Mathematics 1B

ITMTB1-44

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5 Applications of Integration: Volume

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 Definition of Volume
▪ Volume is the measure of the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional object.

▪ When calculating volumes of certain shapes, especially those generated by rotating a region

around an axis, we apply methods such as the Disk and Washer Methods to determine the

volume of solids of revolution.

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 Volumes of Solids of Revolution -
5.1 The Disk Method

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 The Disk Method
▪ The Disk Method is used to find the volume of a solid generated by rotating a region around
an axis.
▪ This method works by slicing the solid into thin, disk-like cross-sections and summing their
volumes.

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Disk Method General Formulae

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 Disk Method about the x-Axis
▪ When rotating a region about the x-axis, each disk’s radius is the function’s value at that point, 𝑓(𝑥).
▪ The area of each disk is 𝜋 𝑓 𝑥 2, and integrating over the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] provides the total volume.
▪ For a solid revolving around the x-axis:

𝑏
𝑉=න 𝜋 𝑓 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

where:
• f(x) is the radius of the disk at any point 𝑥,
• a and 𝑏 are the bounds along the x-axis.

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 Disk Method about the x-Axis
▪ Example 1:

If the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1 is rotated about the x-axis, the
volume 𝑉 is:

1
𝑉 = න 𝜋 𝑥2 2 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑉 = න 𝜋𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋𝑥 5 1
𝑉= |0
5
𝜋
𝑉=
5
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 Disk Method about the x-Axis
▪ Exercise 1:
Consider the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 0, from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 4.

Use the Disk Method to find the volume of the solid formed by revolving this region about the x-axis. 9
 Disk Method about the y-Axis
▪ When rotating around the y-axis, we typically describe the region in terms of 𝑥 as a function
of 𝑦, 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦).
▪ Each disk's radius is given by 𝑓(𝑦) at any point 𝑦, and its thickness is 𝑑𝑦.
▪ The volume 𝑉 of a solid of revolution formed by rotating the region bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦)
from 𝑦 = 𝑐 to 𝑦 = 𝑑 about the y-axis is:
𝑑
𝑉=න 𝜋 𝑓 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑐

where:
• f(y) is the radius of the disk at any point y,
• c and d are the bounds along the y-axis.
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 Disk Method about the y-Axis
▪ Exercise 2:
Consider the region bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑦 and x = 0, from y = 0 to y = 4.
• Use the Disk Method to find the volume of the solid formed by revolving this region about the y-axis.

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5.2 Washer Method

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 Understanding Washer Method
▪ The Washer Method is an extension of the Disk Method used when there’s an inner radius,
creating a “hole” in each disk, like a washer.

▪ When a region between two curves is revolved around an axis, the volume is found by
subtracting the volume of the inner solid from the outer solid.

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 Washer Method (Revolving about the x-Axis)
▪ For rotation about the x-axis, if 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) represent the outer and inner functions,
respectively:

𝑏
𝑉=න 𝜋 𝑓 𝑥 2 − 𝑔 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

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 Washer Method (Revolving about the y-Axis)
▪ When revolving around the y-axis, we set up our integral similarly, but the radius is measured
horizontally, and we integrate with respect to 𝑦 instead.

▪ For curves 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦) and 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦):

𝑑
𝑉=න 𝜋 𝑓 𝑦 2 − 𝑔 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑐

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5.3 The Method of Cylindrical Shells

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Understanding The Method of Cylindrical Shells
▪ The Method of Cylindrical Shells is an integration technique used to find the volume of a
solid of revolution.

▪ It is particularly useful when the Disk or Washer methods are difficult to apply, such as when
rotating a region around an axis that is parallel to the axis of the function's variable.

▪ In this method, we visualize the solid as composed of thin, hollow cylinders (or "shells"). By
calculating the volume of each cylindrical shell and summing them, we obtain the volume of
the entire solid.
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The Method of Cylindrical Shells
▪ For a region bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏, when rotated about the y-axis, the volume 𝑉 is:

𝑏
𝑉 = න 2𝜋 . 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 . ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

where:
• Radius is the distance from the axis of rotation to the shell, usually 𝑥 for rotation around
the y-axis.
• Height is the height of the shell, given by the function 𝑓(𝑥).

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 The Method of Cylindrical Shells
▪ Example 3:

To find the volume of the solid generated by rotating the region under 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 from 𝑥=0 to 𝑥=2
about the y-axis:
• Radius = 𝑥
• Height = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
• Volume 𝑉:
2
𝑉 = න 2𝜋𝑥. 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
2
𝑉 = න 2𝜋𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
0
2 42
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑥 |0
4
𝑉 = 4𝜋
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5.4 Activity 1

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 Activity 1
1. Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 =
𝑥 2 around the x-axis.
2. Repeat the process for rotation around the y-axis for the same region and compare the results.
3. Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥+1 and 𝑦 = 0,
from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 3, around the y-axis using the Shell Method.
4. Work through the integral step-by-step and discuss how the radius and height are determined
based on the axis of rotation.
5. Discuss why this method is advantageous compared to the Disk/Washer Method for this
particular rotation.
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THE END

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