KDS INTERNATIONAL

SENIOR
SECONDARY
SCHOOL,MATHURA
PHYSICS
PROJECT FILE
SESSION : 2024-2025

SUBMITTED TO :
Mr. D . S. RAGHAV
SUBMITTED BY :
SHOURYAMCHATURVEDI
 INDEX

S.No. Content Page No.

1. Certificate 03
2 Acknowledgments 04
3 Objective 05
4 Introduction 06
5 Theory 08
6 Procedure 11
7 Observations 12
8 Result 12
9 Precautions 13
10 Source of Error 13
11 Bibliography 14
12 End of Project 15

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 CertifiCate
This is to certify that this
“physics Investigatory Project on the
topic “To Investigate The Relation
Between The Ratio Of: >Output & Input
Voltage, > No. Of Turns In The
Secondary Coil & Primary Coil Of A Self
Designed Transformer” has been
successfully completed by Shouryam
Chaturvedi of class XII under the
guidance of Mr. D S Raghav in
particular fulfillment of the
curriculum of Central Board of
Secondary Education {CBSE} leading
to the award of annual examination
of the year 2023-24.

Signature of internal examiner signature of external examiner

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY
SPECIAL THANKSAND GRATITUDE
TO MY PHYSICS TEACHER MR. D S
RAGHAV FOR THE HELP AND
GUIDANCE HE PROVIDED FOR
COMPLETING THISPROJECT,MOST
OF ALL I THANK OUR SCHOOL
MANAGMENT FOR PROVIDING US
FACILITIES AND OPPURTUNITIES
TO DO THIS PROJECT.
LASTLY, I WOULD LIKE TO THANKS
MY CLASSMATES WHO
HAVE DONE THIS PROJECT ALONG
WITH ME. THEIR SUPPORT MADE
THIS PROJECT FRUITFUL.
Signature of teacher ;

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OBJECTIVE :
To investigate the relation between the ratio
of : 1.Output and Input Voltage
2.Number of turns in the secondary coil and
the primary coil of a self designed
transformer .

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INTRODUCTION :
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-
versa. A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most
widely used device in both low and high current circuit.
As such transformers are built in an amazing strength
of sizes.
In electronic, measurement and control circuits,
transformer size may be so small that it weight only a
few tens of grams where as in high voltage power
circuits, it may weight hundred of tones. In a
transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one
circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts. A transformer which increases the
voltages is called a stepup transformer. A transformer
which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down
transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an essential
piece of apparatus both for high and low current
circuits.

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THEORY :
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the
primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts
falling in it. The altering current in the primary
produces a changing magnetic flux, which
induces altering voltage in the primary as well
as in the secondary.
In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced
in each turn of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep
and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.
’s induced in the primary and the secondary
and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the
primary secondary coils of the transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in
each turn off the coil at this instant,

we have,
Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)

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 and
Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)

Since the above relations are true at every

instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f
induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to
the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2
coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the
primary coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp

Ip can be neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

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Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or

transformation ratio.

PROCEDURE :
• Take a laminated iron core and wind a
small number [say about 2000 ] of turns
of thick insulated copper wire uniformly
on it leaving two free ends P1 P2 .
• Wind a large numbers of turns [say 100]
of thin insulated copper wire on the
opposite arm of the core leaving two free
end S1 & S2.

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 • Connect the primary coil to a variable
a.c. supply source and secondary to a.c.
volt meter of suitable range .
• Connect an a.c. voltmeter across the
primary to measure the input voltage .

OBSERVATIONS :
• No. of turns in primary , NP = 2000
• No. of turns in secondary , NS = 100
S. No. Input Output
ES/EP
Voltage EP Voltage ES
[volt] [volt]
1. 12 V 240 V 1/20
2. 240 V 12 V 20

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RESULT:
Clearly ES/EP = NS/NP within experimental
error .

PRECAUTIONS :
• Keep yourself safe from voltage .
• While taking the readings of the current
and voltage of the a.c. should remain
constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR :
• Values of current can be changed due to
heating effect .
• Eddy current can changed the readings.

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www.google.com

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www.wikipedia.org

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JECTS

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NCERT Class 12th chemistry Book

NCERT Class 12th Lab Manual

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