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Module-1.Operating System

MODULE FOR OPERATING SYSTEM

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FERNANDEZ, JERICHO D.
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12 views

Module-1.Operating System

MODULE FOR OPERATING SYSTEM

Uploaded by

FERNANDEZ, JERICHO D.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 1: Introduction of Operating System

Information on Operating Systems

An Operating System (OS) is a type of system software that acts as an interface


between a computer's hardware and its users. It manages the hardware resources of a
computer and provides essential services for computer programs.

Windows

Windows is an operating system developed by Microsoft.

 Description: It is one of the most widely used operating systems for personal
computers, laptops, and tablets. Known for its graphical user interface (GUI), it
supports a variety of software applications and is designed for both personal and
professional use. Popular versions include Windows 10, Windows 11, and older
versions like Windows 7.

Linux

Linux is an open-source operating system kernel.

 Description: It serves as the foundation for various distributions (or "distros") like
Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian. Known for its stability, flexibility, and security, Linux is
widely used for servers, desktops, embedded systems, and even
supercomputers. It’s favored by developers and IT professionals for its
customization capabilities.

macOS
macOS is the operating system developed by Apple Inc. for its Macintosh line of
computers.

 Description: Known for its sleek design, reliability, and seamless integration with
Apple’s ecosystem (like iPhone and iPad), macOS provides a user-friendly
experience. Versions are named after locations in California, such as macOS
Ventura and macOS Monterey.

Android

Android is a mobile operating system based on the Linux kernel, developed by Google.

 Description: It is primarily used in smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, and wearables.


Android is known for its flexibility, open-source nature, and compatibility with a
wide range of devices. It powers brands like Samsung, Huawei, and Google
Pixel, and supports millions of apps via the Google Play Store.

Diagram about the basic structure of OS

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the primary component of a computer that
performs most of the processing tasks. It is often referred to as the brain of the computer
because it executes instructions and processes data to carry out tasks.
Memory is referring to the component of a computer system that stores data and
instructions for the CPU to process. Memory plays a crucial role in the functioning of a
computer by temporarily or permanently holding information.

Types of Memory

1. Primary Memory (Volatile Memory): Directly accessible by the CPU. Temporary


storage that loses data when the computer is powered off.

Examples:

 RAM (Random Access Memory):


 Stores data and instructions that the CPU is actively using.
 Faster but temporary.

2. Secondary Memory (Non-Volatile Memory): Used for permanent data storage.


Slower but retains data even when the computer is turned off.

Examples:

 Hard Disk Drives (HDDs):


 Magnetic storage devices for large amounts of data.
 Solid-State Drives (SSDs):
 Faster storage with no moving parts, based on flash memory.
 Optical Discs (e.g., CDs, DVDs):
 Used for reading/writing data using laser technology.

3. Flash Memory: Flash memory is secondary memory and so it is not volatile which
means it persists the data even if there is not an electrical supply provided.

Examples:

 USB Flash Drives: Small, portable devices used for data storage and transfer.
 Commonly used to store documents, photos, videos, and other files.
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that you can see
and touch. These components are responsible for executing instructions and performing
tasks.

Types of Hardware

1. Input Devices:
o Devices used to input data into a computer.
o Examples: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Camera.
2. Output Devices:
o Devices that display or produce the results of processed data.
o Examples: Monitor, Printer, Speakers, Projector.
3. Processing Devices:
o Components that process data and instructions.
o Examples: Central Processing Unit (CPU), Graphics Processing Unit (GPU).
4. Communication Devices:
o Hardware that facilitates data exchange between systems.
o Examples: Modems, Network Interface Cards (NICs), Routers.
5. Peripheral Devices:
o Additional hardware connected to the computer to expand its
functionality.
o Examples: External hard drives, Webcams.

What is Software?

Software refers to a set of instructions, programs, or data that tells the hardware what to
do. It is intangible and exists as digital code.

Types of Software

1. System Software: Manages hardware and provides a platform for other software.

Examples: Operating Systems (Windows, Linux, macOS), Device Drivers.

2. Application Software: Performs specific tasks for users.

Examples: Word processors (Microsoft Word), Web browsers (Google


Chrome), Games.

3. Utility Software: Provides additional functionality to maintain or optimize the


system.

Examples: Antivirus programs, Disk cleanup tools.


4. Programming Software:Helps developers create applications and software.

Examples: Text editors, Compilers, Debuggers.

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