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DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS

DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS
Algebraic expressions of Class 8
The quotient law of exponents i.e. finds great use in the
division of algebraic expressions.

DIVISION OF A MONOMIAL BY A MONOMIAL:

Quotient of two monomials = (Quotient of their numerical coe�cients)
(Quotient of their variable parts)

Divide:
Q1. 24a2bc3 by – 6abc2 (ii) – 56 xyz3 by – 6x3y4z

Sol. (i) 24a2bc3 ÷ (-6abc2) =

(ii) (-56 xyz3) ÷ (-6x3y4z) =

DIVISION OF A POLYNOMIAL BY A MONOMIAL:

For dividing a polynomial by a monomial, we divide each term of the
polynomial be the monomial.

Question (i) 4x5 – 14x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 by 2x2 (ii) 20x3y + 10xy2 – 15x2y
by 5xy

Sol. We have :

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(i) (4x5 – 14x4 + 6x3 – 2x2) ÷ 5x2

(ii) (20x3y + 10xy2 – 15x2y) ÷ 5xy

DIVISION OF A POLYNOMIAL BY A POLYNOMIAL:

Working Rule
Fundamentals propositions

• a b×b=a
• a b c = a bc
• a b×c=a×c b

Sign convertions
If a b = c, then

• (+ a) (+ b) = + c
• (– a) (– b) = + c
• ( – a) (b) = – c
• (+ a) (– b) = – c

Division of a monomial by a monomial

Quotient can be found by subtracting smaller power of a letter from

greater power of the same letter.

E.g.: 16a5b4 8a2b3

To divide a multinomial by a monomial we have to divide each term of

the dividend and take the sum of those partial quotients for the
complete quotient

Ex: Divide 18x8 + 24x6 + 12x4 6x2

= 3x6 + 4x4 + 2x2

Division of a multinomial by another multinomial

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• The dividend and the divisor both stand arranged according to

descending powers of a common letter, namely, a
• Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of the divisor
and write down the result as the first term of the quotient. Multiply
the divisor by the quantity thus found and subtract the product
from the dividend.
• (Regard the remainder as a new dividend and see if it is arranged
according to the descending powers of the common letter. Divide its
first terms by the first term of the divisor and write down the result
as the next term of the quotient. Multiply the divisor by this term
and subtract the product from the new dividend. Then goes
similarly with the successive remainders until there is no remainder.

e.g.: x4 – 4x2 + 12x – 9 x2 – 2x + 3

Divided = x4 – 4x2 + 12x – 9

Divisor = x2 – 2x + 3

Quotient = x2 + 2x – 3

Remainder = 0

You will observe that

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

FOLLOW THESE STEPS

Solved Examples

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Q1. Divide x + 6x2 – 15 by 2x – 3.

Ans. Arranging the terms of the dividend and the divisor in descending
order of powers of x and then dividing, we get:

2x – 3 6x2 + x – 15 3x + 5

6x2 – 9x

10x – 15

10x – 15

(6x2 + x - 15) ÷ (2x – 3) = (3x + 5).

Q2. Find the quotient and remainder when (x5 + 3x4 – 5x3 + 14x2 +
36x - 13) is divided by (x2 + 4x – 2).

Ans. On dividing, we get :

x2 + 4x – 2 x5 + 3x4 – 5x3 + 14x2 + 36 x – 13 x3 – x2 + x + 8

x5 + 4x4 – 2x3

-x4 – 3x + 14x2 + 36x - 13

-x4 – 4x3 + 2x2

x3 + 12x2 + 36x – 13

x3 + 4x2 – 2x

8x2 + 38x – 13

8x2 + 32x – 16

6x + 3

Quotient = x3 – x2 + x + 8, Remainder = 6x + 3.

IDENTITY:
An identity is an equality which is true for all values of the variable(s).

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Standard identities

• Identity 1 : (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

• Identity 2 : (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
• Identity 3 : (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
• Identity 4 : (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
• Identity 5 : (a + b + c)2 = (a2 + b2 + c2) + 2(ab + bc + ca)
• Identity 6 : (a + b – c)2 = (a2 + b2 + c2) + 2(ab – bc - ca)
• Identity 7 : (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
• Identity 8 : (a - b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)

General expressed in symbols is called a formula. Some of the formulae

are listed below.

• (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
• (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
• (a – b)2 = (a + b)2 – 4ab
• (a + b)2 = (a – b)2 + 4ab
• (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab
• (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)
• a4 + a2b2 + b4 = (a2 + ab + b2) (a2 – ab + b2)
• (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b) or a3 + b3 + 3a2b + 3ab2
• (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b) or a3 – b3 – 3a2b + 3ab2
• (a + b)3 + (a – b)3 = 2a3 + 6ab2
• (a + b)3 – (a – b)3 = 2b3 + 6a2b
• (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
• a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
• If a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
• a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
• a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
• (x + a) (x + b) (x + c) = x3 + x2 (a + b + c) + x (ab + bc + ca) + abc
• (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + x(a + b) + ab

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