1.

Personal Pronouns -never, lately, just, always, recently, during,

-stunt doubles in grammar to avoid yet, soon, sometimes, usually, and so far.
redundancy Ex. So far i haven’t failed any exam
have gender, cases, number and person
I, me, us, you, he, she, they, them, him, her. ADVERBS OF Place (Where?)
Where the action happen.
2. Reflexive Pronouns It can be seen after the verb.
- doer of the action is also receiving end of - here, there, nowhere, everywhere, out, in,
that action. above, below, inside, outside.
can direct, indirect or object of preposition. Ex. We went inside the room
Singular Plural
1st myself ourselves Adverbs of Manner (How?)
2nd yourself yourselves - tells how a verb or an action is done.
3rd him/herself themselves - well known adverb (ly)
itself - Neatly, slowly, quickly, sadly Calmly, politely
3. Intensive / Emphatic Pronouns. Ex. My brother lazily sat on the sofa
intensity / emphasize the identity
ex. non/ pronoun. ADVERBS OF Degree (How much?)
ex. I myself will Finish the project -Tells the level of intensity of a verb and
4. Demonstrative Pronouns adjective.
ex. This, that, these, those. - almost, quite, nearly, too, enough, just,
5. Indefinite pronouns. hardly, simply, so
→ do not reter to any person or thing Ex. He is so excited to have a dog
ex. Few, some, all, none.
6. Interrogative Pronouns Adverbs of Frequency (How often?)
ex. WH QuesTions- -Describes how often the verb or action
7. Distributive pronouns occurs
- denotes persons, things of group separately -they are placed before the main verbs of a
ex. each . sentence
8- Reciprocal Pronouns -never, always, rarely, sometimes, normally,
- These are pronouns which expresses mutual seldom, usually, again.
or reciprocated relationship: Ex. He never eats breakfast because of his
ex. each other or one arother. work schedule
9. Relative Pronoun
-relate or efer back to their antecedent
Degree or Forms of Adverbs
who, which, that, what, as, but
ex. Th man who claimed he can stop a *Simple/Positive – one
10. Possessive Pronouns- *Comporative – two
possesion. *Superlative – three or more
ex. Their, her, my, our, their. Note: a few adverbs are compared by means
be "er" and "est". loud-louder- loudest hard -
ADVERBS harder-hardest
modifies a verb, adjective, determiner,
clause, preposition, or sentence. Note: some have irregular comparison. "er"
and "est
TYPES OF ADVERBS Far - Farther - Farthest.
Forth - Further-Furthest
adverbs of time (when)
- talks when the verb/action happen
Note: when two adjectives or adverbs You must try
contrast by means of than more Is used first. I would love to
2 adjectives - more" is first than "than" Such
forgiven is more kind than Wise TYPES OF MODALS
1. Ability - (can, could)
This arrangement is more clever than honest can- present ability
- general truth
He acts more boldly than discretely - ask for permission
-polite request or suggestion
Note: many adjectives and adverbs are ex. I can cook
incapable of comparison They will remain the could - past ability
same - uncertain cituations
unique -polite request or suggestion
universal ex. When I was younger, I could run fast.
single. 2. Permission - (may, might) may - high
possibility (50% - 70%)
VERBS ~ present possibly
talks about the action or the state of any noun - permission
or subject It can be an action or non action ex. It may rain might - less likely possibility
and condition (30% -50%
Ex. The virus spread quickly past possibility
The virus seems frightening uncertain situation
Action verbs are classified into 3
3.Obligation - (must, should, ought )
Transitive Intransitive must - strong obligation
Always has a direct Do not take object -urgent
object -necessary
Directed to the Action is not directed to ex. I must finish the project
object anything or anyone Ought - moral/ ethical obligation
ex. you ought to respect your elders
Answers what or Answers how or where Should - recommendation / suggestion
whom ex you should consider my advice
examples 4. Future - (will, would)
1. She wrote a letter -Transitive Will replies certainly
2. The thunder woke me Intransitive -direct
3. The sun sets - Intransitive would - past
4. They bought a house -Transitive - Implies uncertain
5. The baby cried - Intransitive - Polite
- Past action but Futuristic event.
2. MODALS - helping a verbs Linking Verb
- added to another verb to make a verb - are words that do not show action i a
phrase. sentence.
- express modality (indicating possibility - help a word in a sentence, name, or
ability, permission, Obligation, or necessity.) describle a situation | condition of another
can, could, may, might, shall, should word in a sentence.
I can swim -serves as a connection between subject and
You may go further information about the subject
You should see a doctor “Be” is the most common linking verb
Example I love playing guitar she enjoys reading novels
1. Mario is the leader in the fight against 3. Gerund verb as indirect Object
covid He left his friend studying for exams
2. They were excited 4. Gerund verb as predicate nominative.
3. The chocolate taste delicious Her favorite activity is painting
4. The child looks healthy 5. Gerund Verb as Object of the preposition
-I am interested in learning Filipino
to Identify the linking verb the verb Is usually 6. Gerund verb as Appositive
to followed by a subject compliment or my Favorite hobby, reading books relaxes me
adjective
Properties of Verbs. 4 Principal parts of verbs
1. Active and Passive voice Present - s/es
Svo and auxiliary Present Participle - linking verb 7 mg
2. Mood Past- d/ed
3. Tense Past Participle - helping verb + pp of the verb
4. Person (has, have, had)
5. Number.
SENTENCES TYPES
active STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Objects
The subject performs the actions - receiver of the action m a sentence
ex. The dog bites the man. - can be a word or group of words that
Passive - The subject receives the action Function as a noun.
being described by the verb Types •
ex. The lesson plan was written by the teacher Direct Object
Indirect object
MOOD Prepositional Object
*Indicative mood - fact Classification
* Imperative - command Complete Object
* Subunctive- wish. Simple
object
TENSE Compound object
past She bought a beautiful red dress for the party
present she bought a dress and a pair of shoes
Future
PERSON She sat on the chair
1st, 2nd, 3rd Pov He gave her a gift - Indrect
You, He, She , etc. He wrote a letter- Direct
NUMBER
- singular – Plural
COMPLEMENTS
words or group of words that complete the
Gerund meaning of a subject, verb, or object in a
-ing" Form sentence.
- acts as nouns It can be a subject, direct 4 Kinds of Complements
object, predicate nominative - Subject complement - follows a linking
verb and describes or renames the subjects
1.Gerund Verb as Subject 3 kinds of Subject complement
Singing in the choir improves my mood 1. Predicate Nominative - renames the
2. Gerund Verb as Direct Object subject
ex. She is a teacher statement or provide information! - ends with
2. Predicate adjective - describes the subject. period (.) ex. The sun rises in the east.
ex. The sky looks blue 2. Interrogative Sentence - aks a question
3. Adverbial Complement - a word, phrase or ex What time does the train leave?
clause that of a verb: -complete, where when 3. Imperative Sentence - gives a command
why? under what condition request, instruction- ex. please close the
door.
2. Object Complement - Is a word or group of 4. Exclamatory Sentence. expresses strong
words that follows and modifies or renames emotion /feelings. ex. Stop talking! what a
the object of a sentence. beautiful sunset!
-always refers to the direct object.
- can be a noun, pronoun, adjective or a Kinds of Sentences according to structures
phrase 1. Simple Sentence - contains one
-answers the question what? how? about the independent clause.
direct object. 2. Compound Sentence - two or more I.C
4 Kinds of Object complement and joined by conjunctions. clause
1. Noun as Object complement. 3. Complex Sentence - contains
ex. They elected her president independent clause and one or more
2. adjective as Object Complement dependent joined by subordinating conj.
ex. The movie made her sad 4. Compound complete sentence: -two or
3. Phrase as Object complement more independent clause and dependent
ex. They painted the house bright yellow clause:
4. Clause as Object Complement
ex. He called his explanation what we
expected.

3. Adjective Complement- Is a word, phrase,

or clause that completes the meaning of an
adjective.
- Provides additional information about the
adjective often explaina why, now, or to what
extent
1. Prepositonal Phrase as adjectives
complement
Ex. He is scared of spiders
2. Infinitive Phrase as adjective Complement.
ex. she is eager to learn new things.
3. Clause as adjective complement
ex. I am sure that he will succeed

4. Verb Complement - is a word, phrase, or

clause that completer the meaning of a verb.
- adds necessary information to clarify the
action or state expressed by the verb.

Kinds of sentences according to use

Functions:
1. Declarative Sentence - makes a