Phg™OT)p Also, (AO), = (4 «81+ 6 8),9 = (38) p9 Sum = (37)jo + B89 7509 ‘Mustration 22: (11), + (22), + (3), + (44), + (55), + (66), + (77), + (88), (a) 396 (b) 276 () 280 (342 Solution: (b) (11), = (1 #2! 1 2)" Oyo 22) = 2 *3'42* 9" Bo £33), = GB *4943 x49 9" U3) y (44) = 4S! 4 «9 Og (55), = (5 #614 $6), = G5),y {66}, = (6 * 714.6% P48), (7g = (7 *8'4 7 8) 9 63)yp {88)y = (8 9" 8H) 9™ (Big Sum = (3+ Bio *(1Tyy +294 +319 H4B)y0 #163) # 480) 0 = Cy ‘Mustration 23: Subtract 247) from (345), Solution: {) 5 is less than 7, So borrow I from the previous digit 4, Since, we are working in octal system, $0 5 become 5+ 8 13, Subtract 7 from 13, you will get 6, 345 47© Number System (ii) Since, we have borrowed 1, the 4 in the first row has now ‘become 3, which is less than the digit (4), just below iti the second row, So borrow I from 3 of first row. So, the 4 in first row is now becomes 3 + 8 = 11, Subtracting 4 of second row from 11, we get 7, Hene 34s 47 FACTORS AND MULTIPLES If one number ‘a’ completely divides a second number “6° then 1 number ‘a’ is said to be a factor of the 2°! number **. For example 3 completely divides 15, so 3 ts a factor of 15; while 4 does not divide 15 completely, so 4 is not a factor of 15. ‘actors of 30 are 1, 2,3, 5,6, 10, 15 and 30 Factors of 40 are 1, 2,4, 5,8, 10, 20 and 40, Ifa number ‘a’ is exactly divisible by a number *B* then the Ist number ‘a’ is said to be a multiple of 2nd number “6, For example, 35 is exactly divisible by 7, so 35 is a multiple of 7 Multiple of a number 'b’ can be written down as ‘nb* where m is a natural number, So multiples of $ are $, 10, 18, 20, 25, HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF) OR GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR (GCD) ‘The highest (i. largest) number that divides two or more given numbers is called the highest common factor (HCF) of those numbers. Consider two nurnbers 12 and 15. Factors of 12 ate 1, 2,3, 4,6, 12 ‘actors of 30 are 1, 2, 3, 5,6, 10, 15, 30. We have some common factors out of these factors of 12 and 30, which are 1, 2, 3, 6, Out of these common factors, 6 is the highest common factor, So, 6s called the Highest Common Fac- tor (HCF) of 12 and 30 Methods to Find The HCF or GED ‘There are two methods to find HCF of the given numbers (i) Prime Factorization Method ‘Wher a number is writen asthe product of prime numbers, then it is called the prime factorization of that number. For example, T2=2 «223 I= D I? Mere, 2 x2«2 «3 x3 OCD 3 is called prime factorization of 72. To find the HCF of given numbers by this methods, we perform the prime factorization of all the numbers and then check for the common prime factors, Fr every prime factor common to all the ‘numbers, we choose the feast index ofthat prime factor among the given numbers. The HCE is the product ofall such prime factors ‘with their respective least indices Mustention 24: Find the HICK of 34°57 and 24x'y, Solution 36x's2 =22,32.x1y2,24x4y =2!.3.x4y. The least index of 2, 3, and y in the numbers are 2, 1,3 and 1 respectively. Hence the HCF = 223.03 = 1293s Musteation 28: The numbers 400, 536 and 646; when divided bby a number N, give the remainders of 22, 23 and 25 respec= tively, Find 8 Solution: will be the HCF of (400 = 22), ($36 = 23) and (646425), Hence, N wil be the HCF af 378, $13 and621, Hence, N=27 Mustration 26: The HCF of two numbers is 12 and their product is 31104, How many such mumbers are possible, Solution: Let the numbers be 121 and 12y, where x and y are co-prime 10 each other. Therefore, 12x * 12) 31104 -» xy = 216, Now we nced to find co-prime pairs whose product is 216. 216 2" x 3), Therefore, the co-prime pairs will be (1, 216) and (8, 27). Therefore, (12, 12 x 216) and (8 » 12, 27 * 12) are ‘two possible numbers. (i) Division Method “Toffind the HCF of two numbers by division method, we divide the larger number by the smaller number. Then we divide the smaller number by the first remainder, then frst remainder by the second remainder..and so on, tll the remainder becomes 0. The last divisor is the requited HCE Mlustration 27; Find the HCP of 288 and 1080 by the division method. Solution: 28 | 1080 | soa Tie]208|1 ie 7216/3 a6 ° ‘The last divisor 72 is the HCF of 288 and 1080 ‘Shortcut for Finding HCF or GCD To find the HCF of any number of given numbers, first find the difference between two nearest given numbers, Then find all factors (or divisors} ofthis difference. Highest factor which divides all the given numbers is the HCF. Mlustration 28: Find the H1CF of 12, 20 and 32. Solution: Difference of nearest two numbers 12 and 20 =20-12 All factors (or divisor) of 8 are 1, 2,4 and 8, 1,2 and 4 divides each of the three given numbers 12, 20 and 32, Out of 1,2 and 4; 4 is the highest number, Hence, HCF = 4 LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM) ‘The least common multiple (LCM) of two or more numbers is the lowest number which is divisible by all the given numbers. Consider two numbers 12 and 15. Multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36,48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, While te multiples of 18 are 15, 30, 48, 60, 78, 90, 108, 120, 135, 150, Out of these series of multiples, we have some common ‘multiples like 60, 120, 180, ..,ete, Out ofthese common multiples, £60 is the lowest, so 60 is called the Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of 12 and 15,