MTH207: Discrete Structures I

Chapter 2: Basic Structures: Sets, Functions,

Sequences, Sums, and Matrices
Lecture #14

Lebanese American University

Dr. Houssein NASSER EL DINE

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic

1 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic

Operations with Matrices
Properties for Matrix Operations

2 Particular Matrices
Identity Matrix
Upper, Lower and Diagonal Matrices

3 The transpose of a Matrix

4 Zero-One Matrices

5 Inverse of a Matrix

6 Find the Inverse of a Matrix

2 × 2 Matrix

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 2 / 55

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic

Matrix Definition

Definition (Matrix)
A matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular array of numbers, or symbols, arranged in rows and
columns.
Notation:
a11 a12 · · · a1n
 
 a21 · · · · · · a2n 
A= . .. ..  with a compact form: A = [aij ]
 
 .. ..
. . . 
am1 · · · · · · amn

Example
     
1 −2 −3 2 x
A = 4 8 −6 , B = −1 , X = y 
7 0 1 1 z

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 3 / 55

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic

Definition (Size of a Matrix)

The size of a matrix is defined by the number of rows and columns that it contains. A matrix
with m rows and n columns is called an m × n matrix or m-by-n matrix.

Example
 
  2  
1 −2 −3 −1 x
A = 4 8 −6 , B=
 1 ,
 X = y 
7 0 1 z
5

size(A) = 3 × 3, size(B) = 4 × 1, size(X ) = 3 × 1

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 4 / 55

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic Operations with Matrices

Operations with Matrices

Definition (Equal Matrices)

Two matrices A = [aij ] and B = [bij ] are said to be equal if:
1. A and B have the same size
2. aij = bij for all i, j

Definition (Matrix Addition)

If A = [aij ] and B = [bij ] are matrices of same size, then their sum is the matrix given by

A + B = [aij + bij ]

Note: The sum of two matrices of different sizes is not defined.

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 5 / 55

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic Operations with Matrices

Operations with Matrices

Example
Find A + B :
   
1 −2 −3 7 0 1
1 A = , B=
4 8 −6 −4 0 −6

   
3 2 8 0 −1
2 A= , B=
−7 0 0 0 2

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 6 / 55

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic Operations with Matrices

Operations with Matrices

Definition (Scalar Multiplication)

If A = [aij ] is an m × n matrix and α is a scalar, then the scalar multiple of A by α is the matrix
given by
αA = [αaij ].

Example
       
2 4 2 −1 −6 3
2 −1 = −2 , −3 −1 2 =  3 −6 
1 2 4 5 −12 −15

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 7 / 55

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic Operations with Matrices

Definition (Matrix Multiplication)

If A = [aij ] is an m × n matrix and B = [bij ] is an n × r matrix, then the product AB is an
m × r matrix C = [cij ] where

n
X
cij = ai1 b1j + ai2b2j + ai3 b3j + ... + ain bnj = aik bkj .
k =1

for all i = 1, · · · , m and j = 1, · · · , r

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 8 / 55

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic Operations with Matrices

Example (Matrices Multiplication)

Find AB and BA.
 
3 −2  
−2 1 3
1 A = 2 4  and B =
4 1 6
1 −3

Solution:  
−14 1 −3  
−1 −1
AB =  12 6 30 , BA =
20 −22
−14 −2 −15

AB ̸= BA

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 9 / 55

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic Operations with Matrices

Definition (Matrix Multiplication)

If A = [aij ] is an m × n matrix and B = [bij ] is an n × r matrix, then the product AB is an
m × r matrix C = [cij ] where

n
X
cij = ai1 b1j + ai2b2j + ai3 b3j + ... + ain bnj = aik bkj .
k =1

for all i = 1, · · · , m and j = 1, · · · , r

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 10 / 55

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic Operations with Matrices

Example (Matrices Multiplication)

 
  1 2
3 4
1 A = and B = 4 5
1 2
3 6

Solution: The multiplication AB between the matrices A and B is not defined, since the
number of columns of the matrixA = 2 ̸= 3 = number of rows of the matrix B. However:

 
5 8
BA = 17 26
15 24

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 11 / 55

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic Operations with Matrices

Example (Matrices Multiplication)

   
1 1 1 1
2 A = and B =
0 0 2 2

Solution:  
3 3
AB =
0 0
 
1 1
BA =
2 2

AB ̸= BA

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 12 / 55

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic Operations with Matrices

Example (Matrices Multiplication)

 
  2
3 A= 1 −2 −3 and B = −1
1

Solution:  
AB = 1
 
2 −4 −6
BA = −1 2 3 
1 −2 −3

AB ̸= BA

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 13 / 55

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic Operations with Matrices

Remark
In general, AB ̸= BA. Matrix multiplication is not commutative.

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 14 / 55

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic Operations with Matrices

Example (Matrices Multiplication)

 
  x
2 −1 5
Given A = and X = y . Find AX .
−3 0 9
z

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 15 / 55

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic Operations with Matrices

Definition (Power of a matrix)

Let A be a square matrix of size n × n and let k be a strictly positive integer. Then

Ak = A.A.A...A, k times.

Example
 
1 1
Find A3 with A = .
1 1
Solution:

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 16 / 55

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic Properties for Matrix Operations

1 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic

Operations with Matrices
Properties for Matrix Operations

2 Particular Matrices
Identity Matrix
Upper, Lower and Diagonal Matrices

3 The transpose of a Matrix

4 Zero-One Matrices

5 Inverse of a Matrix

6 Find the Inverse of a Matrix

2 × 2 Matrix

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 17 / 55

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic Properties for Matrix Operations

Theorem:
Let A, B and C be three matrices (such the following operations are defined), and let α and β
be two scalars. Then the following statements are true:
1) A + B = B + A.
2) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
3) (AB)C = A(BC).
4) A(B + C) = AB + AC.
5) (A + B)C = AC + BC.
6) (αβ)A = α(βA) = β(αA).
7) α(AB) = (αA)B = A(αB).
8) (α + β)A = αA + βA.
9) α(A + B) = αA + αB.

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 18 / 55

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic Properties for Matrix Operations

Example
Let      
1 2 2 1 1 0
A= , B= and C = .
3 4 −3 2 2 1
Verify that A(BC) = (AB)C and A(B + C) = AB + AC.

Solution:     
1 2 4 1 6 5
A(BC) = =
3 4 1 2 16 11
    
−4 5 1 0 6 5
(AB)C = =
−6 11 2 1 16 11
Thus
A(BC) = (AB)C.

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 19 / 55

 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic Properties for Matrix Operations

Example
    
1 2 3 1 1 7
A(B + C) = =
3 3 −1 3 5 15
     
−4 5 5 2 1 7
AB + AC = + =
−6 11 11 4 5 15
Hence, A(B + C) = AB + AC.

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 20 / 55

 Particular Matrices

1 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic

Operations with Matrices
Properties for Matrix Operations

2 Particular Matrices
Identity Matrix
Upper, Lower and Diagonal Matrices

3 The transpose of a Matrix

4 Zero-One Matrices

5 Inverse of a Matrix

6 Find the Inverse of a Matrix

2 × 2 Matrix

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 21 / 55

 Particular Matrices

Definition
1) A row Matrix, is a matrix of size 1 × n has the following form

A = [a11 , a12 , · · · , a1n ].

2) A Column Matrix, is a matrix of size m × 1has the following form

a11
 a21 
A=
 .. .

.
am1

3) A square matrix, is a matrix of size n × n, equivalently, the number of rows is equal the
number of columns.

4) The zero matrix of size m × n, denoted by Omn , is the matrix with all the entries are
equal to zero.

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 22 / 55

 Particular Matrices

Special Matrices

Example (Square Matrix)

 
  1 −2 −3 2
1 −2 −3 4 8 −6 3
A = 4 8 −6 B=
7

0 1 2
7 0 1
9 3 −5 0

Example (Zero Matrix)

 
  0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0
01,1 = 0 02,3 = 04,4 = 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 23 / 55

 Particular Matrices

Theorem (Property of zero matrix)

Let A be a m × n matrix and let c be a scalar. Then, the following statements are true:
1) A + Omn = Omn + A = A.
2) A + (−A) = Omn .
3) If cA = Omn then c = 0 or A = Omn .

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 24 / 55

 Particular Matrices

Example
Solve for X in the equation 3X + A = B with
   
1 −2 −3 4
A= and B =
0 3 2 1

1
Solution: 3X + A = B =⇒ 3X = B − A =⇒ X = 3
(B − A). Hence
" #
− 43
 
−4 6 2
B−A= =⇒ X = 2
2 −2 3
− 23

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 25 / 55

 Particular Matrices Identity Matrix

1 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic

Operations with Matrices
Properties for Matrix Operations

2 Particular Matrices
Identity Matrix
Upper, Lower and Diagonal Matrices

3 The transpose of a Matrix

4 Zero-One Matrices

5 Inverse of a Matrix

6 Find the Inverse of a Matrix

2 × 2 Matrix

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 26 / 55

 Particular Matrices Identity Matrix

Definition (Diagonal of a Matrix)

Let A = [aij ] be an n × n matrix. The Diagonal of A is the set that contains the entries aij
such that i = j

Example
 
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
A= 
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16

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 Particular Matrices Identity Matrix

Diagonal of a matrix

Definition
Let A = [aij ] be a square matrix. The Diagonal of A is the set that contains the entries aij
such that i = j.

Example
 
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
A= . The diagonal of A is S = {1, 6, 7, 16}.
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16

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 Particular Matrices Identity Matrix

Identity Matrix

Definition
The n × n identity matrix is the matrix In = [δij ] with

1 if i = j,
δij =
0 if i ̸= j.

Example
 
  1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
I2 = I4 =  .
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

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 Particular Matrices Identity Matrix

Identity Matrix

Theorem
Let A be an m × n matrix. Then, the following statements are true:
1 AIn = A.
2 Im A = A.

Example
 
3 4 1
A = 2 6 3. Show that I3 A = AI3 = A.

0 1 8
Solution: Homework.

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 30 / 55

 Particular Matrices Upper, Lower and Diagonal Matrices

1 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic

Operations with Matrices
Properties for Matrix Operations

2 Particular Matrices
Identity Matrix
Upper, Lower and Diagonal Matrices

3 The transpose of a Matrix

4 Zero-One Matrices

5 Inverse of a Matrix

6 Find the Inverse of a Matrix

2 × 2 Matrix

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 31 / 55

 Particular Matrices Upper, Lower and Diagonal Matrices

Definition
Let A = [aij ] ∈ Mn,n (R).
1- The matrix A is said to be an upper triangular matrix if aij = 0 for all i > j and there exists
aij ̸= 0 for i < j.
2- The matrix A is said to be an lower triangular matrix if aij = 0 for all i < j and there exists
aij ̸= 0 for i > j.
3- The matrix A is said to be a diagonal matrix if aij = 0 for all i > j, i < j, and there exists
aii ̸= 0.

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 32 / 55

 Particular Matrices Upper, Lower and Diagonal Matrices

Example
     
1 −2 3 7 0 0 1 0 0
A = 0 0 0 B = −1 3 0  C = 0 −5 0
0 0 5 1 4 −5 0 0 5

A is an upper triangular matrix

B i a lower triangular matrix
C is a diagonal matrix.

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 33 / 55

 The transpose of a Matrix

1 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic

Operations with Matrices
Properties for Matrix Operations

2 Particular Matrices
Identity Matrix
Upper, Lower and Diagonal Matrices

3 The transpose of a Matrix

4 Zero-One Matrices

5 Inverse of a Matrix

6 Find the Inverse of a Matrix

2 × 2 Matrix

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 34 / 55

 The transpose of a Matrix

Definition (Matrix Transpose)

Let A = [aij ] be an m × n matrix. The transpose of A is formed by writing its columns as rows
and it is denoted by AT .
Accordingly, the size of AT is n × m and if AT = [bij ] then

bij = aji

for i = 1, · · · , m and j = 1, · · · , n.

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 35 / 55

 The transpose of a Matrix

Example
Determine the Transpose of the following Matrices:
 
1 2 3
1 A = .
4 5 6

Solution: A is an 2 × 3 matrix with entries aij given by:


a11 = 1, a12 = 2, a13 = 3,
a21 = 4, a22 = 5, a23 = 6.

Then, AT is an 3 × 2 matrix with entries

 
b11 = 1, b12 = 4, 1 4
T
b21 = 2, b22 = 5, ⇒ A = 2 5
b31 = 3, b32 = 6. 3 6

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 36 / 55

 The transpose of a Matrix

Example
   
−3 2 1 −3 4 1
2 B= 4 T
3 2 =⇒ B =  2 3 2.
1 2 5 1 2 5
 
1
C =  2  =⇒ C T = 1 2 −10 .
 
3
−10

Definition (Symmetric Matrix)

An n × n matrix A is said to be symmetric if AT = A, equivalently, when aij = aji .
An n × n matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric if AT = −A, equivalently, when aij = −aji .

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 The transpose of a Matrix

Example
   
2 3 4 2 3 4
1 A = 3 1 T
5 =⇒ A = 3 1 5 =⇒ A = AT
4 5 3 4 5 3

=⇒ A is symmetric.
   
0 1 2 0 −1 −2
2 B = −1 0 3 =⇒ B T = 1 0 −3 =⇒ B T = −B
−2 −3 0 2 3 0

=⇒ B is skew-symmetric.
   
0 1 2 0 1 2
3 C = 1 1 T
2  =⇒ C = 1 1 −2
2 −2 −3 2 2 −3

=⇒ C is neither symmetric and nor skew-symmetric.

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 38 / 55

 The transpose of a Matrix

Theorem (Properties of the Transpose)

Let A and B be two m × n matrices and let α be a scalar. Then, the following properties are
true:
1 (AT )T = A.
2 (αA)T = αAT .
3 (A + B)T = AT + B T .
4 (AB)T = B T AT .

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 39 / 55

 The transpose of a Matrix

Example
   
1 2 1 1 0 2
Calculate (AB)T in two methods, where A = 3 3 5 and B = 2 1 1.
2 4 1 5 4 1
Solution:
First method:
   
10 6 5 10 34 15
AB = 34 23 T
14 =⇒ (AB) =  6 23 8 .
15 8 9 5 14 9

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 The transpose of a Matrix

Example
Second method:
   
1 3 2 1 2 5
AT = 2 3 4 and B T = 0 1 4. Then
1 5 1 2 1 1
    
1 2 5 1 3 2 10 34 15
T T T
(AB) = B A = 0 1 4 2 3 4 =  6 23 8 .
2 1 1 1 5 1 5 14 9

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 41 / 55

 The transpose of a Matrix

Example
 
1 3 2
Given A = , Find AAT and (AAT )T . What can you conclude?
2 3 4

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 42 / 55

 Zero-One Matrices

1 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic

Operations with Matrices
Properties for Matrix Operations

2 Particular Matrices
Identity Matrix
Upper, Lower and Diagonal Matrices

3 The transpose of a Matrix

4 Zero-One Matrices

5 Inverse of a Matrix

6 Find the Inverse of a Matrix

2 × 2 Matrix

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 43 / 55

 Zero-One Matrices

Zero-One Matrices

Definition
A matrix all of whose entries are either 0 or 1 is called a zero-one matrix. Algorithms using
these structures are based on Boolean arithmetic with zero-one matrices. This arithmetic is
based on the Boolean operations ∧ and ∨, which operate on pairs of bits, defined by

1 if b1 = b2 = 1,
b1 ∧ b2 =
0 otherwise.

1 if b1 = 1 or b2 = 1,
b1 ∨ b2 =
0 otherwise.

Definition
Let A = [aij ] and B = [bij ] be m × n zero-one matrices. Then the join of A and B is the
zero-one matrix with (i, j)th entry aij ∨ bij . The join of A and B is denoted by A ∨ B. The meet
of A and B is the zero-one matrix with (i, j)th entry aij ∧ bij . The meet of A and B is denoted
by A ∧ B.

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 44 / 55

 Zero-One Matrices

Example
Find the join and meet of the zero-one matrices
   
1 0 1 0 1 0
A= , B=
0 1 0 1 1 0

Solution
   
1∨0 0∨1 1∨0 1 1 1
A∨B = =
0∨1 1∨1 0∨0 1 1 0
   
1∧0 0∧1 1∧0 0 0 0
A∧B = =
0∧1 1∧1 0∧0 0 1 0

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 45 / 55

 Zero-One Matrices

Definition (Boolean product )

Let A = [aij ] be an m × k zero-one matrix and B = [bij ] be a k × n zero-one matrix. Then the
Boolean product of A and B, denoted by A ⊙ B, is the m × n matrix with (i, j)th entry cij where

cij = (ai1 ∧ b1j ) ∨ (ai2 ∧ b2j ) ∨ · · · ∨ (aik ∧ bkj ).

Remark
Note that the Boolean product of A and B is obtained in an analogous way to the ordinary
product of these matrices, but with addition replaced with the operation ∨ and with
multiplication replaced with the operation ∧.

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 46 / 55

 Zero-One Matrices

Example
Find the Boolean product of A and B, where
 
1 0  
1 1 0
A = 0 1 , and B =
0 1 1
1 0

Solution
   
(1 ∧ 1) ∨ (0 ∧ 0) (1 ∧ 1) ∨ (0 ∧ 1) (1 ∧ 0) ∨ (0 ∧ 1) 1 1 0
A ⊙ B = (0 ∧ 1) ∨ (1 ∧ 0) (0 ∧ 1) ∨ (1 ∧ 1) (0 ∧ 0) ∨ (1 ∧ 1) = 0 1 1
(1 ∧ 1) ∨ (0 ∧ 0) (1 ∧ 1) ∨ (0 ∧ 1) (1 ∧ 0) ∨ (0 ∧ 1) 1 1 0

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 47 / 55

 Zero-One Matrices

Definition (Boolean power )

Let A be a square zero-one matrix and let r be a positive integer. The rth Boolean power of A
is the Boolean product of r factors of A. The rth Boolean product of A is denoted by A[r ] .

Hence
A[r ] = A ⊙ A ⊙ · · · ⊙ A
| {z }
r times

(This is well defined because the Boolean product of matrices is associative.)

We also define A[0] to be In .

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 48 / 55

 Zero-One Matrices

Example
 
0 0 1
Let A = 1 0 0. Find A[n] for all positive integers n.
1 1 0

Solution
We find that  
1 1 0
[2]
A = A ⊙ A = 0 0 1
1 0 1
We also find that
   
1 0 1 1 1 1
[3] [2] [4] [3]
A =A ⊙ A = 1 1 0 , and A = A ⊙ A = 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

Additional computation shows that

 
1 1 1
[5]
A = 1 1 1
1 1 1

A[n] = A[5] for all positive integers n with n ≥ 5.

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 49 / 55

 Inverse of a Matrix

1 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic

Operations with Matrices
Properties for Matrix Operations

2 Particular Matrices
Identity Matrix
Upper, Lower and Diagonal Matrices

3 The transpose of a Matrix

4 Zero-One Matrices

5 Inverse of a Matrix

6 Find the Inverse of a Matrix

2 × 2 Matrix

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 50 / 55

 Inverse of a Matrix

Definition
Let A be n × n Matrix.
The matrix A is said to be nonsingular or Invertible if there exists a matrix B such that:

AB = BA = In

The matrix B is called the inverse of A and we denote it by A−1 .

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 51 / 55

 Inverse of a Matrix

Definition
Let A be n × n Matrix.
The matrix A is said to be nonsingular or Invertible if there exists a matrix B such that:

AB = BA = In

The matrix B is called the inverse of A and we denote it by A−1 .

Example
" #
  1 2
2 4 − 10 5
a) The matrices and 3 are the inverses of each other.
3 1 10
− 15

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 51 / 55

 Inverse of a Matrix

Definition
Let A be n × n Matrix.
The matrix A is said to be nonsingular or Invertible if there exists a matrix B such that:

AB = BA = In

The matrix B is called the inverse of A and we denote it by A−1 .

Example
" #
  1 2
2 4 − 10 5
a) The matrices and 3 are the inverses of each other. Since
3 1 10
− 15

 " 1 2
#  
2 4 − 10 5 1 0
3 = = I2
3 1 10
− 51 0 1

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 Inverse of a Matrix

Definition
Let A be n × n Matrix.
The matrix A is said to be nonsingular or Invertible if there exists a matrix B such that:

AB = BA = In

The matrix B is called the inverse of A and we denote it by A−1 .

Example
" #
  1 2
2 4 − 10 5
a) The matrices and 3 are the inverses of each other. Since
3 1 10
− 15

 " 1 2
#  
2 4 − 10 5 1 0
3 = = I2
3 1 10
− 51 0 1

and

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 51 / 55

 Inverse of a Matrix

Definition
Let A be n × n Matrix.
The matrix A is said to be nonsingular or Invertible if there exists a matrix B such that:

AB = BA = In

The matrix B is called the inverse of A and we denote it by A−1 .

Example
" #
  1 2
2 4 − 10 5
a) The matrices and 3 are the inverses of each other. Since
3 1 10
− 15

 " 1 2
#  
2 4 − 10 5 1 0
3 = = I2
3 1 10
− 51 0 1

and " #
1 2  
− 10 5 2 4 1 0
3 = I2 .
10
− 15 3 1 0 1

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 51 / 55

 Inverse of a Matrix

Example
   
1 2 3 1 −2 5
b) The 3 × 3 matrices 0 1 4 and0 1 −4 are the inverses of each other,
0 0 1 0 0 1

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 Inverse of a Matrix

Example
   
1 2 3 1 −2 5
b) The 3 × 3 matrices 0 1 4 and0 1 −4 are the inverses of each other,
0 0 1 0 0 1
since     
1 2 3 1 −2 5 1 0 0
0 1 4 0 1 −4 = 0 1 0 = I3
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
and     
1 −2 5 1 2 3 1 0 0
0 1 −4 0 1 4 = 0 1 0 = I3 .
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

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 Inverse of a Matrix

Remark:
An n × n matrix is said to be Singular or Non-Invertible if it does not have an inverse.

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 Inverse of a Matrix

Remark:
An n × n matrix is said to be Singular or Non-Invertible if it does not have an inverse.

Example
 
1 0
The matrix A = is a singular one. Why?
0 0

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 53 / 55

 Find the Inverse of a Matrix 2 × 2 Matrix

1 Matrix Notation and Arithmetic

Operations with Matrices
Properties for Matrix Operations

2 Particular Matrices
Identity Matrix
Upper, Lower and Diagonal Matrices

3 The transpose of a Matrix

4 Zero-One Matrices

5 Inverse of a Matrix

6 Find the Inverse of a Matrix

2 × 2 Matrix

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 Find the Inverse of a Matrix 2 × 2 Matrix

Strategy
 
a b
If A = is an 2 × 2 matrix
c d

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 55 / 55

 Find the Inverse of a Matrix 2 × 2 Matrix

Strategy
 
a b
If A = is an 2 × 2 matrix such that ad − bc ̸= 0,
c d

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 55 / 55

 Find the Inverse of a Matrix 2 × 2 Matrix

Strategy
 
a b
If A = is an 2 × 2 matrix such that ad − bc ̸= 0,then A is invertible and its inverse is
c d
given by

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 55 / 55

 Find the Inverse of a Matrix 2 × 2 Matrix

Strategy
 
a b
If A = is an 2 × 2 matrix such that ad − bc ̸= 0,then A is invertible and its inverse is
c d
given by  
1 d −b
A−1 = .
ad − bc −c a

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 55 / 55

 Find the Inverse of a Matrix 2 × 2 Matrix

Strategy
 
a b
If A = is an 2 × 2 matrix such that ad − bc ̸= 0,then A is invertible and its inverse is
c d
given by  
1 d −b
A−1 = .
ad − bc −c a

Example
 
2 4
a) A = .
1 −3

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 55 / 55

 Find the Inverse of a Matrix 2 × 2 Matrix

Strategy
 
a b
If A = is an 2 × 2 matrix such that ad − bc ̸= 0,then A is invertible and its inverse is
c d
given by  
1 d −b
A−1 = .
ad − bc −c a

Example
 
2 4
a) A = . ad − bc = −10 ̸= 0
1 −3

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 55 / 55

 Find the Inverse of a Matrix 2 × 2 Matrix

Strategy
 
a b
If A = is an 2 × 2 matrix such that ad − bc ̸= 0,then A is invertible and its inverse is
c d
given by  
1 d −b
A−1 = .
ad − bc −c a

Example
 
2 4
a) A = . ad − bc = −10 ̸= 0
1 −3

=⇒ A−1 =

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 55 / 55

 Find the Inverse of a Matrix 2 × 2 Matrix

Strategy
 
a b
If A = is an 2 × 2 matrix such that ad − bc ̸= 0,then A is invertible and its inverse is
c d
given by  
1 d −b
A−1 = .
ad − bc −c a

Example
 
2 4
a) A = . ad − bc = −10 ̸= 0
1 −3
 
1 −3 −4
=⇒ A−1 = − =
10 −1 2

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 55 / 55

 Find the Inverse of a Matrix 2 × 2 Matrix

Strategy
 
a b
If A = is an 2 × 2 matrix such that ad − bc ̸= 0,then A is invertible and its inverse is
c d
given by  
1 d −b
A−1 = .
ad − bc −c a

Example
 
2 4
a) A = . ad − bc = −10 ̸= 0
1 −3
" #

1 −3
 3 2
−4
=⇒ A−1 = − = 101
5 .
10 −1 2 10
− 15

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 55 / 55

 Find the Inverse of a Matrix 2 × 2 Matrix

Strategy
 
a b
If A = is an 2 × 2 matrix such that ad − bc ̸= 0,then A is invertible and its inverse is
c d
given by  
1 d −b
A−1 = .
ad − bc −c a

Example
 
2 4
a) A = . ad − bc = −10 ̸= 0
1 −3
" #

1 −3
 3 2
−4
=⇒ A−1 = − = 101
5 .
10 −1 2 10
− 15

 
1 2
b) B = .
2 4

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 55 / 55

 Find the Inverse of a Matrix 2 × 2 Matrix

Strategy
 
a b
If A = is an 2 × 2 matrix such that ad − bc ̸= 0,then A is invertible and its inverse is
c d
given by  
1 d −b
A−1 = .
ad − bc −c a

Example
 
2 4
a) A = . ad − bc = −10 ̸= 0
1 −3
" #

1 −3
 3 2
−4
=⇒ A−1 = − = 101
5 .
10 −1 2 10
− 15

 
1 2
b) B = . ad − bc = 0
2 4

Houssein NASSER EL DINE 55 / 55

 Find the Inverse of a Matrix 2 × 2 Matrix

Strategy
 
a b
If A = is an 2 × 2 matrix such that ad − bc ̸= 0,then A is invertible and its inverse is
c d
given by  
1 d −b
A−1 = .
ad − bc −c a

Example
 
2 4
a) A = . ad − bc = −10 ̸= 0
1 −3
" #

1 −3
 3 2
−4
=⇒ A−1 = − = 101
5 .
10 −1 2 10
− 15

 
1 2
b) B = . ad − bc = 0 =⇒ B is a singular matrix.
2 4

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