ASSIGNMENT # 03

Submission Date (29-11-2019)

BY

MUHAMMAD HUZAIFA

ROLL # 19013122-011

Course Title: MATH107

BSc. Electrical Engineering

Submitted To: Mam Aimen Zubair

Department of BSc. Engineering

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APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS FROM
SCIENCE AND STATISTICS
CONTENTS:
➢ Work done
➢ Moment of inertia
➢ Fluid pressure
➢ Center of mass
With calculus it became possible to get exact answers for these problems with almost no
effort, because in the limit these sums became definite integrals and definite integrals could
be evaluated with antiderivatives. With calculus, the challenge became one of fitting an
integrable function to the situation at hand and then finding an antiderivative for it.

So, there are different applications of definite integrals in the field of science and statistics.
We shall discuss one by one.

Work Done
In everyday life, work means an activity that requires muscular or mental effort. In science,
the term refers specifically to a force acting on a body and the body’s subsequent
displacement. This section shows how to calculate work. The applications run from
compressing railroad car springs and emptying subterranean tanks to forcing electrons
together and lifting satellites into orbit.

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Examples:

Pushing a car horizontally from rest, shooting a bullet, walking up stairs etc. are some
examples of work done.

Units:

Units of work is Nm which is known as joule.

Work Done by a Constant Force:

When a body moves a distance d along a straight line as a result of the action of a force of
constant magnitude F in the direction of motion, the work done by the force is

W = F. d

The equation W =F. d is the constant-force formula for work. The units of work are force
and distance. In the metric system, the unit is the newton meter, which, for historical reasons,
is called a joule. In the U.S. customary system, the most common unit of work is the foot-
pound.

Example: Jacking Up a Car

If you jack up the side of a 2000-lb car 1.25 ft to change a tire (you have to apply a
constant vertical force of about 1000 lb) you will perform of work on the car. In SI units, you
have applied a force of 4448 N through a distance of 0.381 m to do of work.

Work Done by a Variable Force Along a Line:

If the force you apply varies along the way, as it will if you are compressing a spring, the
formula has to be replaced by an integral formula that takes the variation in F into account.
Suppose that the force performing the work acts along a line that we take to be the x axis and
that its magnitude F is a continuous function of the position. We want to find the work done
over the interval from partition [a, b] in the usual way and choose an arbitrary point in each
subinterval. If the subinterval is short enough, F, being continuous, will not vary much from
to. The amount of work done across the interval will be about times the distance the same as
it would be if F were constant and we could apply Equation (1). The total work done from a
to b is therefore approximated by the Riemann sum

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Definition of Work:

The work done by a variable force F(x) directed along the x-axis from x=a to x=b is

Finding the work required to stretch a spring

If an ideal spring is stretched or compressed x units beyond its natural length, then
Hooke’s Law,

tells us the force the spring is exerting to resist that action. The proportionality constant k
depends on the stiffness of the spring and is determined through empirical testing.

Example :

A spring has a natural length of 1 meter. A force of 25 Newtons stretches the spring by ¼ of a
meter. Determine how much work is done by stretching the spring.

a) 2 meters beyond its natural length

b) From a length of 1.5 meters to 2.5 meters

We first determine the spring constant, k. Because the force is 25 N when x is 0.25 m, we can
use Hooke’s law to determine k.

Hence, to find the work done by stretching the spring from its rest position to 2 meters
beyond that resting position, we do the following:
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Moment of Inertia
Moment of inertia is the property of the body due to which it resists angular acceleration, which is
the sum of the products of the mass of each particle in the body with the square of its distance
from the axis of rotation.

Formula for Moment of Inertia can be expressed as:

∴ Moment of inertia I = Σ miri2

Example:

When you board a moving train, you experience a force that produce and pushes you backward.
This is because before boarding the train you were at rest. As soon as you board the moving train
you lower body and comes in contact with the train but your upper body is still at rest. Therefore,
it gets pushed backward i.e. it resists change in its state.

Unit:

Units of moment of inertia are kgm2 and its dimensions are [ML2]

Derivation:

According to Newton’s 2nd law:

F=m a ----- (a)

We also know that tangential acceleration is related to angular acceleration by eq.

ar = rα------- (b)

multiply both equations:

F=mrα

Multiply both sides with r:

r.F = mr2α

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so,

τ=mr2α

where τ is the torque which is measure of force that can cause an object to rotate about an
axis. The quantity mr2 is known as moment of inertia. It not only depends on mass but also on
r.

Centre Of Mass:
The center of mass is the point relative to the system of particles in an object. This is the
point to which a force may be applied to cause a linear acceleration without an angular
acceleration.

Example:

The center of a ball is the very middle of ball and the center of mass of book is middle of
book.

Explanation:

At center of mass, the weighted mass gives a sum equal to zero. It is the point where any
uniform force applied on the object acts. When force is applied to the center of mass, the
object as a system of particles moves in the direction of force without rotating, no matter
what the shape of object is.

Every extended object has a center of mass. If near the surface of Earth an object, in any
orientation is supported at a location directly below its center of mass or suspended from a
location above its center of mass, it will be balanced and will not start rotating.

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Center of Mass, Position:

The center of mass in three dimensions can be located by its position vector, rCM

For a system of particles,

Center of Mass, Symmetric Object:

The center of mass of any symmetric object lies on an axis of symmetry and on any plane of
symmetry

If the object has uniform density

Finding center of mass for irregular shaped mass:

• Suspend the object from one point

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 Example:
A 59-kg woman and a 71-kg man sit on a seesaw, 3.5 m long. Where is their center of mass?

Applications:
• Automotive Application:
engineers try to design a sport car so that its center of mass is lowered to make the car
handle better.
• Aeronautics:
The center of mass is an important point on an aircraft, which effects the stability of
aircraft.
• Astronomy:
The center of mass plays an important role in astronomy and astrophysics, which it is
referred as barycanter.
• Kinesiology:
In kinesology and biomechanics, the center of mass is an important parameter that
assists people in understanding their human locomotions.

Fluid Pressure:
Fluid pressure is the measurement of force per unit area on an object in the fluid on
the surface of closed container. Pressure is defined as force per unit area.

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 P=F/A

Example:
If we drop something in fluid, it will may be float or sink. If its weight is heavy then it
will sink but if its weight is less then it can also float over it.
Explaination:
All fluids exert pressure. The particles of fluid are constantly moving in all directions
at random. As the particles move, thet keep bumping into each other. The collisions
cause pressure and pressure is exerted in all directions.
Two factors influence the pressure of fluids. They are the depth of fluid and its
density. A fluif exerts more pressure at greater depths. Denser fluids such as water
exert more pressure than less dense fluids such as air.
Units:
Units of pressure are Nm-2=1 pascal.
Dimension:
[ML-1T-2]
Applications:
1. Hydraulic brakes.
2. Artesian well.
3. Blood pressure.
4. Hydraulic head.
5. Plant cell turgidity.
6. Pythagorean cup.

Example:

At 1:00 P.M. on January 15, 1919 (an unseasonably warm day), a 90-ft-high, 90-
footdiameter cylindrical metal tank in which the Puritan Distilling Company stored
molasses at the corner of Foster and Commercial streets in Boston’s North End exploded.
Molasses flooded the streets 30 feet deep, trapping pedestrians and horses, knocking
down buildings, and oozing into homes. It was eventually tracked all over town and even
made its way into the suburbs via trolley cars and people’s shoes. It took weeks to clean
up.

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 (a) Given that the tank was full of molasses weighing 100 lbft3, what was the total force
exerted by the molasses on the bottom of the tank at the time it ruptured?

(b) What was the total force against the bottom foot-wide band of the tank wall?

Solution:

References:
http://www.edu.pe.ca/gray/class_pages/rxmacdonald/calculus/Ch07_pp378-433.pdf

https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics/system-of-particles-and-rotational-dynamics/moment-of-
inertia/

http://newt.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jkw/phys1121_31/pdf/lecture12.pdf

https://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/resources/Strang/Edited/Calculus/Calculus.pdf

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