Analog Communications Laboratory (10B17EC472) Experiment: 7 Design a pulse width modulation circuit using IC 555 timer.

Component/ Instruments required: 1. IC LM555 (Two) 2. Capacitor: 0.1F (One) 3. Resistor: 1k (One) 4. 10 Volts DC power supply 5. Function Generator (2) 6. Digital Storage Oscilloscope (1) 7. Probes (3) 8. Connecting wires 9. Bread Board Theory: In PWM the pulses representing successive sample values of s(t) have constant amplitudes but vary in time duration in direct proportion to the sample value. The pulse duration can be changed relative to fixed leading or trailing time edges or a fixed pulse center. To allow for time-division multiplexing, the maximum pulse duration may be limited to a fraction of the time between samples (Fig. 1c).In this experiment IC 555 is used in monostable mode. IC 555:

Internal diagram of IC 555 Figure 1

Pin Name Purpose 1 GND Ground, low level (0 V) 2 TRIG OUT rises, and interval starts, when this input falls below 1/3 VCC. 3 OUT This output is driven to +VCC or GND. 4 RESET A timing interval may be interrupted by driving this input to GND. 5 CTRL "Control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 VCC). 6 THR The interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than at CTRL. 7 DIS Open collector output; may discharge a capacitor between intervals. 8 V+, VCC Positive supply voltage is usually between 3 and 15 V.

The 555 has three operating modes:

Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free switches, and touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) and so on.

IC 555 Monostable mode Figure 2(a) In the monostable mode, the 555 timer acts as a "one-shot" pulse generator. The pulse begins when the 555 timer receives a signal at the trigger input that falls below a third of the voltage supply. The width of the output pulse is determined by the time constant of an RC network, which consists of a capacitor (C) and a resistor (R). The output pulse ends when the voltage on the capacitor equals 2/3 of the supply voltage. The output pulse width can be lengthened or shortened to the need of the specific application by adjusting the values of R and C. The output pulse width of time t, which is the time it takes to charge C to 2/3 of the supply voltage, is given by

Where, t is in seconds, R is in ohms

C is in Farads. While using the timer IC in monostable mode, the main disadvantage is that the time span between the two triggering pulses must be greater than the RC time constant.
2. Astable mode: This is also called free running mode. The 555 can operate as an

oscillator. Used for pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation and so on. Selecting a thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a temperature sensor: the period of the output pulse is determined by the temperature. The use of a microprocessor based circuit can then convert the pulse period to temperature, linearize it and even provide calibration means.

IC 555 Astable mode Figure 2(b) In astable mode, the 555 timer puts out a continuous stream of rectangular pulses having a specified frequency. Resistor R1 is connected between VCC and the discharge pin (pin 7) and another resistor (R2) is connected between the discharge pin (pin 7), and the trigger (pin 2) and threshold (pin 6) pins that share a common node. Hence the capacitor is charged through R1 and R2, and discharged only through R2, since pin 7 has low impedance to ground during output low intervals of the cycle, therefore discharging the capacitor. In the astable mode, the frequency of the pulse stream depends on the values of R1, R2 and C:

The high time from each pulse is given by:

and the low time from each pulse is given by:

Where, R1 and R2 is in ohms C is in Farads. The power capability of R1 must be greater than .Particularly with bipolar 555 low values of R1 must be avoided so that the output stays saturated near zero volts during discharge, as assumed by the above equation. Otherwise the output low time will be greater than calculated above. To achieve a duty cycle of less than 50% a diode can be added in parallel with R2 towards the capacitor. This bypasses R2 during the high part of the cycle so that the high interval depends only on R1 and C.
3. Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: The 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is

not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce-free latched switches. Circuit diagram for pulse width modulation:

Calculations: Take carrier frequency =2 KHz Message signal Frequency = 200 Hz VCC = 5 V Pulse width modulation 10% to 90% For 90% of duty cycle VC1 = VCC (1- e-(t/RAC))

Let, RA C=0.1 TC VC1 = 5(1-e-5) VC1 = 4.95 V For 10% of duty Cycle VC2 = 5(1 e - 0.5) VC2= 1.95 V Therefore, message signal equation m (t) = 3.45 +1.5sin (400t) RAC=0.1 x 0.5 x 10-3 Let C =0.1F RA = 5 x 10-5 0.1 x 10-6 RA = 500 Expected Waveforms:

Procedure: 1. Connect IC 555 as shown in Circuit diagram. 2. Apply signal from power generator and modulating signal from function generator. 3. Switch ON the power supply and then observe PWM on DSO.

Result: Pulse width modulation has been studied and verified by the waveforms seen on Digital Storage Oscilloscope.. Precautions: 1. Connections should be tight. 2. Measure the values of components before making connections in the breadboard. 3. Set the supply voltage to the right value before making pin connections.