11 – WEEK

1. Write a C function to calculate NCR value.

#include <stdio.h>
int fact(int n){
int i, f = 1;
for (i = 1; i <= n; i++){
f = f * i;
}
return f;
}
int main(){
int n, r, nCr;
printf("Enter the value of n: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter the value of r: ");
scanf("%d", &r);
nCr = fact(n) / (fact(r) * fact(n - r));
printf("The Value of C(%d, %d) is %d.", n, r, nCr);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter the value of n: 4
Enter the value of r: 2
The Value of C(4, 2) is 6.

2. Write a C function to find the length of a string.

#include <stdio.h>
int mystrlen(char s[])
{
int i;
for(i=0;s[i]!='\0';i++);
return(i);
}
int main() {
char str[30];
printf("\nEnter string: ");
fflush(stdin);
scanf("%s",str);
int len = mystrlen(str);
printf("The length of the string '%s' is %d", str, len);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter string: kurnool
The length of the string 'kurnool' is 7

3. Write a C function to transpose of a matrix.

#include <stdio.h>
void transposeMatrix(int matrix[][10], int rows, int cols, int result[][10]) {
 int i, j;
for (i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
result[j][i] = matrix[i][j]; // Swap rows and columns
}
}
}
void displayMatrix(int matrix[][10], int rows, int cols) {
int i, j;
for (i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
printf("%d ", matrix[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}

int main() {
int matrix[10][10], transposed[10][10];
int rows, cols, i, j;
printf("Enter the number of rows and columns of the matrix: ");
scanf("%d %d", &rows, &cols);
printf("Enter the elements of the matrix:\n");
for (i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
scanf("%d", &matrix[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\nOriginal Matrix:\n");
displayMatrix(matrix, rows, cols);
transposeMatrix(matrix, rows, cols, transposed);
printf("\nTransposed Matrix:\n");
displayMatrix(transposed, cols, rows);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter the number of rows and columns of the matrix: 2 2
Enter the elements of the matrix:
3
4
5
6

Original Matrix:
34
56

Transposed Matrix:
35
46
4. Write a C function to demonstrate numerical integration of
differential equations using Euler’s method
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
double f(double t, double y) {
return t + y; // dy/dt = t + y
}
void eulerMethod(double (*f)(double, double), double y0, double t0, double h, int n) {
double t = t0;
double y = y0;
int i;
printf("t = %.2f, y = %.4f\n", t, y);
for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
y = y + h * f(t, y);
t = t + h;
printf("t = %.2f, y = %.4f\n", t, y);
}
}
int main() {
double t0, y0, h;
int n;
printf("Enter the initial value t0: ");
scanf("%lf", &t0);
printf("Enter the initial value y0: ");
scanf("%lf", &y0);
printf("Enter the step size h: ");
scanf("%lf", &h);
printf("Enter the number of steps (n): ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("\nUsing Euler's Method to solve the differential equation:\n");
eulerMethod(f, y0, t0, h, n);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter the initial value t0: 0
Enter the initial value y0: 1
Enter the step size h: 1
Enter the number of steps (n): 4

Using Euler's Method to solve the differential equation:

t = 0.00, y = 1.0000
t = 1.00, y = 2.0000
t = 2.00, y = 5.0000
t = 3.00, y = 12.0000
t = 4.00, y = 27.0000
 WEEK – 12
1. Write a recursive function to generate Fibonacci series.
#include<stdio.h>
int fibs(int a)
{
if (a==0)
return 0;
else if(a==1)
return 1;
else
return (fibs(a-1)+fibs(a-2));
}
int main()
{
int a,i,fib;
printf("\n enter the fibonacci length:");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("fibonacci series are:");
for(i=0;i<a;i++)
{
fib=fibs(i);
printf("%d\t",fib);
}
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
enter the fibonacci length:10
fibonacci series are:0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

2. Write a recursive function to find the LCM/GCD of two numbers.

#include<stdio.h>
int find_lcm(int, int);
int main()
{
int a, b, lcm;
printf("\n\nEnter 2 integers to find LCM of:\n");
scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);
lcm = find_lcm(a,b);
printf("\n\n LCM of %d and %d is: %d\n\n", a, b, lcm);
return 0;
}

int find_lcm(int a, int b)

{
static int temp = 1;
if(temp%a == 0 && temp%b == 0)
{
return temp;
 }
else
{
temp++;
find_lcm(a,b);
return temp;
}
}
OUTPUT:
Enter 2 integers to find LCM of:
45
LCM of 4 and 5 is: 20

3. Write a recursive function to find the factorial of a number.

#include<stdio.h>
long int factorial(int n);
int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Factorial of %d = %ld", n, factorial(n));
return 0;
}

long int factorial(int n) {

if (n>=1)
return n*factorial(n-1);
else
return 1;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter a positive integer: 5
Factorial of 5 = 120

4. Write a C Program to implement Ackermann function using

recursion.
#include <stdio.h>
int ackermann(int m, int n) {
if (m == 0) {
return n + 1;
}
else if (m > 0 && n == 0) {
return ackermann(m - 1, 1);
}
else {
return ackermann(m - 1, ackermann(m, n - 1));
}
}
int main() {
int m, n;
 printf("Enter values for m and n: ");
scanf("%d %d", &m, &n);
int result = ackermann(m, n);
printf("Ackermann(%d, %d) = %d\n", m, n, result);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter values for m and n: 2 3
Ackermann(2, 3) = 9

5. Write a recursive function to find the sum of series.

#include <stdio.h>
int sumOfSeries(int n) {
if (n == 0) {
return 0;
} else {
return n + sumOfSeries(n - 1);
}
}
int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter the value of n: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Sum of the series 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + %d is: %d\n", n, sumOfSeries(n));

return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter the value of n: 5
Sum of the series 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 5 is: 15
 WEEK – 13
1. Write a C program to swap two numbers using call by reference.
#include<stdio.h>
void swap(int *a, int *b) {
*a = *a + *b;
*b = *a - *b;
*a = *a - *b;
}
int main() {
int num1, num2;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);
printf("Before swapping: num1 = %d, num2 = %d\n", num1, num2);
swap(&num1, &num2);
printf("After swapping: num1 = %d, num2 = %d\n", num1, num2);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter two numbers: 10 20
Before swapping: num1 = 10, num2 = 20
After swapping: num1 = 20, num2 = 10

2. Demonstrate Dangling pointer problem using a C program.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int* createDanglingPointer() {
int *ptr = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int));
*ptr = 42;
free(ptr);
return ptr;
}
int main() {
int *danglingPtr = createDanglingPointer();
printf("Accessing dangling pointer: %d\n", *danglingPtr);
danglingPtr = NULL;
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Accessing dangling pointer: 0

3. Write a C program to copy one string into another using pointer.

#include <stdio.h>
void copyString(char *dest, const char *src) {
while (*src != '\0')
{
*dest = *src;
dest++;
src++;
}
 *dest = '\0';
}
int main() {
char source[100], destination[100];
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s", source);
copyString(destination, source);
printf("Copied String: %s\n", destination);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter a string: kurnool
Copied String: Kurnool

4. Write a C program to find no of lowercase, uppercase, digits and

other characters using pointers.
#include <stdio.h>
void countCharacters(char *str, int *lower, int *upper, int *digits, int *others)
{
while (*str != '\0') {
if (*str >= 'a' && *str <= 'z') {
(*lower)++;
} else if (*str >= 'A' && *str <= 'Z') {
(*upper)++;
} else if (*str >= '0' && *str <= '9') {
(*digits)++;
} else {
(*others)++;
}
str++;
}
}
int main() {
char inputString[100];
int lower = 0, upper = 0, digits = 0, others = 0;
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s", inputString);
countCharacters(inputString, &lower, &upper, &digits, &others);
printf("Lowercase characters: %d\n", lower);
printf("Uppercase characters: %d\n", upper);
printf("Digits: %d\n", digits);
printf("Other characters: %d\n", others);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter a string: HellO123World@#$
Lowercase characters: 7
Uppercase characters: 3
Digits: 3
Other characters: 3
 14 - WEEK
1. Write a C program to write and read text into a file.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main() {
FILE *file;
char text[100];
char filename[] = "example.txt";
file = fopen(filename, "w");
printf("Enter text to write to the file : ");
scanf("%s", text);
fprintf(file, "%s", text);
fclose(file);
printf("Text successfully written to %s\n", filename);
file = fopen(filename, "r");
fscanf(file, "%s", text);
printf("Reading from file:\n%s", text);
fclose(file);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Filename: example.txt
Enter text to write to the file : ravindracollege
Text successfully written to example.txt
Reading from file:
ravindracollege

2. Write a C program to write and read text into a binary file using
fread() and fwrite()
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
FILE *file;
char text[100];
char buffer[100];
char filename[] = "example.bin";
file = fopen(filename, "wb");
printf("Enter text to write to the binary file: ");
scanf("%s", text);
int textLength = strlen(text) ;
fwrite(text, sizeof(char), textLength, file);
fclose(file);
 printf("Text successfully written to %s\n", filename);
file = fopen(filename, "rb");
fread(buffer, sizeof(char), textLength, file);
printf("Reading from binary file:\n%s", buffer);
fclose(file);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Filename: example.bin
Enter text to write to the binary file: kurnool
Text successfully written to example.bin
Reading from binary file:
kurnool

3. Copy the contents of one file to another file.

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
FILE *sourceFile, *destinationFile;
char text[100];

sourceFile = fopen("example.txt", "r");

destinationFile = fopen("destination.txt", "w");

if (sourceFile == NULL || destinationFile == NULL) {

printf("File opening failed.\n");
return 1;
}
while (fgets(text, sizeof(text), sourceFile) != NULL) {
fputs(text, destinationFile);
}
printf("File copied successfully.\n");

fclose(sourceFile);
fclose(destinationFile);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
File copied successfully.
4. Write a C program to merge two files into the third file using
command-line arguments.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
if (argc != 4) {
printf("Usage: %s input_file1 input_file2 output_file\n", argv[0]);
return 1;
}
FILE *file1, *file2, *outputFile;
char text[100];
file1 = fopen(argv[1], "w");
fprintf(file1,"ravindra");
 file2 = fopen(argv[2], "w");
fprintf(file2,"college");
file1 = fopen(argv[1], "r");
file2 = fopen(argv[2], "r");
outputFile = fopen(argv[3], "w");
if (file1 == NULL || file2 == NULL || outputFile == NULL) {
printf("File opening failed.\n");
return 1;
}
while (fgets(text, sizeof(text), file1) != NULL) {
fputs(text, outputFile);
}
while (fgets(text, sizeof(text), file2) != NULL) {
fputs(text, outputFile);
}
printf("Files merged successfully");
fclose(file1);
fclose(file2);
fclose(outputFile);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:

5. Find no. of lines, words and characters in a file

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int main() {
FILE *file;
char filename[100];
int lines = 0, words = 0, characters = 0;
int inWord = 0;
printf("Enter the filename: ");
scanf("%s", filename);
file = fopen(filename, "r");
if (file == NULL) {
printf("File opening failed.\n");
return 1;
}
int ch;
while ((ch = fgetc(file)) != EOF) {
characters++;
if (ch == '\n') {
lines++;
}
if (isspace(ch) && inWord) {
inWord = 0;
} else if (!isspace(ch) && !inWord) {
inWord = 1;
words++;
}
}
if (inWord) {
words++;
}
printf("Lines: %d\nWords: %d\nCharacters: %d\n", lines, words, characters);
fclose(file);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Hello, this is a test file.
Enter the filename: example.txt
Lines: 1
Words: 6
Characters: 28

6. Write a C program to print last n characters of a given file.

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
FILE *file;
char filename[100];
int n;
printf("Enter the filename: ");
scanf("%s", filename);
printf("Enter the number of characters to print from the end: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
file = fopen(filename, "r");
if (file == NULL) {
printf("File opening failed.\n");
return 1;
}

fseek(file, -n, SEEK_END);

int ch;
while ((ch = fgetc(file)) != EOF) {
putchar(ch);
}
fclose(file);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Hello, this is a test file.
Enter the filename: example.txt
Enter the number of characters to print from the end: 10
test file.