Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a core service within

Amazon Web Services (AWS) that provides scalable and resizable computing
capacity in the cloud. It enables users to run virtual servers on-demand with
customizable resources such as CPU, memory, storage, and networking,
allowing for flexibility in deploying applications.

Key Features of Amazon EC2:

1. Elastic and Scalable:

o EC2 instances can be launched or terminated as needed,

providing the ability to scale up or down based on demand. This
allows businesses to handle varying workloads efficiently.

2. Instance Types:

o General Purpose Instances: Balanced resources for diverse

workloads (e.g., t3, t4g, m5).

o Compute Optimized: High-performance processing for CPU-

intensive tasks (e.g., c6g, c7g).

o Memory Optimized: High memory for memory-intensive tasks

(e.g., r6g, x2gd).

o Storage Optimized: High IOPS for workloads that require fast

and large data storage (e.g., i3, d3).

o Accelerated Computing: Instances with GPUs or FPGAs for

machine learning, scientific computing, etc. (e.g., p4, g5).

3. Customizable Instance Configurations:

o Instances are customizable with various CPU cores, memory size,

and storage options. Users can choose the right mix of resources
for their workloads.

o EC2 offers pre-configured AMIs (Amazon Machine Images) for

different operating systems (e.g., Linux, Ubuntu, CentOS,
Windows).

4. On-Demand, Reserved, and Spot Pricing:

o On-Demand: Pay for compute capacity by the hour or second

with no long-term commitments.
 o Reserved Instances: Significant discounts (up to 75%) for
committing to using EC2 for a 1- or 3-year term.

o Spot Instances: Purchase unused EC2 capacity at a significant

discount (up to 90%), ideal for flexible, fault-tolerant workloads.

5. Auto Scaling:

o Auto Scaling allows EC2 instances to automatically adjust

based on demand. If a web application experiences high traffic,
additional instances can be launched, and they can be scaled
down when traffic decreases.

6. Elastic Block Store (EBS):

o EBS provides block storage volumes that can be attached to EC2

instances. These volumes persist independently of the instance's
lifecycle, meaning they survive instance termination.

o Volumes can be scaled dynamically, and they come in various

types (e.g., GP3 for general-purpose SSD, IO2 for high-
performance SSD).

7. Networking:

o Elastic IP Addresses: Static IP addresses can be associated

with EC2 instances, allowing for better control and flexibility.

o VPC (Virtual Private Cloud): EC2 instances are launched in a

VPC, providing network isolation, security, and control. Users can
configure subnets, route tables, and internet gateways.

o Security Groups: Virtual firewalls that control inbound and

outbound traffic to EC2 instances.

o Elastic Load Balancer (ELB): Distributes incoming application

traffic across multiple EC2 instances for high availability.

8. Security and IAM:

o EC2 integrates with AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM),

allowing fine-grained control over who can launch, terminate, or
modify instances.

o Key Pair Authentication: EC2 instances use SSH key pairs for
secure login. Users can assign specific IAM roles to instances to
access AWS resources securely.
 o Security Groups and Network Access Control Lists (NACLs)
help control traffic to and from instances.

9. Storage Options:

o EBS (Elastic Block Store): Persistent block-level storage

volumes.

o Instance Store: Temporary block storage that is physically

attached to the EC2 instance (data is lost if the instance is
stopped or terminated).

o Elastic File System (EFS): Shared file storage that

automatically scales.

o S3 Integration: Object storage service for storing and retrieving

any amount of data.

10. AMIs (Amazon Machine Images):

o AMIs are pre-configured templates that include an operating

system, application server, and applications. Users can create
custom AMIs or use those provided by AWS Marketplace or
community users.

o Custom AMIs can be created from an instance snapshot for faster

deployments.

11. Elastic Load Balancing (ELB):

o ELB automatically distributes incoming application traffic across

multiple EC2 instances to ensure high availability and fault
tolerance. ELB supports HTTP, HTTPS, TCP, and WebSocket
protocols.

12. EC2 Instance Lifecycle:

o EC2 instances can be in different states: running, stopped,

terminated, rebooted.

o Stopping and starting instances preserve the underlying EBS

volumes, while terminating destroys the instance and the data
stored on instance stores.

13. AWS Global Infrastructure:

 o EC2 instances can be launched in different regions and
availability zones (AZs), ensuring redundancy and low latency.

o By placing instances in different AZs, users can achieve high

availability and disaster recovery.

EC2 Pricing Models:

1. On-Demand Instances:

o Pay by the second (with a minimum of 60 seconds) without any

upfront commitment.

o Ideal for short-term or unpredictable workloads where you can't

commit to long-term usage.

2. Reserved Instances (RI):

o Offers significant savings (up to 75%) in exchange for a

commitment to a 1- or 3-year usage period.

o Suitable for steady-state workloads where consistent compute

power is required.

3. Spot Instances:

o Allows users to bid on unused EC2 capacity at deep discounts (up

to 90%).

o Best for workloads that can tolerate interruptions or are fault-

tolerant, such as batch jobs, data analysis, and web scraping.

4. Savings Plans:

o Flexible pricing model that provides lower prices in exchange for

a commitment to a consistent amount of usage (measured in
$/hour) for a 1- or 3-year term.

EC2 Use Cases:

1. Web Applications:

o EC2 can host web servers (e.g., Apache, Nginx) and provide the
infrastructure for hosting web applications using technologies
like LAMP or MEAN stacks.

2. Big Data and Machine Learning:

 o EC2 instances with GPUs (e.g., p4, g4dn) are ideal for running
machine learning models, deep learning workloads, and big data
processing using frameworks like TensorFlow, PyTorch, or Apache
Spark.

3. DevOps and CI/CD:

o EC2 is often used to set up DevOps pipelines, allowing

developers to create and test code with continuous
integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) tools like Jenkins,
GitLab CI, or AWS CodePipeline.

4. High-Performance Computing (HPC):

o EC2 provides instances optimized for HPC workloads, including

physics simulations, genomics research, and financial risk
modeling.

5. Microservices and Containers:

o EC2 is commonly used with Docker and Kubernetes to deploy

and manage containerized applications. EC2 instances can form
the underlying compute infrastructure for Kubernetes clusters.

6. Disaster Recovery:

o EC2 instances can be part of disaster recovery plans by being

provisioned in multiple regions. Data can be replicated across
regions using services like Amazon S3 or RDS Multi-AZ setups.

7. Media Processing and Streaming:

o EC2 instances are used for transcoding, processing media files,

and delivering streaming services. AWS provides pre-built
services like Elastic Transcoder or MediaConvert, but EC2
offers custom setups for large-scale media handling.

EC2 Auto Scaling:

 Auto Scaling allows users to automatically adjust the number of EC2

instances based on defined policies or metrics, such as CPU usage or
network traffic.

 Scaling groups can be defined, and EC2 instances can be added or

removed dynamically to handle load spikes or dips.
  Auto Scaling ensures that users only pay for the compute power they
actually use.

EC2 Monitoring and Management:

1. Amazon CloudWatch:

o Provides detailed monitoring for EC2 instances, tracking metrics

such as CPU, memory, disk usage, and network traffic. Alerts and
thresholds can be configured to notify users of performance
bottlenecks.

2. Elastic Beanstalk:

o AWS Elastic Beanstalk abstracts EC2 management and simplifies

the deployment process by automatically handling instance
scaling, load balancing, and health monitoring for web
applications.

3. EC2 Systems Manager:

o AWS Systems Manager provides an interface to manage

instances, run scripts, patch management, and automate
administrative tasks across a fleet of EC2 instances.

Conclusion:

Amazon EC2 offers flexible, scalable, and cost-effective compute capacity in

the cloud. Whether you're running simple websites or complex applications
requiring high-performance computing, EC2 provides the building blocks for
a wide range of use cases. With customizable instance types, pricing models,
security features, and integration with other AWS services, EC2 is one of the
most versatile cloud computing solutions available.

4o

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a core service within

Amazon Web Services (AWS) that provides scalable and resizable computing
capacity in the cloud. It enables users to run virtual servers on-demand with
customizable resources such as CPU, memory, storage, and networking,
allowing for flexibility in deploying applications.

Key Features of Amazon EC2:

1. Elastic and Scalable:

 o EC2 instances can be launched or terminated as needed,
providing the ability to scale up or down based on demand. This
allows businesses to handle varying workloads efficiently.

2. Instance Types:

o General Purpose Instances: Balanced resources for diverse

workloads (e.g., t3, t4g, m5).

o Compute Optimized: High-performance processing for CPU-

intensive tasks (e.g., c6g, c7g).

o Memory Optimized: High memory for memory-intensive tasks

(e.g., r6g, x2gd).

o Storage Optimized: High IOPS for workloads that require fast

and large data storage (e.g., i3, d3).

o Accelerated Computing: Instances with GPUs or FPGAs for

machine learning, scientific computing, etc. (e.g., p4, g5).

3. Customizable Instance Configurations:

o Instances are customizable with various CPU cores, memory size,

and storage options. Users can choose the right mix of resources
for their workloads.

o EC2 offers pre-configured AMIs (Amazon Machine Images) for

different operating systems (e.g., Linux, Ubuntu, CentOS,
Windows).

4. On-Demand, Reserved, and Spot Pricing:

o On-Demand: Pay for compute capacity by the hour or second

with no long-term commitments.

o Reserved Instances: Significant discounts (up to 75%) for

committing to using EC2 for a 1- or 3-year term.

o Spot Instances: Purchase unused EC2 capacity at a significant

discount (up to 90%), ideal for flexible, fault-tolerant workloads.

5. Auto Scaling:

o Auto Scaling allows EC2 instances to automatically adjust

based on demand. If a web application experiences high traffic,
 additional instances can be launched, and they can be scaled
down when traffic decreases.

6. Elastic Block Store (EBS):

o EBS provides block storage volumes that can be attached to EC2

instances. These volumes persist independently of the instance's
lifecycle, meaning they survive instance termination.

o Volumes can be scaled dynamically, and they come in various

types (e.g., GP3 for general-purpose SSD, IO2 for high-
performance SSD).

7. Networking:

o Elastic IP Addresses: Static IP addresses can be associated

with EC2 instances, allowing for better control and flexibility.

o VPC (Virtual Private Cloud): EC2 instances are launched in a

VPC, providing network isolation, security, and control. Users can
configure subnets, route tables, and internet gateways.

o Security Groups: Virtual firewalls that control inbound and

outbound traffic to EC2 instances.

o Elastic Load Balancer (ELB): Distributes incoming application

traffic across multiple EC2 instances for high availability.

8. Security and IAM:

o EC2 integrates with AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM),

allowing fine-grained control over who can launch, terminate, or
modify instances.

o Key Pair Authentication: EC2 instances use SSH key pairs for
secure login. Users can assign specific IAM roles to instances to
access AWS resources securely.

o Security Groups and Network Access Control Lists (NACLs)

help control traffic to and from instances.

9. Storage Options:

o EBS (Elastic Block Store): Persistent block-level storage

volumes.
 o Instance Store: Temporary block storage that is physically
attached to the EC2 instance (data is lost if the instance is
stopped or terminated).

o Elastic File System (EFS): Shared file storage that

automatically scales.

o S3 Integration: Object storage service for storing and retrieving

any amount of data.

10. AMIs (Amazon Machine Images):

o AMIs are pre-configured templates that include an operating

system, application server, and applications. Users can create
custom AMIs or use those provided by AWS Marketplace or
community users.

o Custom AMIs can be created from an instance snapshot for faster

deployments.

11. Elastic Load Balancing (ELB):

o ELB automatically distributes incoming application traffic across

multiple EC2 instances to ensure high availability and fault
tolerance. ELB supports HTTP, HTTPS, TCP, and WebSocket
protocols.

12. EC2 Instance Lifecycle:

o EC2 instances can be in different states: running, stopped,

terminated, rebooted.

o Stopping and starting instances preserve the underlying EBS

volumes, while terminating destroys the instance and the data
stored on instance stores.

13. AWS Global Infrastructure:

o EC2 instances can be launched in different regions and

availability zones (AZs), ensuring redundancy and low latency.

o By placing instances in different AZs, users can achieve high

availability and disaster recovery.

EC2 Pricing Models:

1. On-Demand Instances:
 o Pay by the second (with a minimum of 60 seconds) without any
upfront commitment.

o Ideal for short-term or unpredictable workloads where you can't

commit to long-term usage.

2. Reserved Instances (RI):

o Offers significant savings (up to 75%) in exchange for a

commitment to a 1- or 3-year usage period.

o Suitable for steady-state workloads where consistent compute

power is required.

3. Spot Instances:

o Allows users to bid on unused EC2 capacity at deep discounts (up

to 90%).

o Best for workloads that can tolerate interruptions or are fault-

tolerant, such as batch jobs, data analysis, and web scraping.

4. Savings Plans:

o Flexible pricing model that provides lower prices in exchange for

a commitment to a consistent amount of usage (measured in
$/hour) for a 1- or 3-year term.

EC2 Use Cases:

1. Web Applications:

o EC2 can host web servers (e.g., Apache, Nginx) and provide the
infrastructure for hosting web applications using technologies
like LAMP or MEAN stacks.

2. Big Data and Machine Learning:

o EC2 instances with GPUs (e.g., p4, g4dn) are ideal for running
machine learning models, deep learning workloads, and big data
processing using frameworks like TensorFlow, PyTorch, or Apache
Spark.

3. DevOps and CI/CD:

o EC2 is often used to set up DevOps pipelines, allowing

developers to create and test code with continuous
 integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) tools like Jenkins,
GitLab CI, or AWS CodePipeline.

4. High-Performance Computing (HPC):

o EC2 provides instances optimized for HPC workloads, including

physics simulations, genomics research, and financial risk
modeling.

5. Microservices and Containers:

o EC2 is commonly used with Docker and Kubernetes to deploy

and manage containerized applications. EC2 instances can form
the underlying compute infrastructure for Kubernetes clusters.

6. Disaster Recovery:

o EC2 instances can be part of disaster recovery plans by being

provisioned in multiple regions. Data can be replicated across
regions using services like Amazon S3 or RDS Multi-AZ setups.

7. Media Processing and Streaming:

o EC2 instances are used for transcoding, processing media files,

and delivering streaming services. AWS provides pre-built
services like Elastic Transcoder or MediaConvert, but EC2
offers custom setups for large-scale media handling.

EC2 Auto Scaling:

 Auto Scaling allows users to automatically adjust the number of EC2

instances based on defined policies or metrics, such as CPU usage or
network traffic.

 Scaling groups can be defined, and EC2 instances can be added or

removed dynamically to handle load spikes or dips.

 Auto Scaling ensures that users only pay for the compute power they
actually use.

EC2 Monitoring and Management:

1. Amazon CloudWatch:

o Provides detailed monitoring for EC2 instances, tracking metrics

such as CPU, memory, disk usage, and network traffic. Alerts and
 thresholds can be configured to notify users of performance
bottlenecks.

2. Elastic Beanstalk:

o AWS Elastic Beanstalk abstracts EC2 management and simplifies

the deployment process by automatically handling instance
scaling, load balancing, and health monitoring for web
applications.

3. EC2 Systems Manager:

o AWS Systems Manager provides an interface to manage

instances, run scripts, patch management, and automate
administrative tasks across a fleet of EC2 instances.

Conclusion:

Amazon EC2 offers flexible, scalable, and cost-effective compute capacity in

the cloud. Whether you're running simple websites or complex applications
requiring high-performance computing, EC2 provides the building blocks for
a wide range of use cases. With customizable instance types, pricing models,
security features, and integration with other AWS services, EC2 is one of the
most versatile cloud computing solutions available.

4o

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a core service within

Amazon Web Services (AWS) that provides scalable and resizable computing
capacity in the cloud. It enables users to run virtual servers on-demand with
customizable resources such as CPU, memory, storage, and networking,
allowing for flexibility in deploying applications.

Key Features of Amazon EC2:

1. Elastic and Scalable:

o EC2 instances can be launched or terminated as needed,

providing the ability to scale up or down based on demand. This
allows businesses to handle varying workloads efficiently.

2. Instance Types:

o General Purpose Instances: Balanced resources for diverse

workloads (e.g., t3, t4g, m5).
 o Compute Optimized: High-performance processing for CPU-
intensive tasks (e.g., c6g, c7g).

o Memory Optimized: High memory for memory-intensive tasks

(e.g., r6g, x2gd).

o Storage Optimized: High IOPS for workloads that require fast

and large data storage (e.g., i3, d3).

o Accelerated Computing: Instances with GPUs or FPGAs for

machine learning, scientific computing, etc. (e.g., p4, g5).

3. Customizable Instance Configurations:

o Instances are customizable with various CPU cores, memory size,

and storage options. Users can choose the right mix of resources
for their workloads.

o EC2 offers pre-configured AMIs (Amazon Machine Images) for

different operating systems (e.g., Linux, Ubuntu, CentOS,
Windows).

4. On-Demand, Reserved, and Spot Pricing:

o On-Demand: Pay for compute capacity by the hour or second

with no long-term commitments.

o Reserved Instances: Significant discounts (up to 75%) for

committing to using EC2 for a 1- or 3-year term.

o Spot Instances: Purchase unused EC2 capacity at a significant

discount (up to 90%), ideal for flexible, fault-tolerant workloads.

5. Auto Scaling:

o Auto Scaling allows EC2 instances to automatically adjust

based on demand. If a web application experiences high traffic,
additional instances can be launched, and they can be scaled
down when traffic decreases.

6. Elastic Block Store (EBS):

o EBS provides block storage volumes that can be attached to EC2

instances. These volumes persist independently of the instance's
lifecycle, meaning they survive instance termination.
 o Volumes can be scaled dynamically, and they come in various
types (e.g., GP3 for general-purpose SSD, IO2 for high-
performance SSD).

7. Networking:

o Elastic IP Addresses: Static IP addresses can be associated

with EC2 instances, allowing for better control and flexibility.

o VPC (Virtual Private Cloud): EC2 instances are launched in a

VPC, providing network isolation, security, and control. Users can
configure subnets, route tables, and internet gateways.

o Security Groups: Virtual firewalls that control inbound and

outbound traffic to EC2 instances.

o Elastic Load Balancer (ELB): Distributes incoming application

traffic across multiple EC2 instances for high availability.

8. Security and IAM:

o EC2 integrates with AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM),

allowing fine-grained control over who can launch, terminate, or
modify instances.

o Key Pair Authentication: EC2 instances use SSH key pairs for
secure login. Users can assign specific IAM roles to instances to
access AWS resources securely.

o Security Groups and Network Access Control Lists (NACLs)

help control traffic to and from instances.

9. Storage Options:

o EBS (Elastic Block Store): Persistent block-level storage

volumes.

o Instance Store: Temporary block storage that is physically

attached to the EC2 instance (data is lost if the instance is
stopped or terminated).

o Elastic File System (EFS): Shared file storage that

automatically scales.

o S3 Integration: Object storage service for storing and retrieving

any amount of data.
 10. AMIs (Amazon Machine Images):

o AMIs are pre-configured templates that include an operating

system, application server, and applications. Users can create
custom AMIs or use those provided by AWS Marketplace or
community users.

o Custom AMIs can be created from an instance snapshot for faster

deployments.

11. Elastic Load Balancing (ELB):

o ELB automatically distributes incoming application traffic across

multiple EC2 instances to ensure high availability and fault
tolerance. ELB supports HTTP, HTTPS, TCP, and WebSocket
protocols.

12. EC2 Instance Lifecycle:

o EC2 instances can be in different states: running, stopped,

terminated, rebooted.

o Stopping and starting instances preserve the underlying EBS

volumes, while terminating destroys the instance and the data
stored on instance stores.

13. AWS Global Infrastructure:

o EC2 instances can be launched in different regions and

availability zones (AZs), ensuring redundancy and low latency.

o By placing instances in different AZs, users can achieve high

availability and disaster recovery.

EC2 Pricing Models:

1. On-Demand Instances:

o Pay by the second (with a minimum of 60 seconds) without any

upfront commitment.

o Ideal for short-term or unpredictable workloads where you can't

commit to long-term usage.

2. Reserved Instances (RI):

o Offers significant savings (up to 75%) in exchange for a

commitment to a 1- or 3-year usage period.
 o Suitable for steady-state workloads where consistent compute
power is required.

3. Spot Instances:

o Allows users to bid on unused EC2 capacity at deep discounts (up

to 90%).

o Best for workloads that can tolerate interruptions or are fault-

tolerant, such as batch jobs, data analysis, and web scraping.

4. Savings Plans:

o Flexible pricing model that provides lower prices in exchange for

a commitment to a consistent amount of usage (measured in
$/hour) for a 1- or 3-year term.

EC2 Use Cases:

1. Web Applications:

o EC2 can host web servers (e.g., Apache, Nginx) and provide the
infrastructure for hosting web applications using technologies
like LAMP or MEAN stacks.

2. Big Data and Machine Learning:

o EC2 instances with GPUs (e.g., p4, g4dn) are ideal for running
machine learning models, deep learning workloads, and big data
processing using frameworks like TensorFlow, PyTorch, or Apache
Spark.

3. DevOps and CI/CD:

o EC2 is often used to set up DevOps pipelines, allowing

developers to create and test code with continuous
integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) tools like Jenkins,
GitLab CI, or AWS CodePipeline.

4. High-Performance Computing (HPC):

o EC2 provides instances optimized for HPC workloads, including

physics simulations, genomics research, and financial risk
modeling.

5. Microservices and Containers:

 o EC2 is commonly used with Docker and Kubernetes to deploy
and manage containerized applications. EC2 instances can form
the underlying compute infrastructure for Kubernetes clusters.

6. Disaster Recovery:

o EC2 instances can be part of disaster recovery plans by being

provisioned in multiple regions. Data can be replicated across
regions using services like Amazon S3 or RDS Multi-AZ setups.

7. Media Processing and Streaming:

o EC2 instances are used for transcoding, processing media files,

and delivering streaming services. AWS provides pre-built
services like Elastic Transcoder or MediaConvert, but EC2
offers custom setups for large-scale media handling.

EC2 Auto Scaling:

 Auto Scaling allows users to automatically adjust the number of EC2

instances based on defined policies or metrics, such as CPU usage or
network traffic.

 Scaling groups can be defined, and EC2 instances can be added or

removed dynamically to handle load spikes or dips.

 Auto Scaling ensures that users only pay for the compute power they
actually use.

EC2 Monitoring and Management:

1. Amazon CloudWatch:

o Provides detailed monitoring for EC2 instances, tracking metrics

such as CPU, memory, disk usage, and network traffic. Alerts and
thresholds can be configured to notify users of performance
bottlenecks.

2. Elastic Beanstalk:

o AWS Elastic Beanstalk abstracts EC2 management and simplifies

the deployment process by automatically handling instance
scaling, load balancing, and health monitoring for web
applications.

3. EC2 Systems Manager:

 o AWS Systems Manager provides an interface to manage
instances, run scripts, patch management, and automate
administrative tasks across a fleet of EC2 instances.

Conclusion:

Amazon EC2 offers flexible, scalable, and cost-effective compute capacity in

the cloud. Whether you're running simple websites or complex applications
requiring high-performance computing, EC2 provides the building blocks for
a wide range of use cases. With customizable instance types, pricing models,
security features, and integration with other AWS services, EC2 is one of the
most versatile cloud computing solutions available.

4o

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a core service within

Amazon Web Services (AWS) that provides scalable and resizable computing
capacity in the cloud. It enables users to run virtual servers on-demand with
customizable resources such as CPU, memory, storage, and networking,
allowing for flexibility in deploying applications.

Key Features of Amazon EC2:

1. Elastic and Scalable:

o EC2 instances can be launched or terminated as needed,

providing the ability to scale up or down based on demand. This
allows businesses to handle varying workloads efficiently.

2. Instance Types:

o General Purpose Instances: Balanced resources for diverse

workloads (e.g., t3, t4g, m5).

o Compute Optimized: High-performance processing for CPU-

intensive tasks (e.g., c6g, c7g).

o Memory Optimized: High memory for memory-intensive tasks

(e.g., r6g, x2gd).

o Storage Optimized: High IOPS for workloads that require fast

and large data storage (e.g., i3, d3).

o Accelerated Computing: Instances with GPUs or FPGAs for

machine learning, scientific computing, etc. (e.g., p4, g5).

3. Customizable Instance Configurations:

 o Instances are customizable with various CPU cores, memory size,
and storage options. Users can choose the right mix of resources
for their workloads.

o EC2 offers pre-configured AMIs (Amazon Machine Images) for

different operating systems (e.g., Linux, Ubuntu, CentOS,
Windows).

4. On-Demand, Reserved, and Spot Pricing:

o On-Demand: Pay for compute capacity by the hour or second

with no long-term commitments.

o Reserved Instances: Significant discounts (up to 75%) for

committing to using EC2 for a 1- or 3-year term.

o Spot Instances: Purchase unused EC2 capacity at a significant

discount (up to 90%), ideal for flexible, fault-tolerant workloads.

5. Auto Scaling:

o Auto Scaling allows EC2 instances to automatically adjust

based on demand. If a web application experiences high traffic,
additional instances can be launched, and they can be scaled
down when traffic decreases.

6. Elastic Block Store (EBS):

o EBS provides block storage volumes that can be attached to EC2

instances. These volumes persist independently of the instance's
lifecycle, meaning they survive instance termination.

o Volumes can be scaled dynamically, and they come in various

types (e.g., GP3 for general-purpose SSD, IO2 for high-
performance SSD).

7. Networking:

o Elastic IP Addresses: Static IP addresses can be associated

with EC2 instances, allowing for better control and flexibility.

o VPC (Virtual Private Cloud): EC2 instances are launched in a

VPC, providing network isolation, security, and control. Users can
configure subnets, route tables, and internet gateways.

o Security Groups: Virtual firewalls that control inbound and

outbound traffic to EC2 instances.
 o Elastic Load Balancer (ELB): Distributes incoming application
traffic across multiple EC2 instances for high availability.

8. Security and IAM:

o EC2 integrates with AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM),

allowing fine-grained control over who can launch, terminate, or
modify instances.

o Key Pair Authentication: EC2 instances use SSH key pairs for
secure login. Users can assign specific IAM roles to instances to
access AWS resources securely.

o Security Groups and Network Access Control Lists (NACLs)

help control traffic to and from instances.

9. Storage Options:

o EBS (Elastic Block Store): Persistent block-level storage

volumes.

o Instance Store: Temporary block storage that is physically

attached to the EC2 instance (data is lost if the instance is
stopped or terminated).

o Elastic File System (EFS): Shared file storage that

automatically scales.

o S3 Integration: Object storage service for storing and retrieving

any amount of data.

10. AMIs (Amazon Machine Images):

o AMIs are pre-configured templates that include an operating

system, application server, and applications. Users can create
custom AMIs or use those provided by AWS Marketplace or
community users.

o Custom AMIs can be created from an instance snapshot for faster

deployments.

11. Elastic Load Balancing (ELB):

o ELB automatically distributes incoming application traffic across

multiple EC2 instances to ensure high availability and fault
tolerance. ELB supports HTTP, HTTPS, TCP, and WebSocket
protocols.
 12. EC2 Instance Lifecycle:

o EC2 instances can be in different states: running, stopped,

terminated, rebooted.

o Stopping and starting instances preserve the underlying EBS

volumes, while terminating destroys the instance and the data
stored on instance stores.

13. AWS Global Infrastructure:

o EC2 instances can be launched in different regions and

availability zones (AZs), ensuring redundancy and low latency.

o By placing instances in different AZs, users can achieve high

availability and disaster recovery.

EC2 Pricing Models:

1. On-Demand Instances:

o Pay by the second (with a minimum of 60 seconds) without any

upfront commitment.

o Ideal for short-term or unpredictable workloads where you can't

commit to long-term usage.

2. Reserved Instances (RI):

o Offers significant savings (up to 75%) in exchange for a

commitment to a 1- or 3-year usage period.

o Suitable for steady-state workloads where consistent compute

power is required.

3. Spot Instances:

o Allows users to bid on unused EC2 capacity at deep discounts (up

to 90%).

o Best for workloads that can tolerate interruptions or are fault-

tolerant, such as batch jobs, data analysis, and web scraping.

4. Savings Plans:

o Flexible pricing model that provides lower prices in exchange for

a commitment to a consistent amount of usage (measured in
$/hour) for a 1- or 3-year term.
EC2 Use Cases:

1. Web Applications:

o EC2 can host web servers (e.g., Apache, Nginx) and provide the
infrastructure for hosting web applications using technologies
like LAMP or MEAN stacks.

2. Big Data and Machine Learning:

o EC2 instances with GPUs (e.g., p4, g4dn) are ideal for running
machine learning models, deep learning workloads, and big data
processing using frameworks like TensorFlow, PyTorch, or Apache
Spark.

3. DevOps and CI/CD:

o EC2 is often used to set up DevOps pipelines, allowing

developers to create and test code with continuous
integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) tools like Jenkins,
GitLab CI, or AWS CodePipeline.

4. High-Performance Computing (HPC):

o EC2 provides instances optimized for HPC workloads, including

physics simulations, genomics research, and financial risk
modeling.

5. Microservices and Containers:

o EC2 is commonly used with Docker and Kubernetes to deploy

and manage containerized applications. EC2 instances can form
the underlying compute infrastructure for Kubernetes clusters.

6. Disaster Recovery:

o EC2 instances can be part of disaster recovery plans by being

provisioned in multiple regions. Data can be replicated across
regions using services like Amazon S3 or RDS Multi-AZ setups.

7. Media Processing and Streaming:

o EC2 instances are used for transcoding, processing media files,

and delivering streaming services. AWS provides pre-built
services like Elastic Transcoder or MediaConvert, but EC2
offers custom setups for large-scale media handling.
EC2 Auto Scaling:

 Auto Scaling allows users to automatically adjust the number of EC2

instances based on defined policies or metrics, such as CPU usage or
network traffic.

 Scaling groups can be defined, and EC2 instances can be added or

removed dynamically to handle load spikes or dips.

 Auto Scaling ensures that users only pay for the compute power they
actually use.

EC2 Monitoring and Management:

1. Amazon CloudWatch:

o Provides detailed monitoring for EC2 instances, tracking metrics

such as CPU, memory, disk usage, and network traffic. Alerts and
thresholds can be configured to notify users of performance
bottlenecks.

2. Elastic Beanstalk:

o AWS Elastic Beanstalk abstracts EC2 management and simplifies

the deployment process by automatically handling instance
scaling, load balancing, and health monitoring for web
applications.

3. EC2 Systems Manager:

o AWS Systems Manager provides an interface to manage

instances, run scripts, patch management, and automate
administrative tasks across a fleet of EC2 instances.

Conclusion:

Amazon EC2 offers flexible, scalable, and cost-effective compute capacity in

the cloud. Whether you're running simple websites or complex applications
requiring high-performance computing, EC2 provides the building blocks for
a wide range of use cases. With customizable instance types, pricing models,
security features, and integration with other AWS services, EC2 is one of the
most versatile cloud computing solutions available.

4o

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a core service within

Amazon Web Services (AWS) that provides scalable and resizable computing
capacity in the cloud. It enables users to run virtual servers on-demand with
customizable resources such as CPU, memory, storage, and networking,
allowing for flexibility in deploying applications.

Key Features of Amazon EC2:

1. Elastic and Scalable:

o EC2 instances can be launched or terminated as needed,

providing the ability to scale up or down based on demand. This
allows businesses to handle varying workloads efficiently.

2. Instance Types:

o General Purpose Instances: Balanced resources for diverse

workloads (e.g., t3, t4g, m5).

o Compute Optimized: High-performance processing for CPU-

intensive tasks (e.g., c6g, c7g).

o Memory Optimized: High memory for memory-intensive tasks

(e.g., r6g, x2gd).

o Storage Optimized: High IOPS for workloads that require fast

and large data storage (e.g., i3, d3).

o Accelerated Computing: Instances with GPUs or FPGAs for

machine learning, scientific computing, etc. (e.g., p4, g5).

3. Customizable Instance Configurations:

o Instances are customizable with various CPU cores, memory size,

and storage options. Users can choose the right mix of resources
for their workloads.

o EC2 offers pre-configured AMIs (Amazon Machine Images) for

different operating systems (e.g., Linux, Ubuntu, CentOS,
Windows).

4. On-Demand, Reserved, and Spot Pricing:

o On-Demand: Pay for compute capacity by the hour or second

with no long-term commitments.

o Reserved Instances: Significant discounts (up to 75%) for

committing to using EC2 for a 1- or 3-year term.
 o Spot Instances: Purchase unused EC2 capacity at a significant
discount (up to 90%), ideal for flexible, fault-tolerant workloads.

5. Auto Scaling:

o Auto Scaling allows EC2 instances to automatically adjust

based on demand. If a web application experiences high traffic,
additional instances can be launched, and they can be scaled
down when traffic decreases.

6. Elastic Block Store (EBS):

o EBS provides block storage volumes that can be attached to EC2

instances. These volumes persist independently of the instance's
lifecycle, meaning they survive instance termination.

o Volumes can be scaled dynamically, and they come in various

types (e.g., GP3 for general-purpose SSD, IO2 for high-
performance SSD).

7. Networking:

o Elastic IP Addresses: Static IP addresses can be associated

with EC2 instances, allowing for better control and flexibility.

o VPC (Virtual Private Cloud): EC2 instances are launched in a

VPC, providing network isolation, security, and control. Users can
configure subnets, route tables, and internet gateways.

o Security Groups: Virtual firewalls that control inbound and

outbound traffic to EC2 instances.

o Elastic Load Balancer (ELB): Distributes incoming application

traffic across multiple EC2 instances for high availability.

8. Security and IAM:

o EC2 integrates with AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM),

allowing fine-grained control over who can launch, terminate, or
modify instances.

o Key Pair Authentication: EC2 instances use SSH key pairs for
secure login. Users can assign specific IAM roles to instances to
access AWS resources securely.

o Security Groups and Network Access Control Lists (NACLs)

help control traffic to and from instances.
9. Storage Options:

o EBS (Elastic Block Store): Persistent block-level storage

volumes.

o Instance Store: Temporary block storage that is physically

attached to the EC2 instance (data is lost if the instance is
stopped or terminated).

o Elastic File System (EFS): Shared file storage that

automatically scales.

o S3 Integration: Object storage service for storing and retrieving

any amount of data.

10. AMIs (Amazon Machine Images):

o AMIs are pre-configured templates that include an operating

system, application server, and applications. Users can create
custom AMIs or use those provided by AWS Marketplace or
community users.

o Custom AMIs can be created from an instance snapshot for faster

deployments.

11. Elastic Load Balancing (ELB):

o ELB automatically distributes incoming application traffic across

multiple EC2 instances to ensure high availability and fault
tolerance. ELB supports HTTP, HTTPS, TCP, and WebSocket
protocols.

12. EC2 Instance Lifecycle:

o EC2 instances can be in different states: running, stopped,

terminated, rebooted.

o Stopping and starting instances preserve the underlying EBS

volumes, while terminating destroys the instance and the data
stored on instance stores.

13. AWS Global Infrastructure:

o EC2 instances can be launched in different regions and

availability zones (AZs), ensuring redundancy and low latency.
 o By placing instances in different AZs, users can achieve high
availability and disaster recovery.

EC2 Pricing Models:

1. On-Demand Instances:

o Pay by the second (with a minimum of 60 seconds) without any

upfront commitment.

o Ideal for short-term or unpredictable workloads where you can't

commit to long-term usage.

2. Reserved Instances (RI):

o Offers significant savings (up to 75%) in exchange for a

commitment to a 1- or 3-year usage period.

o Suitable for steady-state workloads where consistent compute

power is required.

3. Spot Instances:

o Allows users to bid on unused EC2 capacity at deep discounts (up

to 90%).

o Best for workloads that can tolerate interruptions or are fault-

tolerant, such as batch jobs, data analysis, and web scraping.

4. Savings Plans:

o Flexible pricing model that provides lower prices in exchange for

a commitment to a consistent amount of usage (measured in
$/hour) for a 1- or 3-year term.

EC2 Use Cases:

1. Web Applications:

o EC2 can host web servers (e.g., Apache, Nginx) and provide the
infrastructure for hosting web applications using technologies
like LAMP or MEAN stacks.

2. Big Data and Machine Learning:

o EC2 instances with GPUs (e.g., p4, g4dn) are ideal for running
machine learning models, deep learning workloads, and big data
 processing using frameworks like TensorFlow, PyTorch, or Apache
Spark.

3. DevOps and CI/CD:

o EC2 is often used to set up DevOps pipelines, allowing

developers to create and test code with continuous
integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) tools like Jenkins,
GitLab CI, or AWS CodePipeline.

4. High-Performance Computing (HPC):

o EC2 provides instances optimized for HPC workloads, including

physics simulations, genomics research, and financial risk
modeling.

5. Microservices and Containers:

o EC2 is commonly used with Docker and Kubernetes to deploy

and manage containerized applications. EC2 instances can form
the underlying compute infrastructure for Kubernetes clusters.

6. Disaster Recovery:

o EC2 instances can be part of disaster recovery plans by being

provisioned in multiple regions. Data can be replicated across
regions using services like Amazon S3 or RDS Multi-AZ setups.

7. Media Processing and Streaming:

o EC2 instances are used for transcoding, processing media files,

and delivering streaming services. AWS provides pre-built
services like Elastic Transcoder or MediaConvert, but EC2
offers custom setups for large-scale media handling.

EC2 Auto Scaling:

 Auto Scaling allows users to automatically adjust the number of EC2

instances based on defined policies or metrics, such as CPU usage or
network traffic.

 Scaling groups can be defined, and EC2 instances can be added or

removed dynamically to handle load spikes or dips.

 Auto Scaling ensures that users only pay for the compute power they
actually use.
EC2 Monitoring and Management:

1. Amazon CloudWatch:

o Provides detailed monitoring for EC2 instances, tracking metrics

such as CPU, memory, disk usage, and network traffic. Alerts and
thresholds can be configured to notify users of performance
bottlenecks.

2. Elastic Beanstalk:

o AWS Elastic Beanstalk abstracts EC2 management and simplifies

the deployment process by automatically handling instance
scaling, load balancing, and health monitoring for web
applications.

3. EC2 Systems Manager:

o AWS Systems Manager provides an interface to manage

instances, run scripts, patch management, and automate
administrative tasks across a fleet of EC2 instances.

Conclusion:

Amazon EC2 offers flexible, scalable, and cost-effective compute capacity in

the cloud. Whether you're running simple websites or complex applications
requiring high-performance computing, EC2 provides the building blocks for
a wide range of use cases. With customizable instance types, pricing models,
security features, and integration with other AWS services, EC2 is one of the
most versatile cloud computing solutions available.

4o

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a core service within

Amazon Web Services (AWS) that provides scalable and resizable computing
capacity in the cloud. It enables users to run virtual servers on-demand with
customizable resources such as CPU, memory, storage, and networking,
allowing for flexibility in deploying applications.

Key Features of Amazon EC2:

1. Elastic and Scalable:

o EC2 instances can be launched or terminated as needed,

providing the ability to scale up or down based on demand. This
allows businesses to handle varying workloads efficiently.
2. Instance Types:

o General Purpose Instances: Balanced resources for diverse

workloads (e.g., t3, t4g, m5).

o Compute Optimized: High-performance processing for CPU-

intensive tasks (e.g., c6g, c7g).

o Memory Optimized: High memory for memory-intensive tasks

(e.g., r6g, x2gd).

o Storage Optimized: High IOPS for workloads that require fast

and large data storage (e.g., i3, d3).

o Accelerated Computing: Instances with GPUs or FPGAs for

machine learning, scientific computing, etc. (e.g., p4, g5).

3. Customizable Instance Configurations:

o Instances are customizable with various CPU cores, memory size,

and storage options. Users can choose the right mix of resources
for their workloads.

o EC2 offers pre-configured AMIs (Amazon Machine Images) for

different operating systems (e.g., Linux, Ubuntu, CentOS,
Windows).

4. On-Demand, Reserved, and Spot Pricing:

o On-Demand: Pay for compute capacity by the hour or second

with no long-term commitments.

o Reserved Instances: Significant discounts (up to 75%) for

committing to using EC2 for a 1- or 3-year term.

o Spot Instances: Purchase unused EC2 capacity at a significant

discount (up to 90%), ideal for flexible, fault-tolerant workloads.

5. Auto Scaling:

o Auto Scaling allows EC2 instances to automatically adjust

based on demand. If a web application experiences high traffic,
additional instances can be launched, and they can be scaled
down when traffic decreases.

6. Elastic Block Store (EBS):

 o EBS provides block storage volumes that can be attached to EC2
instances. These volumes persist independently of the instance's
lifecycle, meaning they survive instance termination.

o Volumes can be scaled dynamically, and they come in various

types (e.g., GP3 for general-purpose SSD, IO2 for high-
performance SSD).

7. Networking:

o Elastic IP Addresses: Static IP addresses can be associated

with EC2 instances, allowing for better control and flexibility.

o VPC (Virtual Private Cloud): EC2 instances are launched in a

VPC, providing network isolation, security, and control. Users can
configure subnets, route tables, and internet gateways.

o Security Groups: Virtual firewalls that control inbound and

outbound traffic to EC2 instances.

o Elastic Load Balancer (ELB): Distributes incoming application

traffic across multiple EC2 instances for high availability.

8. Security and IAM:

o EC2 integrates with AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM),

allowing fine-grained control over who can launch, terminate, or
modify instances.

o Key Pair Authentication: EC2 instances use SSH key pairs for
secure login. Users can assign specific IAM roles to instances to
access AWS resources securely.

o Security Groups and Network Access Control Lists (NACLs)

help control traffic to and from instances.

9. Storage Options:

o EBS (Elastic Block Store): Persistent block-level storage

volumes.

o Instance Store: Temporary block storage that is physically

attached to the EC2 instance (data is lost if the instance is
stopped or terminated).

o Elastic File System (EFS): Shared file storage that

automatically scales.
 o S3 Integration: Object storage service for storing and retrieving
any amount of data.

10. AMIs (Amazon Machine Images):

o AMIs are pre-configured templates that include an operating

system, application server, and applications. Users can create
custom AMIs or use those provided by AWS Marketplace or
community users.

o Custom AMIs can be created from an instance snapshot for faster

deployments.

11. Elastic Load Balancing (ELB):

o ELB automatically distributes incoming application traffic across

multiple EC2 instances to ensure high availability and fault
tolerance. ELB supports HTTP, HTTPS, TCP, and WebSocket
protocols.

12. EC2 Instance Lifecycle:

o EC2 instances can be in different states: running, stopped,

terminated, rebooted.

o Stopping and starting instances preserve the underlying EBS

volumes, while terminating destroys the instance and the data
stored on instance stores.

13. AWS Global Infrastructure:

o EC2 instances can be launched in different regions and

availability zones (AZs), ensuring redundancy and low latency.

o By placing instances in different AZs, users can achieve high

availability and disaster recovery.

EC2 Pricing Models:

1. On-Demand Instances:

o Pay by the second (with a minimum of 60 seconds) without any

upfront commitment.

o Ideal for short-term or unpredictable workloads where you can't

commit to long-term usage.

2. Reserved Instances (RI):

 o Offers significant savings (up to 75%) in exchange for a
commitment to a 1- or 3-year usage period.

o Suitable for steady-state workloads where consistent compute

power is required.

3. Spot Instances:

o Allows users to bid on unused EC2 capacity at deep discounts (up

to 90%).

o Best for workloads that can tolerate interruptions or are fault-

tolerant, such as batch jobs, data analysis, and web scraping.

4. Savings Plans:

o Flexible pricing model that provides lower prices in exchange for

a commitment to a consistent amount of usage (measured in
$/hour) for a 1- or 3-year term.

EC2 Use Cases:

1. Web Applications:

o EC2 can host web servers (e.g., Apache, Nginx) and provide the
infrastructure for hosting web applications using technologies
like LAMP or MEAN stacks.

2. Big Data and Machine Learning:

o EC2 instances with GPUs (e.g., p4, g4dn) are ideal for running
machine learning models, deep learning workloads, and big data
processing using frameworks like TensorFlow, PyTorch, or Apache
Spark.

3. DevOps and CI/CD:

o EC2 is often used to set up DevOps pipelines, allowing

developers to create and test code with continuous
integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) tools like Jenkins,
GitLab CI, or AWS CodePipeline.

4. High-Performance Computing (HPC):

o EC2 provides instances optimized for HPC workloads, including

physics simulations, genomics research, and financial risk
modeling.
 5. Microservices and Containers:

o EC2 is commonly used with Docker and Kubernetes to deploy

and manage containerized applications. EC2 instances can form
the underlying compute infrastructure for Kubernetes clusters.

6. Disaster Recovery:

o EC2 instances can be part of disaster recovery plans by being

provisioned in multiple regions. Data can be replicated across
regions using services like Amazon S3 or RDS Multi-AZ setups.

7. Media Processing and Streaming:

o EC2 instances are used for transcoding, processing media files,

and delivering streaming services. AWS provides pre-built
services like Elastic Transcoder or MediaConvert, but EC2
offers custom setups for large-scale media handling.

EC2 Auto Scaling:

 Auto Scaling allows users to automatically adjust the number of EC2

instances based on defined policies or metrics, such as CPU usage or
network traffic.

 Scaling groups can be defined, and EC2 instances can be added or

removed dynamically to handle load spikes or dips.

 Auto Scaling ensures that users only pay for the compute power they
actually use.

EC2 Monitoring and Management:

1. Amazon CloudWatch:

o Provides detailed monitoring for EC2 instances, tracking metrics

such as CPU, memory, disk usage, and network traffic. Alerts and
thresholds can be configured to notify users of performance
bottlenecks.

2. Elastic Beanstalk:

o AWS Elastic Beanstalk abstracts EC2 management and simplifies

the deployment process by automatically handling instance
scaling, load balancing, and health monitoring for web
applications.
 3. EC2 Systems Manager:

o AWS Systems Manager provides an interface to manage

instances, run scripts, patch management, and automate
administrative tasks across a fleet of EC2 instances.

Conclusion:

Amazon EC2 offers flexible, scalable, and cost-effective compute capacity in

the cloud. Whether you're running simple websites or complex applications
requiring high-performance computing, EC2 provides the building blocks for
a wide range of use cases. With customizable instance types, pricing models,
security features, and integration with other AWS services, EC2 is one of the
most versatile cloud computing solutions available.

4o